A New Beginning?: Spatial Planning and Research in Europe between 1945 and 1975

Contents
Preface
References
I Spatial planning in selected European countries
Spatial planning in Switzerland from 1945 to 1975
End of the war: perspectives over the border
The beginnings of a pre‑1945 spatial planning movement − a brief overview
1945: Political support for Swiss spatial planning fails to materialise
Actor networks
Städte wie wir sie wünschen
Achtung: die Schweiz and the New Town
Spatial planning via the diversions of hazard prevention
Regional planning as a pioneering achievement
Spatial planner training
Grand plans
Tradition of private initiatives
Creation of the constitutional basis and struggle for a spatial planning law
A revolutionary act of federalism
New influences from 1970
International professional exchange
Conclusion
References
The role of spatial planning in the organization of Poland’s space 1945−1975
The first post‐war years. Period of the three‐ and six‐year plan (up to 1955)
Period of a thaw and stagnation (1956−1970)
The 1970s
Concluding remarks
References
Polish regional and spatial planning, a short account of 20th plus century
Introduction
Mid‐war period
Reunification of the territory
Major investment projects
Regional planning
Concepts of national spatial planning
People’s Poland
Post‐war recovery
The Stalinist‐totalitarian period
The thaw of 1956
Unambitious stability of the 1960s
The dreams of power
The lost decade of the 1980s
Independent Poland
National spatial planning
Regional planning
Concluding remarks
References
A long path. Spatial planning and research in Austria from 1945 until 1975
The new Second Republic
The end of the war
The initial political and administrative situation
The reality of 1945
Excursus into the legal bases of spatial planning in Austria
The administrative side of planning and its development
Advisory boards
Attempts at provisional solutions
The image of spatial planning
The pressure for a legal basis
The first spatial‐planning‐law for the province of Salzburg
Clarification of competences by the Constitutional Court
Consulting Statements and Changes
A breakthrough followed by a long process
The political climate is changing
Regional and sectoral planning in the provinces
Spatial planning on the national level
Cooperation in Spatial Planning
University education for spatial planning
Expanding research
Looking back
References
Aménagement du territoire in France 1945–1975: a synchronic analysis
Introduction
L’aménagement du territoire: balance − spatial justice − (economic) development
A search for balance
A search for spatial justice
Encouraging and supporting economic development
Aménagement du territoire action in response to the main challenges of the period
To overcome economic and cultural concentration by decentralising
Ensuring the development of neglected, little or insufficiently developed areas
Strengthening the urban structuring and the urban network of the country
A national policy centrally steered by the State
National political and administrative steering
Frameworks for action established by the State
The mobilisation of State financial resources and the use of legal means
Conclusion: unequivocal results
References
1945–1975: What if Italy had been reconstructed through spatial planning?
Foreword: the spatial planning discourse in Italy
The post‐World War II challenge
The spatial planning development
The Post‐War legacy: level of statutory territorial and urban plans in Italy
Urban planning and architecture
Management and governance
The Progetto ’80 – a political answer to critical questions
The Project ‘80
The reference models
Evolutionary synthesis of Italian spatial planning from 1945 to 1975
The decision‐makers of the plan: the companies producing and managing services of general interest (water, energy, railways, roads, etc.)
The CasMez‐SVIMEZ‐INU Trio and the special projects
What was missing
Environment, tourism and settlement
Advanced tertiary
Concluding remarks
References
The Spanish case: from integral to sectoral plans; from land use to building permits for economic growth and developers
Presentation
The origins of the physical land use planning and its link to the municipal scale; the unsuspected precedent for future land price speculation
Territorial dynamics and planning instruments experiences from 1939 to land law of 1956 − metropolitan plans and provincial plans
Planning metropolitan spaces
Provincial planning attempts, achieved and failed plans
The milestone of the 1956 Land and Urban Planning Law (LS56); a reactive but ambitious law
The LS56: a good law, but with few results due to the lack of political will and that of powerful economic sectors conniving with the Francoist regime.
