A Thermo-Economic Approach to Energy from Waste

Front Cover
A Thermo-Economic Approach to Energy From Waste
Copyright Page
Contents
About the authors
Preface
Acronyms and abbreviations
1 Pyrolysis of waste biomass: toward sustainable development
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Component of lignocellulosic biomasses
1.2.1 Cellulose
1.2.2 Hemicellulose
1.2.3 Lignin
1.2.4 Ash
1.2.5 Extractives
1.3 Types of pyrolysis
1.3.1 Slow pyrolysis
1.3.2 Intermediate pyrolysis
1.3.3 Fast pyrolysis
1.4 Mechanism of pyrolysis
1.4.1 Mechanism of cellulose pyrolysis
1.4.2 Mechanism of hemicellulose pyrolysis
1.4.3 Mechanism of lignin pyrolysis
1.5 Reactor configurations
1.5.1 Fluidized-bed reactor
1.5.2 Circulating fluidized-bed reactor
1.5.3 Ablative plate reactor
1.5.4 Auger/screw reactor
1.5.5 Rotating cone reactor
1.5.6 Cyclone/vortex reactor
1.6 Upgradation techniques for pyrolyzed bio-oil
1.6.1 Physical upgradation of crude bio-oil
1.6.1.1 Hot vapor filtration
1.6.1.2 Emulsification
1.6.1.3 Solvent addition
1.6.2 Chemical upgradation of bio-oil
1.6.2.1 Aqueous phase processing/reforming
1.6.2.2 Mild Cracking
1.6.2.3 Esterification
1.6.3 Catalytical upgradation of bio-oil
1.6.3.1 Hydrotreating
1.6.3.2 Catalytic cracking
1.6.3.3 Hydrodeoxygenation
1.6.3.4 Steam reforming
1.6.3.5 Supercritical fluids
1.7 Energy recovery for heating or process applications
1.8 Conclusion
References
2 Biomass pyrolysis system based on life cycle assessment and Aspen plus analysis and kinetic modeling
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Current Indian scenario of waste-to-energy conversion technologies
2.3 From biomass to biofuel through pyrolysis
2.4 Life cycle assessment methodology for pyrolysis-based bio-oil production
2.4.1 Steps followed for studying LCA
2.4.2 Setting require for LCA
2.4.3 Inventory data collection
2.4.4 Analysis of life cycle inventory
2.4.5 Impact assessment of LCA
2.4.6 Sensitivity analysis
2.5 Aspen plus approach to biomass pyrolysis system
2.6 Kinetics of biomass pyrolysis
2.7 Isoconversional techniques
2.8 Other kinetic models
2.9 Application of biomass pyrolysis products
2.9.1 Bio-oil applications
2.9.1.1 Biochemicals
2.9.1.2 Biofuel
2.9.1.3 Biopolymer
2.9.2 Biochar application
2.9.2.1 Soil amendment
2.9.2.2 Solid biofuel
2.9.2.3 Activated carbon
2.10 Conclusions
References
3 Biomass gasification integrated with Fischer–Tropsch reactor: techno-economic approach
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Surplus biomass available in India
3.2.1 Conflicting applications for crop residue biomass
3.2.2 Biomass
3.2.3 Challenges in biomass utilization
3.2.4 Biomass to energy conversion processes
3.3 Pretreatment of biomass
3.3.1 Torrefaction
3.3.1.1 Changes pertaining to that structure
3.3.1.2 Physiochemical properties
3.3.1.3 Moisture content
3.3.2 Types of pretreatment
3.3.2.1 Physical pretreatment
3.3.2.2 Mechanical methods
3.3.2.3 Biological pretreatment
3.3.2.4 Enzymatic pretreatment
3.3.2.5 Microbial and fungus prevention pretreatment
3.3.2.6 Other latest pretreatment
3.4 Kinetics of biomass gasification for syngas generation
3.4.1 Gasification mechanism
3.4.1.1 Drying zone or bunker section
3.4.1.2 Pyrolysis or thermal decomposition zone
3.4.1.3 Partial oxidation or combustion zone
3.4.1.4 Reduction zone
3.4.2 Syngas conditioning
3.5 Gasification integrated with Fischer–Tropsch reactor
3.5.1 Bioenergy potential calculations and estimation
3.5.2 Fischer–Tropsch synthesis
3.5.3 Fischer–Tropsch catalysts
3.5.4 Fischer–Tropsch mechanism
3.5.5 Biofuel synthesis from Fischer–Tropsch reactor
3.5.5.1 Slurry bubble column reactors
3.6 Techno-economic analysis of Fischer–Tropsch reactor with biomass gasification
3.7 Conclusion
References
4 Energy recovery from biomass through gasification technology
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Thermochemical conversion
