Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Introduction: The Significance of Syria in Human History
Youssef Kanjou and Akira Tsuneki
Preface
Chapter 1
Prehistory
1. El Kowm Oasis (Homs)
Reto Jagher, Dorota Wojtczak and Jean-Marie Le Tensorer
2. Dederiyeh Cave (Aleppo)
Takeru Akazawa
Yoshihiro Nishiaki
3. Wadi Mushkuna Rockshelter (Damascus)
Nicholas J. Conard
4. Baaz Rockshelter (Damascus)
Nicholas J. Conard
5. Kaus Kozah Cave (Damascus)
Nicholas J. Conard
6. Abu Hureyra (Raqqa)
Andrew M. T. Moore
7. Qarassa (Sweida)
Frank Braemer
Juan J. Ibanez and Xavier Terradas
8. Mureybet (Raqqa)
Marie-Claire Cauvin and Danielle Stordeur
9. Tell Qaramel (Aleppo)
Youssef Kanjou
10. Jerf el-Ahmar (Aleppo)
Danielle Stordeur and George Willcox
11. Dja’de el-Mughara (Aleppo)
Eric Coqueugniot
12. Tell Halula (Aleppo)
Miquel Molist
13. Tell Aswad (Damascus)
Danielle Stordeur
Rima Khawam
14. Tell el-Kerkh (Idlib)
Akira Tsuneki
15. Tell Sabi Abyad (Raqqa)
Peter M. M. G. Akkermans
16. Tell Seker al-Aheimar (Hassake)
Yoshihiro Nishiaki
17. Shir (Hama)
Karin Bartl
18. Tell Kosak Shamali (Aleppo)
Yoshihiro Nishiaki
19. Tell el-‘Abr (Aleppo)
Yayoi Yamazaki
Hamido Hammade
20. Chagar Bazar (Hassake)
Walter Cruells and Anna Gómez Bach
21. Tell Zeidan (Raqqa)
Anas Al Khabour
22. Tell Feres (Hassake)
Régis Vallet
Johnny Samuele Baldi
23. Tell Ziyadeh (Hassake)
Frank Hole
Chapter 2
Ancient Syria (Bronze and Iron Ages)
24. Tell Beydar / Nabada / Nabatium (Hassake)
Marc Lebeau
Antoine Suleiman
25. Tell Banat (Aleppo)
Thomas L. McClellan and Anne Porter
26. Tell Mozan/Urkesh (Hassake)
Giorgio Buccellati and Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati
27. Tell Leilan (Hassake)
Harvey Weiss
28. Tell Sheikh Hamad/Dur-Katlimmu/Magdalu (Deir ez-Zor)
Hartmut Kühne
29. Umm el-Marra (Aleppo)
Glenn M. Schwartz
30. Tell Jerablus Tahtani (Aleppo)
Edgar Peltenburg
31. Tell Al-Rawda (Hama)
Corinne Castel
Nazir Awad
32. Tell Munbāqa (Raqqa)
Dittmar Machule
33. Tell el-Abd (Raqqa)
Uwe Finkbeiner
34. Tell Ali al-Hajj, Rumeilah (Aleppo)
Kazuya Shimogama
35. Mishrifeh / Qatna (Homs)
Daniele Morandi Bonacossi
36. Mishirfeh/Qatna, Syrian Excavations (Homs)
Michel Al-Maqdissi
Massoud Badawi
37. Tell Mastuma (Idlib)
Hidetoshi Tsumoto
38. Tell Sakka (Damascus)
Ahmad Taraqji
39. Tell Iris (Lattakia)
Antoine Suleiman
Michel Al-Maqdissi
40. Tell Toueini (Lattakia)
Michel Al-Maqdissi
Massoud Badawi
Eva Ishaq
41. Tell Sianu (Lattakia)
Michel Al-Maqdissi
42. Tell Taban (Hassake)
Hirotoshi Numoto
43. Tell Hammam el-Turkman (Raqqa)
Diederik J.W. Meijer
44. Tell Selenkahiye (Aleppo)
Diederik J.W. Meijer
45. Tell Mohammed Diyab (Hassake)
Christophe Nicolle
46. Tell Tuqan (Idlib)
Francesca Baffi
47. Khirbet Al-Umbashi, Khirbet Dabab and Hebariye (Sweida)
Frank Braemer
Ahmad Taraqji
48. Tell Masaikh and the Region around Terqa (Deir ez-Zor)
Maria Grazia Masetti-Rouault
49. Tell Ashara/Terqa (Deir ez-Zor)
Olivier Rouault
50. Tell Bazi (Aleppo)
Adelheid Otto and Berthold Einwag
51. Tell Afis (Idlib)
Stefania Mazzoni
52. Tell Fekheriye (Hassake)
Dominik Bonatz
53. Mari (Deir ez-Zor)
Pascal Butterlin
54. Tell Nebi Mend (Homs)
Peter Parr
55. Qala’at Halwanji (Aleppo)
Jesper Eidem
56. Tell Ahmar/Til Barsib (Aleppo)
Guy Bunnens
57. Chagar Bazar/Ashnakkum (Hassake)
Önhan Tunca
58. Tell Humeida (Deir ez-Zor)
Juan-Luis Montero Fenollós
Yaroob al-Abdallah
59. Tell Qabr Abu al-‘Atiq (Deir ez-Zor)
Juan-Luis Montero Fenollós
Shaker Al-Shbib
60. Tulul el-Far, Tell Taouil and Tell el-Kharaze (Damascus)
Sophie Cluzan
Ahmad Taraqji
61. Tell Massin and Tell al-Nasriyah (Hama)
Dominique Parayre
Martin Sauvage
62. Tell Arbid (Hassake)
Piotr Bieliński
63. Tell Halaf (Hassake)
Lutz Martin
64. Halawa (Raqqa)
Jan-Waalke Meyer
Winfried Orthmann
65. Tell Shiyukh Tahtani (Aleppo)
Gioacchino Falsone
Paola Sconzo
66. Ras Shamra/Ugarit (Lattakia)
Valérie Matoïan
Khozama al-Bahloul
67. Tell Chuera (Raqqa)
Jan-Waalke Meyer
68. Amrith/Marathos (Tartous)
Michel Al-Maqdissi
Eva Ishaq
69. Arslan Tash (Aleppo)
Anas Al Khabour
70. Tell Meskene/Emar (Aleppo)
Ferhan Sakal
71. Tell Barri/Kahat (al Hassake)
Raffaella Pierobon Benoit
72. Tell Kazel/Sumur (Tartous)
Leila Badre
73. Tell Qumluq (Aleppo)
Youssef Kanjou
Andrew Jamieson
