Abiotic Stresses in Wheat: Unfolding the Challenges

Front Matter
Half Title page
Copyright
Contributors
Wheat and abiotic stress challenges: An overview
Introduction
Impact of water stress on wheat
Impact of waterlogging stress on wheat
Impact of drought stress on wheat
Impact of temperature stress on wheat
Impact of cold stress on wheat
Impact of high-temperature stress on wheat
Impact of heavy metal stress in wheat
Impact of salinity stress on wheat
Impact of UV-B-mediated stress in wheat
Conclusion and future perspectives
References
Further reading
Mitigation of abiotic stress tolerance in wheat through conventional breeding
Introduction
Different abiotic stresses that affect wheat production
High-temperature stress/heat stress
Drought stress
Low-temperature stress
Salinity stress
Sources of abiotic stress resistance gene
Landraces
Synthetics
Wild relatives and their progenitors
Conventional breeding approaches
Selection and introduction
Pedigree method
Modified bulk pedigree method
Backcross method
Recurrent selection method
Mutation breeding
Population development
Research on abiotic stress mitigation using conventional breeding approaches
Conventional breeding for heat tolerance
Conventional breeding for drought tolerance
Conventional breeding for salt tolerance
Challenges of conventional breeding
Future direction
References
Speed breeding-A powerful tool to breed more crops in less time accelerating crop research
Introduction
What we have achieved?
Plant breeding
Traditional breeding pipeline
Methods to reduce the generation time
Speed breeding
Evolution of speed breeding
Brains behind space-inspired technology ``speed breeding´´
How does speed breeding work?
The core recipe of speed breeding
Types of speed breeding
Speed breeding I
Speed breeding II
Speed breeding III
Application of speed breeding
Single seed descent under speed breeding
Speed breeding for physiological traits
Boosting transgenic lines
Fast-forwarding genomic selection
Express edit
Speed breeding 2.0
Speed breeding for major crops
Wheat and barley
Maize
Pearl millet
Temperature
Photoperiod
Speed breeding capsules
Centers for speed breeding
Speed breeding limitations
Challenges
Conclusion
References
Further reading
Marker-assisted breeding for abiotic stress tolerance in wheat crop
Introduction
Wheat and abiotic stresses
Available genetic resources for abiotic stress tolerance in wheat
Phenotyping for abiotic stress tolerance
QTL and markers associated with abiotic stress tolerance in wheat
Salt stress
Metal toxicity and deficiency
Heat stress
Drought
Frost tolerance
Marker-assisted breeding for abiotic stress tolerance in wheat
Genomic selection
Challenges and future perspectives
References
Epigenetics and abiotic stress tolerance in wheat crops: Consequences and application
Introduction
DNA methylation and its roles in plant response to abiotic stresses
Histone modifications and their involvements in plant response to abiotic stresses
Chromatin remodeling and its roles in plant response to abiotic stresses
Noncoding RNAs and their involvements in plant epigenetic response to abiotic stresses
Plant epigenetic memory to abiotic stresses
Exploiting epigenetic variations for mitigating abiotic stresses in wheat crops
Conclusion and future perspectives
References
Physiological and biochemical approaches for mitigating the effect of abiotic stresses in wheat
Introduction
Biochemical responses during stress
Physiological adaptation strategies
Water stress condition
Heat stress
Saline and alkaline stress
Abiotic stress mitigation strategies
Plant hormones
Agronomic interventions
Heat stress
Drought stress
Salt stress
Waterlogging
PHS
Conclusion
References
Further reading
Role of phytohormones in regulating abiotic stresses in wheat
Introduction
Effects of abiotic stresses on physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of the wheat plant
Influence of salinity
Influence of drought
Influence of temperature changes
Influence of heavy-metal toxicity
Potential roles of plant growth regulators in challenging the deleterious effects of abiotic stresses on wheat plants
Role of melatonin in the alleviation of abiotic stresses
Role of salicylic acid in the alleviation of abiotic stresses
Role of brassinosteroids in the alleviation of abiotic stresses
Role of polyamines in the alleviation of abiotic stresses
Limitations and conclusion
References
Abiotic stress-induced ROS production in wheat: Consequences, survival mechanisms, and mitigation strategies
