The coronavirus pandemic that began in 2019 brought to the fore the presence of a significant minority of individuals who strongly oppose vaccination. This opposition is by no means recent. Ever since the very first attempts to immunize individuals, opposition has been intense in some societies. The reasons for this opposition range from religious to political to medical. Although vaccines have eliminated smallpox and largely eliminated polio and measles, opposition to vaccination persists and, in some countries, has grown stronger. A History of Vaccines and Their Opponents seeks to describe the history of this opposition as well as its changing rationale over the years and in different societies. The discussion may ultimately provide some suggestions for reducing hesitancy in the future.
- Demonstrates vaccine hesitancy is not new and is widespread around the world
- Presents the history of the opposition to immunization
- Provides counterarguments to the opposition today
Author(s): Ian R. Tizard
Publisher: Academic Press
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 370
City: London
Front Cover
A History of Vaccines and their Opponents
A History of Vaccines and their Opponents
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
1 - How vaccines work
The microbial world
The immune system
The defenders
Innate immunity
Adaptive immunity
Antibody-mediated immunity
Cell-mediated immunity
The adaptive immune response
Step 1: Antigen capture and processing
Step 2: Helper T cell activation
Step 3: B or T cell responses
Antigen processing
Step 4: Memory cell generation
Memory B cells
Memory T cells
A word of caution
References
Further reading
2 - Medical science at the beginning of the 18th century
Hippocratic medicine
The humoral theory
The status of physicians
Witchcraft
Seventeenth century
Variolation
References
Further reading
3 - Variolation: the early years in Britain and Europe
Immunity
Variolation in Asia
Emanuel Timoni's letter
Lady Mary Montagu
Inoculation progress
Early resistance to inoculation
Edmund Massey
Endorsement of inoculation
Skepticism
Persistent opposition
Resistance and acceptance in Europe
France
Germany
References
4 - Variolation in New England
Cotton Mather
Smallpox in Boston
Zabdiel Boylston
Responses
William Douglass
Subsequent reconsideration
Medical arguments
Religious arguments
Arguments for variolation
Actual results
More Boston epidemics
References
5 - Variolation and American independence
Boylston' legacy
Legislation and inoculation
Washington's dilemma
Smallpox and the revolutionary war
The first immunization mandate
Major influencers
Benjamin Franklin and his son
Abigail Adams and her children
The state of medicine
References
6 - The introduction of vaccination in Britain and Europe
Vaccination
Edward Jenner
Subsequent studies
Rapid adoption
Methodology
Horsepox
Initial responses
Hostility
Dr William Rowley
Dr Benjamin Moseley
Charles Creighton
Positive responses
Vaccination in Europe
References
Further reading
7 - The introduction of vaccination to America
First deliveries
John Clinch
Benjamin Waterhouse
Supply problems
Early opposition and exploitation
The first federal vaccination legislation
Vaccine farms
The Camden incident
The Biologics Control Act of 1902
Triumph
References
8 - Making vaccination compulsory in Britain and Europe
Compulsory vaccination laws
The 1840 Act
The 1853 Act
The 1867 Act
The 1871 Act
The 1898 Vaccine Act
Benefits of mandates
Ireland
Mandates in Europe
Typhoid vaccines
References
9 - Vaccine mandates in the United States
State-mandated vaccination
Phase 1: 1810–1920. Mandatory smallpox vaccination
Massachusetts
Texas
Ohio
Mandatory smallpox vaccination
Mandate enforcement
Phase 2: 1910 to 1940–60: Voluntary vaccination
Phase 3: 1960–present: New vaccine mandates
Polio vaccine mandates
Measles vaccine mandates
Current state mandates
Covid vaccine mandates
Canada
Exceptions
Military mandates
References
Further reading
10 - Anti-inoculation and anti-vaccination riots
Anti-inoculation riots
The 1730 Marblehead riot
1774—Marblehead again!