74. The Cemetery of Abu Hamad (Raqqa)
Jan-Waalke Meyer
75. The cemeteries of Wreide, Tawi and Shameseddin (Raqqa)
Jan-Waalke Meyer
Winfried Orthmann
76. Tell Ajaja (Hassake)
Asa’d Mahmoud
Hartmut Kühne
77. Tell Bderi (Hassake)
Hartmut Kühne
Chapter 3
Syria in the Classic World
(Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine)
78. Jebel Khalid, (Aleppo)
Graeme Clarke
Heather Jackson
79. Palmyra, 30 Years of Syro-German/Austrian Archaeological Research (Homs)
Andreas Schmidt-Colinet
Khaled al-As‘ad and Waleed al-As‘ad
80. Palmyra, Japanese Archaeological Research (Homs)
Kiyohide Saito
81. Palmyrena. The Northern Hinterland of Palmyra (Homs)
Jørgen Christian Meyer, Nils Anfinset and Torbjørn Preus Schou
82. Palmyra/Tadmor (Homs)
Michal Gawlikowski
83. Cyrrhus/Nebi Houri (Aleppo)
Jeanine Abdul Massih
Shaker Al-Shbib
84. Tell As-Sin (Deir ez-Zor)
Shaker Al-Shbib
Juan-Luis Montero Fenollós
85. Gindaros (Aleppo)
Ammar Abdulrahman
86. El-Iss/Qinnasrin (Aleppo)
Marie-Odile Rousset
Youssef Kanjou
87. Resafa/Sergiopolis (Raqqa)
Anas Al Khabour
88. Resafa/Sergiupolis /Rusafat Hisham (Raqqa)
Dorothée Sack and Martin Gussone
89. Zenobia – Halabiya (Deir ez-Zor)
Sylvie Blétry
90. Sergilla, Ruweiha and El Bâra (Idlib)
Maamoun Abdulkarim
Gérard Charpentier
91. Musaytbeh-Jableh (Lattakia)
Massoud Badawi
92. Deir Qinnsrin-Jarabulus (Aleppo)
Mohamad Fakhro
93. Tell el-Kasra (Deir ez-Zor)
Yaroob al-Abdallah
94. Syriac Inscriptions of Syria
Françoise Briquel Chatonnet
95. Sura (Raqqa)
Ali Othman
96. Tell Shayzar (Hama)
Matthias Grawehr
Abdulsalam Albachkami
Chapter 4
Islamic Archaeology in Syria
97. The Citadel of Tell Shayzar (Hama)
Cristina Tonghini
98. Qalaat Al Mudiq/Apamean Citadel (Hama)
Shaker Al-Shbib
Mathilde Gelin
99. Tell Tuneinir (Hassake)
Michael Fuller and Neathery Fuller
100. Aleppo Castle (Aleppo)
Assad Yusof
Youssef Kanjou
101. Madinat el-Far/Hisn Maslama (Raqqa)
Claus-Peter Haase
102. Kharab Sayyar (Raqqa)
Jan-Waalke Meyer
103. Tell Damir (Raqqa)
Anas Al Khabour
Synthesis: Syrian Archaeology in the Past, Present and Future
List of Figures
91. Musaytbeh-Jableh (Lattakia)
Fig. 1 The site of Musaytbeh, Jableh.
Fig. 2 Archaeological features in trench A.
Fig. 3 A lead weight.
Fig. 4 A bone needle.
Fig. 5 A small glass flacon, Abbasid period.
92. Deir Qinnsrin-Jarabulus (Aleppo)
Fig. 1 A general view of the site.
Fig. 2 The remains of the Islamic structures.
Fig. 3 The discovered parts of the monastery (from the southwest corner: the rectangular hall).
Fig. 4 Attached sections.
Fig. 5 Floor mosaic from the rectangular hall.
Fig. 6 Rectangular hall and the attached sections
Fig. 7 Reconstruction of the rectangular hall and the attached sections
Fig. 8 Monastery of Qansreen in 2014.
93. Tell el-Kasra (Deir ez-Zor)
Fig. 1 Tell el-Kisr excavations.
Fig. 2 Mosaic floor
Fig. 3 Mosaic detail.
Fig. 4 Mosaic detail.
94. Syriac Inscriptions of Syria
Fig. 1 Tell Matin
Fig. 2 Nabgha
Fig. 3 Basufan
Fig. 4 Qalb Loze
Fig. 5 Khirbet Hassan
Fig. 6 Mar Musa
95. Sura (Raqqa)
Fig. 1 The baths, general view from the west.
Fig. 2 The Byzantine hypogeum.
Fig. 3 A Justinian tower.
Fig. 4 Western tower.
Fig. 5 Various terracotta oil lamps.
96. Tell Shayzar (Hama)
Fig. 1 Aerial view of the castle and tell Shayzar in 1935
Fig. 2 Test trench with occupation level of the 12th century AD.
Fig. 3 Handmade painted ware of the 12th century AD.
97. The Citadel of Tell Shayzar (Hama)
Fig. 1 General map of the citadel showing the main buildings.
Fig. 2 General view of the citadel from the north-east.
Fig. 3 Building CF6 from the south-east (Period II).
Fig. 4 Entrance complex, CA2: the glacis attributed to Nur al-Din (Period IV) and the tower built by Qalawun (Period V).
Fig. 5 Complex CA1 (Periods IV-V) and the ditch from the east.
98. Qalaat Al Mudiq/Apamean Citadel (Hama)
Fig.1 The plan of the citadel
Fig. 2 The southeastern part of the Qal’at el Mudiq tell and the collapsed area of the medieval glacis
Fig. 3. - Excavations in Sector A: mudbrick wall M4 and Hellenistic rampart M1
Fig. 5 Tower 5 after restorations
Fig. 4 Tower 5: foundations in the sounding outside the tower
Fig. 6 Sector B after restorations
99. Tell Tuneinir (Hassake)
(Photo Prof Michael Fuller, STLCC).