Overflowing and unfulfilled planning
The predominance of Sectoral Planning (for economic growth) over comprehensive spatial planning
The starting point towards a new Spatial Planning Policy of a supra‐local nature: the reform of the Land Law of 1975.
By way of final synthesis
References
Barcelona 1950–1980
A step back
Heidegger in Darmstadt, 1951
Sun, air, and vegetation
The Houses of the Congress
A revolutionary mayor
Mass construction
Motor racing
The eternal omnipresent speed
A city made for speed
The Meridiana bridges
The skyscrapers
The cheerful slums
Love as principle
The poet of the future city
The Siberian of 1961
The Olympic torch arrives in Barcelona in 1968
The urbanization of Zone B
No New Towns
The Ribera Superblock Plan
Visions and divisions of Barcelona
I choose Barcelona
The second miracle
The Great Rectification
A spatial vision for Europe
Dutch spatial planning experience, the era of rebuilding 1950–1975
Introduction
The politics of Rebuilding
The segmented city
Housing and Urban Renewal
Regional Planning
Emerging national planning
Crisis, rethinking and a paradigm shift
References
Reports
Luxembourg‐Kirchberg: heading towards the new European city
Introduction
The unknown Kirchberg: What had happened before 1945
The known Kirchberg: driver of modern European urbanism
The future Kirchberg: between path dependence and new beginnings
Outlook
Note
References
Land use, settlement, regional and territorial planning in the German Democratic Republic – on concepts and significance of spatial planning in Eastern Germany 1945–1975
As a beginning
FRG and GDR – different positions in spatial planning
Historical roots of German spatial planning
A new beginning as SBZ
A new beginning as DDR (GDR)
Economic planning as central target
GDR – the development of a political system of its own
Claim and reality
References
Spatial planning in Western Germany from 1945 to 1975
Zero hour (1945) in Western Germany
Reconstruction without spatial planning – 1945 to 1960
Almost no territorial and regional planning in the first years after 1945
A new beginning: the Reconstruction Acts of the Länder
The German Federation and spatial planning in the 1950s
Another new beginning: planning at the level of the Federal States
From planning euphoria to planning scepticism (1960–1980)
Territorial planning at federal level
The failure of a centralised spatial policy
North‐Rhine Westphalia as a pioneer of Land use planning
The North Rhine‐Westphalia Programme 1975
Peri‐urban planning until the end of the 1970s
The structural crisis in the Ruhr Area and regional planning in NRW
Changes in territorial planning: the Federal Spatial Planning Report 1978
Summary
References
II Reflexions
Spatial planning in Switzerland and the Federal Republic of Germany. Approaches to a comparison for the period after 1945 – with a view to future perspectives
A preliminary remark
Different starting points for the post‐war period
The Swiss path to spatial planning
Spatial planning developments from 1975/1979 until today
Comparison of spatial planning notions
The necessary struggle for political standing
Thoughts on the future
References
Dutch planning: insider/outsider perspective
Introduction
Research on Dutch Planning
National Spatial Planning
Turning to Europe
Conclusion
References
French Aménagement du Territoire: roots and underlying narratives. New perspectives
Objectives and results of 30 years of spatial planning
Periodization: classic breakdown and new perspective
A debate on the immediate origins of regional planning: what continuity exists between Vichy and the Fourth Republic?
A new approach through narratives
Aménagement du territoire: the great narratives of the period, and some of the personalities who embodied them.
Some iconic figures and pivotal moments in planning, and how they made history by weaving together several narratives
The Plan Commission (CGP) – de Gaulle and Monnet
The Declaration of 9 May 1950 – Schuman and Monnet
The role of Paul Delouvrier
The Greater Paris Region Master Plan (1965) – contradictory or complementary to the DATAR’s action?
The DATAR Scenario of the Unacceptable (1969)
Conclusion: what legacy results from this founding period in 2021?