1768–1769: The Norfolk riots
Anti-vaccination riots
The Montreal vaccine riots of 1885
The Milwaukee riots of 1894
The Laredo smallpox riots, 1899
Some British riots
The Seven Wise Men of Keighley
The Charlbury anti-vaccination riots
The vaccine rebellion, Brazil, 1904
Coronavirus vaccine protests
References
11 - The Supreme Court weighs in
Smallpox in Boston
Anti-vaccination sentiment
The Pfeiffer affair
Jacobson v Massachusetts
Zucht v King
Prince v Massachusetts
O'brien v Cunard
Maricopa County v Harmon
Vaccine compulsion
References
12 - The rise of anti-vaccine societies in Britain
The Anti-Vaccination League of 1853
The Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League of 1867
The London Society for the Abolition of compulsory Vaccination
The National Anti-Vaccination League of 1896
George Bernard Shaw
Alfred Russel Wallace
Leicester
William Tebb
References
13 - Anti-vaccination movements in the United States and Canada
The Anti-Vaccination League of America
William Tebb
The Anti-Vaccination Society of America
The Anti-Vaccination League of America
Lora Little
State anti-vaccination efforts
New England
Minnesota
Louisiana
Pennsylvania
California
Meanwhile in Canada
The arguments
Freedom
Safety
Other issues
References
14 - Medical liberty and vaccination
Diverse medical theories
Homeopaths
Eclectics
Hydropathy
Chiropractors
Osteopaths
Physiomedicalism
Patent medicines
Medical associations
The American Medical Association
The National League for Medical Freedom
The American Medical Liberty League
The Flexner Report of 1910
References
15 - Developments and dead ends in immunology
Horsepox and vaccination
Syphilization
Syringes and needles
Vaccination
Louis Pasteur
Anthrax and rabies
Dead vaccines
Antiviral vaccines
References
Further reading
16 - Antibacterial vaccines and their opponents
Diphtheria
The Ididarod
The Balto debate
The St Louis incident of 1901
Active immunization
Tetanus
Pertussis
Combination vaccines
USA
United Kingdom
Canada
Opposition
USA
Analysis
References
17 - Polio vaccines and their opponents
The disease
Jonas Salk
Albert Sabin
Opposition
Chiropractors
The British situation
The Cutter incident
Global eradication
Nigeria
Vaccine-induced polio
Pakistan
Afghanistan
The endgame
References
18 - Measles, mumps, and rubella: three contentious virus diseases
Adverse effect principles
Measles
Current status
Measles vaccines
Mumps
Mumps vaccines
Rubella
Rubella vaccines
Dr. Andrew Wakefield
Conflicts of interest
Methodological problems
Retraction
Autism spectrum disorder
The response
The consequences
Thiomerosal
Foreign intervention
References
19 - Safety and sexual promiscuity: hepatitis B, human papilloma virus, and influenza vaccines
Hepatitis B
Multiple sclerosis
SIDS and HBV vaccine
Human papilloma virus
Initial problems
Current problems
Encouragement of immorality
Heavy marketing/mistrust
Trypanophobia
Influenza vaccine hesitancy
References
20 - COVID-19: politics and disinformation
The origins of COVID-19
COVID-19 vaccines
RNA vaccines
Vaccination mandates
Political partisanship
Reasons for hesitancy
Social media
Antivaccine strategies
Lack of trust
Exaggerate harm
Minimize effectiveness
Question motivation
Appeal to ignorance
Personal freedom
Conspiracy theories
Russian disinformation
Medical misinformation
Consequences
References
21 - Religious objections to vaccination
Early religious objections
Christian attitudes
Non-objecting denominations
Objecting denominations
The problem of “sorcery”
Issues and moral responsibility
Jewish attitudes
Islamic attitudes
Hindu attitudes
Buddhist attitudes
References
22 - Rational hesitancy: situations where hesitancy is and was appropriate
Medical exemptions
The swine flu scare—1976
The smallpox scare—2002
Anthrax vaccination
References
Glossary
Index
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D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
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M
N
O
P
Q
R
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T
U
V
W
Y
Z
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