Fig. 1 View of Area 1 excavation area at Tell Tuneinir and impounded floodwater, 2004
(Photo Prof David Hanlon, STLCC).
Fig. 2 Braided Arabic script on a circular stucco panel from the interior of the Area 4 mesjed bearing the inscription rabbil ‘alamin
Fig. 3 Decorated marble panel dating from ca. AD 1000 and excavated from the Area 9 monastic church. Syriac text was faintly incised in the space around the two smaller crosses
100. Aleppo Castle (Aleppo)
Fig. 1a Multicoloured glazed vessel with decorations of foliage and animal designs on the inner surface.
Fig. 1b Glazed vessel with animal designs on the background.
Fig. 1c Multicoloured glazed bowl in sgrafitto style.
Fig. 2a Multicoloured small glazed bowl in sgrafitto style with geometrical designs on the inner surface.
Fig. 2b Multicoloured glazed bowl with geometrical designs on the inner surface.
Fig. 3 Plate fragment with geometric design.
Fig. 4a Multicoloured large glazed bowl in sgrafitto style with foliage designs (early Mamluk period).
Fig. 4b Large glazed bowl in sgrafitto style with decorated inner surface.
Fig. 5 Multicoloured glazed vessel in sgrafitto style.
101. Madinat el-Far/Hisn Maslama (Raqqa)
Fig. 2 Stucco relief in the reception hall of the mansion (field S26).
Fig. 3 Stucco wall cupboard with shelves, reconstruction (S10).
Fig. 4 Wadi flood gate between the quadrangular north compound and the citadel (S22).
Fig. 5 Eastern bathroom and water supply in the citadel (S29).
Fig. 6. Painted floor in the northwest room of the citadel (S22).
Fig. 7 Lid of ivory pyxis and drawing of the complete pyxis (S10).
Fig. 8 Glass bowl from a well with coloured applications (S24).
102. Kharab Sayyar (Raqqa)
Fig. 1 Satellite image
Fig. 2 Step-trench through the layers of the 3rd millennium.
Fig. 3 Geomagnetic map.
Fig. 4 ‘Great House’ (plan)
Fig. 5 Stucco decoration.
Fig. 6 Bath.
Fig. 7. ‘Great Mosque’ (plan).
Fig. 8 The west gate.
Fig. 9 Cistern underneath the west riwaq of the mosque.
103. Tell Damir (Raqqa)
Fig. .1 Tell Damir in the Balikh Valley.
Fig. 2 Eastern and western sections of Tell Damir.
Fig. 3 Sketch of room C5 showing location of oven.
Fig. 4 Plan of the central courtyard.
Fig. 5 Ceramic vessel from Tell Damir.
55. Qala’at Halwanji (Aleppo)
Fig. 1 3D model of Qala’at Halwanji.
Fig. 2 Topographic map of the site showing locations of test excavations.
Fig. 3 View of room with storage jars (sondage 13).
Fig. 4 Seal impression on clay cap from sondage 19.
Fig. 5 Examples of drinking cups found at Halwanji.
56. Tell Ahmar/Til Barsib (Aleppo)
Fig. 1 Tentative reconstruction of the Early Bronze Age temple (a) and view of the installations set against the north wall of the temple (b).
Fig. 2 Middle Bronze Age storerooms (looking east).
Fig. 3 The Storm-God stele discovered in the Euphrates near Tell Ahmar.
Fig. 4 Detail of the Iron Age II mosaic excavated on the tell.
Fig. 5 Ivory from the Neo-Assyrian residence C1a.
Fig. 6 Neo-Assyrian vaulted tomb (a) and statue of an Assyrian official discovered near the tomb (b).
57. Chagar Bazar/Ashnakkum (Hassake)
Fig. 1 Plan of Chagar Bazar.
Fig. 2 Habur pottery (Middle Bronze Age) from Area I.
Fig. 3 Early Bronze Age grave covered with mudbricks (already opened) (Area H, T.198).
Fig. 4 Bulla with Middle Bronze Age cylinder seal impression (Area I).
Fig. 5 Cuneiform tablet (CB 3341) relating to the delivery of good quality beer (Area I).
Fig. 6 Silver pendant (CB 4497) found in a favissa (Area I).
Fig. 7 Middle Bronze Age grave with a shaft and lateral inhumation cavity (Area I, T.122).
58. Tell Humeida (Deir ez-Zor)
Fig. 1 Location of Tell Humeida on the Middle Syrian Euprates.
Fig. 2 Byzantine baths.
Fig. 3 Byzantine wall.
Fig. 4 Bevelled-rim bowls in situ.
Fig. 5 Collection of bevelled-rim bowls.
59. Tell Qabr Abu al-‘Atiq (Deir ez-Zor)
Fig. 1 Situation of Tell Qubr Abu al-‘Atiq on the Middle Syrian Euphrates.
Fig. 2 Two rooms of the Early Bronze Age building.
Fig. 3 Digital model of the Middle Assyrian building.
Fig. 4 Middle Assyrian Administrative Pottery (room 1).
Fig. 5 Middle Assyrian Administrative Pottery (room 3).
60. Tulul el-Far, Tell Taouil and Tell el-Kharaze (Damascus)
Fig. 1 Map of Damascus area featuring Bronze Age main archaeological sites
Fig. 2 Topography and site mapping showing Tulul el-Far (north), Tell Taouil (south), Tell el-Kharaze (east)
Fig. 3 Tulul el-Far, field C, level I (© M.-G. Froidevaux, E. Devidal, Mission of Tulul el-Far).