References
III European perspectives
Spatial planning in Europe: from curiosity and engagement to scepticism and hope – a planner’s European journey
Abstract
The Territorial Agenda 2030: a hope for balanced European spatial development?
Early European Visions
Pan‐European dreams replaced by visions of a German Empire
1945: Dawn of a Europe Union – no eye for spatial planning
My pilgrim’s journey to spatial development in Europe
The beginnings, CEMAT and Torremolinos
The Council of Europe
European activities by German planning associations
Carrefours Européenes
AIFPUR and AESOP
Europe 2000, 2000+ and the Bunch of Grapes
The European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP)
The Jean Monnet Chair of European Planning in Dortmund
Scepticism, though not without hope
References
In search of unknowable novelty – a challenge to European spatial planning
Introduction regarding visions, utopias, futuring in spatial planning
Conceptual framework
Discussion of metropolitan vision examples (empirical case I)
TA2030, New Leipzig Charter and other scenario work in the EU (empirical case ll)
Discussion NOVI NL (empirical case Ill)
Towards unknowable novelty in European spatial planning – what do we want to achieve?
References
A short history of European spatial policy since 1945
Introduction
1945–1955: Reconstruction of postwar cities and territorial disputes
Housing, reconstruction, displaced persons
Reparation payments and the role of coal and steel regions
The Upper‐Silesian coal basin
Saarland (Protectorat de la Sarre)
Ruhrgebiet (Ruhr region)
1951-1957: The founding of the three communities
Schumann declaration and the founding of the ECSC
The Treaty of Paris of 1951: ECSC
The Treaties of Rome of 1957: EEC and Euratom
From the Treaty of Rome to ERDF 1975
First enlargement 1973
The European Regional Development Fund (ERDF/1975)
Nordic Council and Benelux association
Nordic Council
Benelux association – Union Economique BeNeLux
Since 1955: CRONWE – planners’ network NWE
A look forward to the 1990s: the ESDP view on the core Pentagon area
Brunet’s blue banana
1958: First cross‐border association (Euregio)
Eurode: a case of a cross‐border twin municipality
Multinational institutions and provisions
1967: German‐Dutch spatial planning commission
1991: German‐Polish spatial planning commission
Council of Europe: Madrid Convention, 1980
The Accord of Karlsruhe of January 23, 1996
European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation (EGTC), 2007
European Spatial Policy beyond the EU
European Spatial Policy in the CEMAT
Torremolinos Charter
UN‑ECE
UN‑HABITAT
Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD)
Networks of regions and cities
1973: Conference of Peripheral Maritime Regions (CPMR)
1986: Eurocities
1996: METREX
1999: STRING
EU Regional and Spatial Policy after 1975
The ESDP process (1989–1999): European Spatial Planning becomes institutionalized
Territorial Cohesion after the Lisbon Treaty 2007
2007–2020: The three Territorial Agendas
Territorial Cohesion and Equivalent living conditions
Battis/0ptKersten: three dimensions of territorial cohesion
Equivalent living conditions in international contexts?
Conclusion
References
What if there had been a spatial vision for Europe?
Introduction
Build back better – alternative lessons from 1945–1975
What if there had been a European spatial planning vision
A more Integrated & Just Europe – 1950–1970
Rebuilding Europe
Rebuilding Europe’s transport networks to seamless transnational space
Rebuilding Europe’s (tele) communication networks
Rebuilding Europe’s energy networks
Boosting specialised urban areas in a European polycentric network
Towards a multi‐national European society
European spatial governance
Greener Europe – 1970 onwards
Powerful start of European Environmental Policies
Accelerating transition
Empowering environmental policies
… with policies of cohesion
…with borderless lives
… with a European public
…with blooming landscapes
…with truly integrated networks
…including the fringes
…unfolding the green, blue & colourful
…being in it together
What if we had a vision for Europe today?
References
Appendix
About the authors