Introduction
Concept of abiotic stress-induced ROS in plants
Consequences of stress-induced excessive production of ROS in wheat
Effect of ROS on wheat morphology
Effect of ROS on wheat physiology
Effect of ROS on wheat biochemistry
Water/moisture/drought stress-induced ROS production in wheat
UV-B radiation-induced ROS production in wheat
ROS scavenging to survive against abiotic stresses in wheat
Stress-induced production of ROS in wheat: Physiological mechanisms
High temperature stress/heat stress
Abiotic-stress-induced ROS production and its molecular mechanisms
Conclusion
References
Further reading
Regulation of circadian for enhancing abiotic stress tolerance in wheat
Introduction
General mechanism of the circadian clock
Clock-mediated abiotic stress response
Circadian clock response in various monocot crop species
Rice
Barley
Sorghum
Maize
Circadian clock-mediated stress response in wheat
Heat responsive
Drought responsive
Cold responsive
ABA responsive
Oxidative stress responsive
Conclusion and future outlook
References
Changes in root behavior of wheat species under abiotic stress conditions
Background
Root architecture and behavior
Root behavior in wheat under drought stresses and its improvement
Root behavior in wheat under heat stresses and its improvement
Root behavior in wheat under salinity stress and its improvement
Breeding model roots for the stressed environments
Phenotyping methods for characterization and exploitation of root system architecture
Field-based root phenotyping
Challenges and future perspectives for breeding better root systems
References
Further reading
Role of abiotic stresses on photosynthesis and yield of crop plants, with special reference to wheat
Introduction
Impacts of abiotic stresses on photosynthesis of plants
Drought stress on photosynthesis
Heat stress on photosynthesis
Salinity stress effect on photosynthesis
Waterlogging on photosynthesis
Regulation of photosynthesis in crop plants by abiotic stresses
Drought
Heat stress
Salinity stress
Waterlogging stress
Approaches for the improvement of photosynthesis in wheat under abiotic stresses
Improvement of photosynthesis under drought stress
Improvement of photosynthesis under heat stress
Improvement photosynthesis under salinity stress
Improvement photosynthesis under waterlogging stress
Concluding remarks and future prospects
References
CRISPR-Cas genome editing for the development of abiotic stress-tolerant wheat
Introduction
CRISPR-Cas system and its uses in improving abiotic stress-tolerance in plants
Current status of abiotic stress-tolerant wheat by CRISPR-Cas genome editing
Challenges and opportunities of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing for mitigation of abiotic stresses in crop production
Conclusions and future perspectives
References
Functional genomics approaches for combating the abiotic stresses in wheat
Introduction
Functional genomics approaches for wheat crop improvement
Genome-based functional annotation
RNAi/PTGS
Genome editing
TILLING/EcoTILLING
TALENS (transcriptional activator-like effector nucleases):
MicroRNAs (miRNAs)
Transcriptomics-based functional annotation
SSH (suppression subtractive hybridization)
SAGE (serial analysis of gene expression)
EST (expressed sequence tags)
Microarray
RNAseq
Candidate genes and transcription factors
QTLs and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS)
Functional genomics using proteomics
Metabolomics-directed plant functional genomics
Ionomics
Conclusion and future projections
References
Role of transcriptomics in countering the effect of abiotic stresses in wheat
Introduction
Abiotic stress and transcriptome
Salt stress and transcriptomics in wheat
Drought stress and transcriptomics in wheat
Heat stress and transcriptomics in wheat
Cold stress and transcriptomics in wheat
Nutrients stress and transcriptomics in wheat
Future concerns
References
Patterns of protein expression in wheat under stress conditions and its identification by proteomics tools
Introduction
Biotic and abiotic stresses in plants
Stress caused by cold
Stress caused in drought conditions
Stress caused by heat
Stress caused by presence of excessive salt
Various conditions leading to stress in wheat
Alterations in wheat proteome composition as a result of salt stress
Stress on wheat seedlings due to drought conditions
Impact of heat stress on wheat protein expression and calcium metabolism