Fig. 4 Circular building I with consisting of two rings of bricks. Hole-mouth jars with incisions were found on the floors of these storage buildings
Fig. 5 Ceramics and objects found in situ, field B, level I
Fig. 6 Tell Taouil
Fig. 7 First draft of site pattern around the Damascus oasis. To the south, the Nahr el-A’ouaj valley might have acted as a natural boundary
61. Tell Massin and Tell al-Nasriyah (Hama)
Fig. 1 The ‘micro-region’ on the right bank of the Orontes River
Fig. 2 Tell Massin, topographical survey
Fig. 3 Tell Massin, the Bronze Age levels, a reconstruction
Fig. 4 Tell al-Nasriyah, geomorphological survey
Fig. 5 Tell al-Nasriyah, topographical survey
Fig. 6 Tell al-Nasriyah, acropolis, sounding D, the monumental building dated from Iron Age II
Fig. 7 Tell al-Nasriyah, lower town, sounding F, the large residence dated from Iron Age II
Fig. 8 Tell al-Nasriyah, lower town, sounding F, the large residence, storage area with an amphora set in a pithos
Fig. 9 Tell al-Nasriyah, lower town, sounding A, the cremation cemetery
62. Tell Arbid (Hassake)
Fig. 1 Tell Arbid seen from the north.
Fig. 2 Step trench on the eastern slope of Tell Arbid.
Fig. 3 Grave of the Mitannian period discovered near the top of the tell.
Fig. 4 Ninevite period house from sector D.
Fig. 5 Ninevite shrine with adjacent terrace.
Fig. 6 Façade of the ‘Public Building’, with later cubicles in the foreground.
63. Tell Halaf (Hassake)
Fig. 1 Sketch map with the location of Tell Halaf
Fig. 2 Tell Halaf from North, 2006
Fig. 3 Trench A, 1899
Fig. 4 Round building with rectangular annex: Halaf Period 2009
Fig. 5 The ‘scorpion gate’, 1911
Fig. 6 Remains of the ‘western palace’ and the ‘scorpion-gate’ from the east, 2006
Fig. 7 Southern part of the Assyrian ‘governor’s-palace’ from the west, 2009, 2010
64. Halawa (Raqqa)
Fig. 1 Overall plan of Halawa (Halawa A marked).
Fig. 2 Plan of Halawa A, Layer 3.
Fig. 3 Plan of Halawa A, Layer 2.
Fig. 4 Main room of the temple.
Fig. 5 Main room of a household.
Fig. 6 Wall at Area Q.
Fig. 7 Stele fragment.
Fig. 8 Overall plan of Halawa (Halawa B marked).
Fig. 9 Building II.
Fig. 10 Halawa B finds.
Fig. 11 Wall painting at Halawa B.
Fig. 12 Limestone stele with painting.
65. Tell Shiyukh Tahtani (Aleppo)
Fig. 1 Tell Shiyukh Tahtani, viewed from the west
Fig. 2 Mudbrick architecture (late 4th millennium BC)
Fig. 3 Jar burial (a) containing ‘champagne cups’ (b) (3000-2700 BC)
Fig. 4 Pit grave with rich pottery finds (2500-2200 BC)
Fig. 5 Bronze bull pendant (2500-2200 BC)
Fig. 6 Burnt building with household inventory (Middle Bronze Age II)
Fig. 7 Pit burial of a child with sheep offering (Middle Bronze Age II)
66. Ras Shamra/Ugarit (Lattakia)
Fig. 1 Tablet RS 94.2411, H. 6.5cm, so-called ‘house of Urtenu’, Ugarit, Late Bronze Age.
Fig. 2 Restoration of the temple of Baal, acropolis of Ras Shamra, Late Bronze Age
Fig. 3 – The so-called temple of Dagan, acropolis of Ras Shamra, Late Bronze Age
Fig. 4a-b The ‘bridge-dam’ on the Nahr ed-Delbe, photography and restoration of the first phase, probably dated to the Late Bronze Age
Fig. 5 Stelae discovered in a great building south of the so-called ‘residence of Yabninu’, Ugarit, Late Bronze Age, Latakia Museum
Fig. 6 Gold covering in the form of a wing, probably from a figure of a sphinx decorating a piece of furniture, royal palace of Ugarit, Late Bronze Age, Damascus Museum
Fig. 7 The so-called temple of Dagan: view from the east of the stone wall
67. Tell Chuera (Raqqa)
Fig. 1 Satellite image
Fig. 2 Geomagnetic map.
Fig. 3 Development of the settlement during the Early Bronze Age.
Fig. 4 Residential area K (aerial photo).
Fig. 5. Steinbau I (aerial photo).
Fig. 6 Steinbau VI (entrance).
Fig. 7. Steinbau III: monumental staircase leading to the platform.
Fig. 8 Part of the outer city wall of the EBA IVA.
Fig. 9 Palace G (aerial photo).
Fig. 10 Palace G (reconstruction).
68. Amrith/Marathos (Tartous)
Fig. 1 Amrith: aerial view with locations of main buildings
Fig. 2 Amrith 2010: pottery from the Early Bronze Age IV
Fig. 3 Amrith 1965: pottery from the Middle Bronze Age
Fig. 4 Amrith 1957 (?): general view of the ‘Sanctuary of Melqart’
Fig. 5 Amrith 2010: the royal necropolis known as ‘Maghazel’
Fig. 6 Amrith 1996 (?): stone steles from the Bayyada necropolis
Fig. 7 Amrith 1987: anthropomorphic marble sarcophagi from Roumet el Zahab
Fig. 8 Amrith 1864: sanctuary of ‘Ain al-Hayyate,
69. Arslan Tash (Aleppo)
Fig. 1 Plan of Arslan Tash
Fig. 2 Plan of the ‘House of the Ivories’
Fig. 3 Ivory representation of a cow suckling her calf, 8th century
Fig. 4 Ivory representation of the birth of Horus, 8th century
Fig. 5 Basalt Lion from the site of Arslan Tash
70. Tell Meskene/Emar (Aleppo)
Fig. 1 General plan.
Fig. 2 EME 5 rooms.
Fig. 3 Triple bowl with figurine heads.
Fig. 4 Town wall after restoration in 2010.
Fig. 5 Temple of Baal and the north temple after restoration in 2010.
Fig. 6 A ‘front-room’ house.
71. Tell Barri/Kahat (al Hassake)
Fig. 1a and b Tell Barri: chronological sequence. Bottom right, site plan with excavation areas.
Fig. 2 Tell Barri: A) Area G – sacred complex, general view; bottom left, votive objects from the shrine. B) Votive miniature bottle. C) Small bowl, Ninivite 5. D) Cretula with two seal impressions.