4.2.1 Combustion
4.2.2 Pyrolysis
4.2.3 Gasification
4.2.4 Principles of anaerobic digestion
4.3 Production and use of aquatic biomass
4.3.1 Potential of biomass waste
4.4 Lignocellulose biomass pretreatment
4.4.1 Physical methods
4.4.2 Chemical Methods
4.4.3 Biological pretreatment
4.5 Bioconversion and downstream processing of biomass-derived molecules’ conversion to chemicals
4.6 Energy recovery for heating or process applications
4.6.1 Steam cycle
4.6.2 Engine
4.6.3 Gas turbine
4.6.4 Biogas
4.7 Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass–derived intermediates lignin biorefinery biogas from waste biomass
4.7.1 Hydrolysis
4.7.2 Acidogenesis
4.7.3 Acetogenesis
4.7.4 Methanogenesis
4.8 Parameters affecting anaerobic digestion process
4.8.1 Temperature
4.8.2 Solid to water content
4.8.3 pH level
4.8.4 Retention period
4.8.5 Organic loading rate
4.8.6 C/N ratio
4.9 The concept of gasification and its types of reactors
4.9.1 Fixed bed gasification
4.9.2 Updraft gasifier
4.9.3 Downdraft gasifier
4.9.4 Cross-flow gasifier
4.9.5 Fluidized bed gasification
4.9.6 Bubbling fluidized bed gasification
4.10 Life cycle analysis of gasification process
4.10.1 Scope of analysis and definition
4.10.2 Boundary system and analysis of related legislation
4.10.3 Proper selection of environmental performance indicators
4.10.4 Inventory analysis
4.10.5 Environmental impact assessment
4.10.6 Life cycle assessment
4.11 Aspen plus approach to the biomass gasification system
4.12 Conclusion
References
5 Life Cycle Assessment applied to waste-to-energy technologies
5.1 Introduction
5.2 What is life cycle assessment?
5.2.1 Historical development
5.2.2 Applications of LCA
5.2.3 Steps and procedures for an LCA study
5.2.4 Definition of the objective and scope
5.2.5 Analysis of the life cycle inventory
5.2.6 Life cycle impact assessment
5.2.7 Interpretation
5.3 Use of LCA to analyze waste-to-energy technologies
5.3.1 Main applications
5.4 Highlights in LCA studies for waste-to-energy technologies
5.4.1 Functional unit
5.4.2 Type of residue
5.4.3 Form of energy use
5.4.4 Energy recovery
5.4.5 Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses
5.5 Main results found in the literature
5.6 Conclusion
References
6 Waste disposal in selected favelas (slums) of Rio de Janeiro
6.1 Historical background
6.1.1 Some numbers about subnormal clusters
6.1.2 The favela of Catumbi
6.2 Survey and study of solid waste in 37 slums and in Catumbi
6.3 Final considerations
References
7 Transesterification process of biodiesel production from nonedible vegetable oil sources using catalysts from waste sources
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Biodiesel production as an alternative source of energy
7.3 Transesterification: reaction and mechanism
7.4 Catalysts
7.4.1 Chemical catalysts
7.4.1.1 Homogeneous catalysts
7.4.1.2 Heterogeneous catalysts
7.4.1.3 Preparation of natural derived heterogeneous catalyst
7.4.1.4 Nanocatalysts
7.4.2 Biochemical catalysts
7.4.3 Impact on kinetics of transesterification and modeling
7.4.3.1 Determination of kinetic parameters in a batch process
7.4.3.2 Modeling of batch reactor design
7.4.3.3 Modeling for continuous reactor design
7.5 Hydrocarbon feed stocks for biodiesel
7.5.1 Edible oils
7.5.2 Nonedible oils
7.6 Various novel technologies for biodiesel production
7.6.1 Ultrasonic-assisted biodiesel production
7.6.2 Micro reactive transesterification
7.6.3 Microwave-assisted biodiesel production
7.6.4 Reactive distilled transesterification
7.6.5 Supercritical technology of biodiesel production (noncatalytic)
7.7 Techno-economic analysis of biodiesel production
7.7.1 One-time costs
7.7.2 Raw material and operating cost
7.7.3 Fixed cost and maintenance cost
7.7.4 Cost calculation with respect to production rate
7.8 Perspectives and conclusion
References
Index
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