Wheat responses to cold stress at morphological and physiological levels
Changes of protein profiles in two cultivars during hypoxia and water logging stress condition
Other effects of stress on wheat physiology and metabolism
Techniques involved in proteomics of wheat
Identification and quantitative study of proteins using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGel)
Mass spectrometry: A novel ionization technique for proteomic investigation
Conclusion
References
Crosstalk between small-RNAs and their linked with abiotic stresses tolerance in wheat
Introduction
Origin and biogenesis of wheat small RNAs (sRNAs)
Biogenesis of sRNAs (miRNAs and siRNAs)
The origin and biogenesis of miRNAs
Impact of sRNAs on wheat crop gene regulation
miRNAs in abiotic stress tolerance
Wheat small miRNAs for drought stress resistance
Wheat small miRNAs for salt stress resistance
Wheat small miRNAs for temperature stress (high/low) resistance
Wheat small miRNAs for heavy metal stress resistance
Wheat small miRNAs for water logging resistance
Wheat small miRNAs for cold and freezing stress resistance
Wheat small miRNAs against elevated level of nitrogen
Computational tools for miRNAs and target predictions
Conclusion and future remarks
References
Combined abiotic stresses in wheat species
Introduction
Combined drought and heat stress (DREAT stress)
Combined drought and salinity stress (DRONITY stress)
Combined boron and salinity stress (BORSAL stress)
Combined heat and salinity stress (HALINITY stress)
Combined stress conditions including heavy metals
Conclusion
References
Wheats radiation stress response and adaptive mechanisms
Introduction
Radiation source
Radiation-stressed wheat
Radiations impacts on wheat growth stages
Phytohormones and ultraviolet (B) radiation
UV (B) effects on wheat roots
UV (B) effects on wheat photosynthesis
Wheat yield and UV (B) effects
Wheat antioxidant defense system under UV (B) stress
Wheat radiation stress adaptation mechanisms
Conclusion
References
Advancement in mitigating the effects of drought stress in wheat
Introduction
Responses to drought
Adaptations to drought
Accumulation of osmolytes
Activation of antioxidant enzymes and growth hormones
Approaches to drought management
Screening and selection of drought-tolerant varieties
Priming
Foliar applications
Breeding strategies
Agronomic practices
Automated plant analysis
Decision support systems
Irrigation planning
Resource allocation
Future outlook and main conclusions
References
Advancement in mitigating the effects of heavy metal toxicity in wheat
Introduction
Sources of HMs in the soil-wheat system
Toxicity of HMs in wheat
Heavy metal mitigation approaches in wheat
Source reduction
Nutrient supplements
Biochar application
Microbe-assisted remediation
Phytoremediation
Nanoparticle-based phytoremediation
Biotechnology and genetic-based strategies
Selection of low-accumulating cultivars
Challenges and future prospects
Conclusion
References
Advancement in mitigating the effects of boron stress in wheat
Introduction
Boron-A micronutrient
Function of boron in plant metabolism
Plant responses to boron deficiency stress
Plant responses to boron toxicity stress
Managing boron deficiency stress in wheat
Managing boron toxicity stress in wheat
Gene expression-based research to develop boron deficiency and toxicity tolerance in wheat
Conclusion
References
Advancement in mitigating the effects of waterlogging stress in wheat
Introduction
Effect of waterlogging on wheat
Effect of waterlogging on physiological process of wheat
Effect of waterlogging on nutrient concentrations in wheat plant
Effect of waterlogging on growth and yield of wheat plants
Adaptive mechanism for waterlogging stress in wheat
Physiological adaptations
Root growth
Ethylene production
Barriers to radial oxygen loss (ROL)
Metabolic adaptations
Anaerobic respiration
Increasing concentration of soluble sugar
Reducing ROS damage by antioxidants
Other adaptation mechanisms
Agronomic management mitigating waterlogging stress in wheat
Sowing adjustment and cultivars selection
Nutrient management
Application of PGPR
Drainage and mechanical management
Raised beds system
Land leveling
Fungicide application
Biotechnological tools for mitigation of waterlogging stress
Tissue culture approaches for developing wheat genotypes tolerant to waterlogging stress
Functional genomics approaches for the identification of QTL or genes playing roles in imparting tolerance under waterloggi ...