Fig. 3 Tell Barri: A) Area G – the bathroom of the palace of Adad Nirari I; bottom right, basalt mortar with cuneiform inscription referring to the palace (B).
Fig. 4 Tell Barri: A) Area J – the palace of Tukulti Ninurta II, general view from the north. B) fresco fragment from the palace wall. C) Detail of threshold decoration .
Fig. 5 Tell Barri: A) The Parthian defensive wall on the acropolis, general view from the north; Parthian glazed dish (B); jar fragment with impressed decoration, Sasanian (C); Islamic jug with impressed decoration (D); hand-made jug (E).
72. Tell Kazel/Sumur (Tartous)
Fig. 1 Map of the Akkar Plain showing the three major sites of Tell Kazel, Arqa and Jamous.
Fig. 2 Spiral stairway (Middle Bronze Age).
Fig. 3 Three superimposed temples.
Fig. 4 Temple offerings (Late Bronze Age I).
Fig. 5 Painted brasero (Late Bronze Age I).
Fig. 6 Luxury faience offerings on display in the Tartous Museum (Late Bronza Age I).
Fig. 7 Sheet bronze figurines.
Fig. 8 Shell floor (Late Bronze Age II).
Fig. 9 Handmade burnished ware (Late Bronze Age II – Iron Age I).
73. Tell Qumluq (Aleppo)
Fig. 1 Map of Syria
Fig. 2 Tell Qumluq, 2008
Fig. 3 Surface collection and sherd scatters at the base of Tell Qumluq, 2008
Fig. 4 Flooded Tomb III at Tell Qumluq, August 2008
Fig. 5 Pottery from Tomb III
Fig. 6:1-6 Pottery from Tomb III
74. The Cemetery of Abu Hamad (Raqqa)
Fig. 1 Plan of Abu Hamed.
Fig. 2 Area Z, grave 17.
Fig. 4 Area M: two graves (stone cists).
Fig. 5 Area J: plan of the graves.
Fig. 6 Area E: stone cist-grave.
Fig. 3 Pottery assemblage.
75. The cemeteries of Wreide, Tawi and Shameseddin (Raqqa)
Fig. 1 Map of the upper region of the Tabqa Dam.
Fig. 2 Wreide: grave O11.
Fig. 3 Wreide: figurine.
Fig. 4 Tawi: location of the cemeteries.
Fig. 5 Tawi: grave T5.
Fig. 6 Tawi: grave T64.
Fig. 7 Shameseddin, grave 6.
Fig. 8 Shameseddin, grave 34.
76. Tell Ajaja (Hassake)
Fig. 1 Tell Ajaja: topographic sketch
Fig. 2 Lamassu 1: Reproduction from Layard, A. H., Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon
Fig. 3 Tell Ajaja 1989: trench from east, showing door 1 with muzzle for drainage; door 2 with lamassu 3 in situ; and limits of Layard’s tunnel in the background
Fig. 4 Lamassu 1 as excavated in 1982
Fig. 5 Lion lamassu (no. 6) as excavated in 1989
Fig. 6 The same lion lamassu: Reproduction from Layard, A. H., Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon
Fig. 7 Lamassu no. 5
Fig. 8 Stele no. 1: postcard
Fig. 9 Stele no. 2: postcard
Fig. 10 Orthostat as excavated in 1984
77. Tell Bderi (Hassake)
Fig. 1 Tell Bderi: plateau looking north
Fig. 2 Tell Bderi: topographic plan
Fig. 3 Tell Bderi: the ‘southern slope’ area looking north
Fig. 4 Tell Bderi: the ‘southern slope’, phase 25, town wall and gate, Early Dynastic I
Fig. 5 Tell Bderi: town wall and gate, reconstruction
Fig. 6 Tell Bderi: the ‘southern slope’, House I
Fig. 7 Tell Bderi: the ‘southern slope’,
Fig. 8 Tell Bderi: the ‘southern slope’, reconstructed inventory
Fig. 9 Tell Bderi: phase 8, House on the ‘northern knoll’, ‘kitchen’, reconstruction in the National Museum of Deir ez-Zor
Fig. 10 Tell Bderi: the ‘northern knoll’, plan of Mittani platform and architecture
Fig. 11: Tell Bderi, Phase 2, shaft with Middle Assyrian fill
Fig. 12: Tell Bderi, Phase 2, Middel Assyrian foundation cylinder
78. Jebel Khalid, (Aleppo)
Fig. 1 Contour map of Jebel Khalid, showing areas excavated up to 2010
Fig. 2 Plan of the acropolis palace
Fig. 3 Plan of the Jebel Khalid temple
Fig. 4 Limestone head found in temple, Area B.
Fig. 5 3D reconstruction of the ‘House of the Painted Frieze’
Fig. 6 Stucco fragments from the oikos of the ‘House of the Painted Frieze’, featuring Eros and goat chariot.
Fig. 7 Entry to the courtyard in T44, Area S (east), 2010.
79. Palmyra, 30 Years of Syro-German/Austrian Archaeological Research (Homs)
Fig. 1 Palmyra: tomb no 36, reconstructed entrance facade.
Fig. 2 Palmyra: tomb no. 36, reconstructed ground plan.
Fig. 3 Palmyra: tomb no. 36, architectural sculpture.
Fig. 4 Rome: Villa Albani, Roman sarcophagus.
Fig. 5 Palmyra: quarry no. 1, plan.
Fig. 6 Palmyra: quarry no. 1, columns.
Fig. 7 Palmyra: quarry no. 3, ‘dragon-house’.
Fig. 8 Palmyra: restoration of a textile, from the tower-tomb of Kitot (40 AD).
Fig. 9 Palmyra: linen shawl of local production.
Fig. 10 Palmyra: textile ornament of an architectural decoration.
Fig. 11 Palmyra: silk fabric imported from China, from the tower-tomb of Kitot (40 AD).
Fig. 12 Palmyra: area of the ‘Hellenistic’ town, magnetogram of the underground settlement.
Fig. 13 Palmyra: area of the ‘Hellenistic’ town, test trench I, Rhodian amphora stamp (3rd century BC).
Fig. 14 Palmyra: area of the ‘Hellenistic’ town, ‘khan’, ground plan.
Fig. 15 Palmyra: area of the ‘Hellenistic’ town, ‘khan’, stucco fragment.
Fig. 16 Map of Palmyra’s trade network, as documented by artefacts found in the ‘khan’.
Fig. 17 ‘Atlas de Palmyre’, detail
80. Palmyra, Japanese Archaeological Research (Homs)
Fig. 1 Tombs excavated by the Japanese Archaeological Mission in the southeast necropolis.
Fig. 2 Innermost wall of Tomb C.
Fig. 3 General view of the main chamber of Tomb F.
Fig. 4 Accessories from Tomb G.
Fig. 5 Exedra on the north sidewall in Tomb H.
Fig. 6 General view of house-tomb 129-b in the north necropolis (before excavation).
Fig. 7 3D image of house-tomb 129-b (before excavation).
Fig. 8 Reconstruction image of house-tomb 129-b.
81. Palmyrena. The Northern Hinterland of Palmyra (Homs)
Fig. 1 Arrowheads from Jebel Abyad.
Fig. 2a Large Bronze Age cairn, Jebel Abyad.
Fig. 2 Distribution of Bronze Age cairns north of Palmyra.
Fig. 3 Distribution of settlements and forts north of Palmyra.
Fig. 4 Remains of building in Jebel Merah.
82. Palmyra/Tadmor (Homs)
Fig. 1 ‘Diocletian’s Camp’. The headquarters at the forefront, the Bel sanctuary at the far end.
Fig. 2 The ruins of the Allat temple and, beyond, the gate of the sanctuary.
Fig. 3 An artist’s rendering of the Allat temple in the 2nd century CE
Fig. 4 The ‘Allat Lion’ as restored in front of the Palmyra Museum.
Fig. 5 Some sculptures from the Allat temple; in the background, the statue of Athena.
83. Cyrrhus/Nebi Houri (Aleppo)
Fig. 1 One of the three Roman-Byzantine bridges crossing the Sabun and Afrin Rivers
(© The Cyrrhus Syro-Lebanese Excavation Mission).
Fig. 2 The polygonal foundation of the Hellenistic southern fortification
Fig. 3 Topographical plan of Cyrrhus
Fig. 4 Aerial view of the Roman theatre
Fig. 5 Aerial view of the mosaics of the Roman house
Fig. 6 Aerial view of the cathedral
Fig. 7 Aerial view of the church located east of the theatre on the main street
Fig. 8 Detail of the figurative mosaic found in the Roman house
Fig. 9 The mausoleum of Nebi Houri
84. Tell As-Sin (Deir ez-Zor)
Fig. 1 Plan of the site
Fig. 2 Bastion 20: (A): picture after the excavation; (B): plan of the bastion
Fig. 3 Sounding F in the lower town
Fig. 4. Hypogeum 14: plan and section
Fig. 5 The arcosolium in the hypogeum
Fig. 6 A sample of the types of beads found in the tombs
85. Gindaros (Aleppo)
Fig. 1 Gendaros: geomagnetic survey of the western acropolis showing the excavation areas.
Fig. 2 Juvenile graves with amphorae.
Fig. 3 Basalt censer (bokal) in ritual context in the Hellenistic level.
Fig. 4 Domestic structures in the western acropolis (A6).
Fig. 5 Ceramic horsehead.
Fig. 6 Mosaic (detail) from the hammam.
86. El-Iss/Qinnasrin (Aleppo)
Fig. 1 Prints of cylinder seals found during the survey of the Bronze Age necropolis
Fig. 2 Roman funerary sculpture at Qinnasrin
Fig. 3 Inscribed lintel on the gate of the Byzantine rampart
Fig. 4 Angle of the Early Islamic fortress wall on the mountain
Fig. 5 The bath discovered in area B
Fig. 6 The tomb of ‘Nabi ‘Is’ on a mountain tell , today destroyed
87. Resafa/Sergiopolis (Raqqa)
Fig. 1 Rusafa
Fig. 2 Rusafa: the huge church containing the remains of St. Sergio.
88. Resafa/Sergiupolis /Rusafat Hisham (Raqqa)
Fig. 1 Resafa: aerial photograph from the northeast
Fig. 2 Resafa: city plan
Fig. 3 Resafa: Basilica A, view from the southwest
Fig. 4 Resafa: Basilica A, view from the southern side aisle to the east
Fig. 5 Resafa: Tetraconch Church
Fig. 6 Resafa: site plan of the city and its surroundings with selected find-sites
Fig. 7 Roman limes between the Euphrates and Palmyra
89. Zenobia – Halabiya (Deir ez-Zor)
Fig. 1 General view of Halabiya from the east.
Fig. 2 General map of the city.
Fig. 3 View of sector 6 from the east.
Fig. 4 Amphorae, jars and pots from sector 6.
Fig. 5 Map of sector 3.
Fig. 6 Examples of tower-tombs and hypogea.
Fig. 7 Frescoes in tomb 29.
90. Sergilla, Ruweiha and El Bâra (Idlib)
Fig. 1 Northern Syria, showing the village sites.
Fig. 2 Sergilla.
Fig. 3 View of the gebel al Zawiya.
Fig. 4 Landscape near Ruweiha.
Fig. 5 Topographical plan of Sergilla.
Fig. 6 Reconstruction of the large press found at Sergilla.
Fig. 7 Al Bara.
Fig. 8 Reconstruction of the baths and mosque at al Bara.
Fig. 9 Ruweiha.
Fig. 10 Excavations in house 22 (Ruweiha).
1. El Kowm Oasis (Homs)
Fig. 1 The Landscape at El Kowm with the eponymous Tell.
Fig. 2 View of the excavation at Hummal site.
Fig. 3 General view of the site of Nadaouiyeh Aïn Askar.
Fig. 4 Excavation at Nadaouiyeh.
Fig. 5 Excavation at Hummal.
Fig. 6 Animal remains discovered in Yabrudian layer, Hummal.
Fig. 7 Reconstruction of the Homo erectus skull from Nadaouiyeh Aïn Askar.
Fig. 8 Human remains from the Mousterian levels of Hummal, medial upper incisor
Fig. 9 Chopping tool from Ain Al Fil.