Genome modification approach to impart waterlogging tolerance in wheat
Conclusion
References
Further reading
Advancement of transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to survive against abiotic stresses in the era of the ...
Introduction
Wheat and abiotic stress
Drought stress
Salt stress
Plant growth under salinity
Macro- and micronutrient contents
Membrane stability
Fatty acid content in plasma membrane
Heavy metal stress
Phytotoxicity of heavy metals
Phytotoxicity of heavy metals at the different physiological and molecular levels
Cell division and chromosomal aberration
Growth retardation
Photosynthesis and chlorophyll activity
Adaptive mechanisms of wheat against abiotic stresses
Adaptive mechanisms against drought stress
Proline
Glycine betaine
Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins
Dehydration-responsive element binding (DREB) transcription factors
Protein kinases
Plants responses under salt stress
Tolerance mechanism in wheat to salt stress
Exclusion of Na+ ion
Retention of K+ in the leaf mesophyll
Osmoregulation
Transgenic approaches to combat salt stress in wheat
Integration of antiporter gene
Engineering for better osmoregulation
Integration of transcription factors
Upregulation of glycine betaine
NAC transgenic
Metabolic pathways protecting plants from heavy metal stress
Restricting uptake and transport of heavy metals
Cell exclusion of heavy metals
Heavy metal complexation in plasma membrane
Vacuole compartmentalization
Progress in transgenic wheat varietal development for heavy metal stress
Upregulation of TaPUB1
Incorporation of AemNAC2
Wheat to other plants
Heat stress
Adverse effect of heat stress on wheat
Physiological responses under heat stress
Water imbalance
Photosynthesis and respiration
Oxidative damage
Transgenic approaches to combat heat stress in wheat
Engineering plastid-related genes
Upregulation of ferritin gene
Integration of transcription factor
Integration of PEP carboxylase gene
Upregulation of starch synthesis
Cold stress
Transgenic approaches to combat cold stress in wheat
Integration of barley lipid transfer protein
Overproduction of Glycine betaine gene from Atriplex hortensis
Integration of GhDREB gene
Conclusions
References
Further reading
Plant-microbe interactions in wheat to deal with abiotic stress
Introduction
Plant-microbe interactions
How do plants interact with microbes?
Where do the microbes that interact with plants come from?
Plant selectivity for interacting microbes
Interactions between plants and microbes under abiotic stress
Plant-microbe interactions in wheat to deal with abiotic stress
Microbes providing wheat with a variety of abiotic stress resistance
Salt resistance and its mechanism
Drought resistance and its mechanism
Resistance to heavy metal stress
Heat stress resistance
Other abiotic stresses resistance
Sources of interacting microbes for wheat resistance to abiotic stress
Plant sources
Soil source
Microbe inoculants
The interaction between wheat-microbe-abiotic stress
The impact of abiotic stress on microbial resources
The influence of plants on microbes
Effects of stress-resistant microbes on wheat rhizosphere microbes
Effects of wheat metabolites and exogenous additives on microbes
Application of omics in the study of interaction between microbes and wheat
Conclusions
References
Role of nanotechnology in combating abiotic stresses in wheat for improved yield and quality
Introduction
Nutrient stress
Cold stress
Flooding stress
Drought
Heat
Salinity stress
Conclusion
References
Climate change triggering abiotic stresses and losses in wheat production and quality
Introduction
Climate change causing poor wheat growth by increasing soil salinity
Climate change causing poor wheat growth by increasing flooding
Climate change causing poor wheat growth by increasing drought and changing rainfall patterns
Climate change causing poor wheat growth by affecting soil properties and soil fertility
Effects of changes in soil structure on wheat
Effects of changes in soil bulk density on wheat
Effects of changes in soil chemical reactions on wheat
Climate change affecting wheat growth by distressing nutrient cycling
Climate change affecting wheat growth by distressing nutrient acquisition
Climate change affecting wheat growth by distressing nutrient transformation in the soil
Future prospects
Conclusion
References