Fig. 10 Acheulian handaxes from Nadaouiyeh
Fig. 11 Yabrudian artefacts from Nadaouiyeh
Fig. 12 Hummalian blades from Nadaouiyeh
2. Dederiyeh Cave (Aleppo)
Fig. 1 Dederiyeh Cave, looking from the main entrance.
Fig. 2 Stone tools of the Neanderthals at Dederiyeh Cave.
Fig. 3 Discovery of the first Neanderthal burial in 1993.
Fig. 4 Close-up of the first Neanderthal burial.
Fig. 5 Reconstruction of the first Neanderthal child.
3. Wadi Mushkuna Rockshelter (Damascus)
Fig. 1 Wadi Mushkuna Rockshelter. Overview of the site showing its location on the northern edge of the wadi beneath the limestone cuesta
Fig. 2 Wadi Mushkuna Rockshelter. Overview of excavations in the October 2010
4. Baaz Rockshelter (Damascus)
Fig. 1 Baaz Rockshelter at the time of its discovery in May 14, 1999
Fig. 2 Baaz Rockshelter, Autumn 2000: excavating the Natufian house
5. Kaus Kozah Cave (Damascus)
Figure 1 Kaus Kozah Cave during the 2006 excavation season
Figure 2 Kaus Kozah Cave. Excavations on the terrace in front of the eastern entrance in the autumn of 2006
Figure 3 Kaus Kozah Cave. Terminal Natufian infant burial
Figure 4 Kaus Kozah Cave. View of the bedrock mortars in the area just inside the western entrance to the cave
Figure 5 View from Kaus Kozah toward the fertile springs above Ma’aloula
6. Abu Hureyra (Raqqa)
Fig. 1 Abu Hureyra from the south-west.
Fig. 2 Pit dwellings in Abu Hureyra 1.
Fig. 3 Reconstruction of a pit dwelling in Abu Hureyra 1.
Fig. 4 Abu Hureyra 2, Trench A. A multi-roomed mudbrick house with plaster floors.
Fig. 5 The village of Abu Hureyra 2 c. 7,000 B.C.
Fig. 6 Abu Hureyra 2, Trench C. A collective burial illustrating separation of skulls.
7. Qarassa (Sweida)
Fig. 1 Qarassa. Digital elevation model of the site viewed toward the south-east.
Fig. 2 Aerial view of the Natufian settlement.
Fig. 3 Plan of a Natufian house.
Fig. 4 Plan of the Early PPNB house.
Fig. 5 Early PPNB bone wand with two human faces.
Fig. 6 Chalcolithic pottery sample.
Fig. 7 Early Bronze Age III rampart.
Fig. 8 Iron Age storage room.
8. Mureybet (Raqqa)
Fig. 1 Mureybet, on the left bank of the Euphrates.
Fig. 2 The most ancient building at the site (Khiamian: IB).
Fig. 3 A figurine representing a woman.
Fig. 4 ‘Maison 47’, a PPNA communal building (picture).
Fig. 5 ‘Maison 47’, a PPNA communal building (drawing).
9. Tell Qaramel (Aleppo)
Fig. 1 Tower 5 at Tell Qaramel dating to the early Neolithic period.
Fig. 2 A pit with four wild bull skulls.
Fig. 3 A group of graves.
Fig. 4 Animal and geometric decoration on stone tools.
10. Jerf el-Ahmar (Aleppo)
Fig. 1 A communal building subdivided by radiating walls.
Fig. 2 A communal building with a circular bench.
Fig. 3 The construction of houses planned around these communal buildings.
Fig. 4 A house showing signs of food preparation activities.
Fig. 5 Engraved pictograms.
11. Dja’de el-Mughara (Aleppo)
Fig. 1 Plan of the communal building. The paintings covered the walls of the three piers (666.667, 668) whose primary purpose would have been to support the roof. Pier 668 was badly damaged, the other two remarkably well preserved.
Fig. 2 General view of pier 666 under excavation in 2006.
Fig. 3 Bucrania of a female aurochs
Fig. 4 General view of one side of pier 666 in situ showing the painted decoration before its removal in 2008. The composition evokes weaving or basketry, and must be part of a long tradition.
Fig. 5 Typical tubercular lesions present on the 9th and 10th thoracic vertebrae of an adult (phase DJ III).
12. Tell Halula (Aleppo)
Fig. 1 General view from the south of the Tell Halula site
Fig. 2 View from the south of the three houses from sector 2-4 sector, contemporary chronology of the middle PPNB phase
FIg. 3 Detail of the schematic paintings recovered in the ground of a room from the PPNB Half period
Fig. 4 Detail of the stone wall from sector I, Late Phase PPNB
FIg. 5 View from the wall and pipeline, sector 7A, Late Neolithic phase (pre-Halaf period)
13. Tell Aswad (Damascus)
Fig. 1 A collective burial with 4 modelled skulls (level B0).
Fig. 2 A burial deposit of 5 modelled skulls (level B-5).
Fig. 3 A modelled skull with white plaster applied directly to the bone (level B0).
Fig. 4 3 modelled skulls of the B-5 group. CS3 in the centre, close to CS1 (right).
Fig. 5 Skull CS3
14. Tell el-Kerkh (Idlib)
Fig. 1 Communal storehouse.
Fig. 2 Kerkh Ware.
Fig. 3 Excavating the ground floor of a two-storeyed building.
Fig. 4 Communal kitchen.
Fig. 5 Communal cemetery.
Fig. 6 A ‘foundation deposit’ below floor level.
Fig. 7 Various stamp seals.
15. Tell Sabi Abyad (Raqqa)
Fig. 1 Tell Sabi Abyad: the excavations in the prehistoric areas in full swing.
Fig. 2 Tell Sabi Abyad: symmetrical, tripartite structure built on a platform, ca. 6900 BC.
Fig. 3 Tell Sabi Abyad: prehistoric mud-brick architecture, ca. 6400 BC.
Fig. 4 Tell Sabi Abyad: Late Neolithic pottery, ca. 6700 BC.
Fig. 5 Tell Sabi Abyad: an Early Halaf burial of a young woman with grave gifts, ca. 5800 BC.
Fig. 6 Tell Sabi Abyad: a colourful prehistoric necklace from a burial, ca. 6100 BC.
Fig. 7 Tell Sabi Abyad: a cuneiform tablet from the Assyrian fortress, ca. 1,190 BC.
Fig. 8 Tell Sabi Abyad: an intricately painted bowl from the grave of a young woman, ca. 5,800 BC.
16. Tell Seker al-Aheimar (Hassake)
Fig. 1 Tell Seker Al-Aheimarand The Khabur River
Fig. 2 PPNB architecture.
Fig. 3 PPNB flint cores.
Fig. 4 The unique PPNB female figurine.
Fig. 5 The PPNB water well.
Fig. 6 A collection of ground stone tools found in the PPNB water well.
Fig. 7 ‘Pre’ Proto-Hassuna pottery.
17. Shir (Hama)
Fig. 1 Shir: map of the site with excavation areas
Fig. 2 Shir: south area, burials under the floor in the ‘house of the dead’
Fig. 3. – Shir: south area, south area, corner of a house with large storage vessel
Fig. 4 Shir: south area, terracotta figurine
Fig. 5 Shir - central area of the excavations, view from the northeast
(Photo Th. Urban, DAI, Orient Department).
18. Tell Kosak Shamali (Aleppo)
Fig. 1 Suggested room functions for the Ubaid pottery workshop.
Fig. 2 Complete pottery discovered in the large storage area of the Ubaid pottery workshop.
Fig. 3 Complete pottery discovered in the small storage area of the Ubaid pottery workshop.
Fig. 4 Internal surface of pottery with snake and goat figurines from the small storage area.
Fig. 5 Pottery manufacturing tools recovered in a broken vessel at the Ubaid pottery workshop.
Fig. 6 Suggested room functions for the Post-Ubaid pottery workshop.
Fig. 7 A Post-Ubaid pottery kiln.
19. Tell el-‘Abr (Aleppo)
Fig. 1 Pottery from Level 6
Fig. 2 Pottery of stage 1
Fig. 3 Pottery of Stage 2
Fig. 4 Pottery of Stage III
Fig. 5 Pottery of Stage IV
Fig. 6 Structures of Level 7
Fig. 7 Terracotta bird figurine from Level 5
20. Chagar Bazar (Hassake)
Fig. 1 Top: The site from the north; Bottom: excavation areas A and B.
Fig. 2 Circular buildings from the Proto-Halaf phase (early 6th millennium cal BC).
Fig. 3 Multi-cellular house with associated domestic installations.
Fig. 4 Large circular building during the excavation process.
Fig. 5 A chronological framework of 700 years is proposed for the Halaf periodization.
Fig. 6 Pit grave with an inhumation and a ‘cream bowl’ as a burial good (Primitive Halaf period).
21. Tell Zeidan (Raqqa)
Fig. 1 Location of Tell Zeidan to the east of Raqqa.
Fig. 2 Painted ceramics from Ubeid Period (first season report 2007).
Fig. 3 Baked clay mullers (first season report 2007).
Fig. 4 Blowpipe mouthpiece for smelting copper (first season report 2007).
Fig. 5 Late Chalcolithic stamp seals (first excavation report 2007).
22. Tell Feres (Hassake)
Fig. 1 Tell Feres, location and sequence
Fig. 2 Tell Feres Level 10. Late Ubaid Ceramic workshop: plan, photo and ceramic samples
Fig. 3 Phases 9B (I) and 9A (II) of the communal building of Level 9 (© the French-Syrian archaeological Mission at Tell Feres).
Fig. 4 Level 7 (I): plan and photo – and Level 6 (II) – plan and photo of the small tripartite house. In both levels the distribution of the traditional chaînes opératoires shows the spatial segregation
Fig. 5 Level 5 (I): plan, photograph and details of the wheel-coiled bowls in the hall the buttressed building. Gawra X-like clay sealing from Level 4A (II). LC1 ‘spectacle idol’ from Level 7 (III)
Fig. 6 Level 2B: plan and 3D reconstructions
23. Tell Ziyadeh (Hassake)
Fig. 1 Bowl sherds in the typical style of the northern Ubaid.
Fig. 2 A tripartite house with attached grill-like storage buildings.
Fig. 3 An Ubaid kiln for firing pottery. The column supported a perforated floor on which the pots were stacked above the firebox.
Fig. 4 An eroded casemate structure on the upper edge of the mound. This structure is part of the Post-Ubaid Kuranian settlement.
Fig. 5 Walls of a massive storage building dating to the early 3rd millennium BC.
24. Tell Beydar / Nabada / Nabatium (Hassake)
Fig. 1 Aerial view of Tell Beydar
Fig. 2 Areas of excavations and main buildings.
Fig. 3 The discovery of the earliest written documents in Syria.
Fig. 4 ‘Southern Square’, a ceremonial court.
Fig. 5 Clay ‘mask’ of a bearded man.
Fig. 6 The undisturbed tomb of a warrior.
25. Tell Banat (Aleppo)
Fig. 1 Plan of Tell Banat settlement complex.
Fig. 2 Tell Banat North, also known as the White Monument.
Fig. 3 Phases A and B of the White Monument.
Fig. 4 Schematized plan of Mortuary Mound II, Phase B, Building 7 and Tomb 7.
Fig. 5 Plan of Tomb 7.
Fig. 6 Reused column in Tomb 7.
Fig. 7 Plinths and Lintel added to Tomb 7.
26. Tell Mozan/Urkesh (Hassake)
Fig. 1 The ‘High Mound’, situated in the fertile plains of north-eastern Syria, with the mountains of the Tur-Abdin in the background.
Fig. 2 The corner of a niched structure of the mid 4th millennium, just below the 3rd millennium glacis. A reconstruction of the 3rd millennium temple is in the background.
Fig. 3 The monumental temple terrace of the 3rd millennium.
Fig. 4 The necromantic shaft (abi); the walls on the left are those of the palace. In this shape, it dates to the time of the palace, about 2250 BC.
Fig. 5 The palace of Tupkish, about 2250 BC. The mudbrick walls are covered with a system of trellis and cloth that protect them from weathering.
Fig. 6 Composite of the impression of the seal of Uqnitum showing the royal family.
Fig. 7 Stone plaque showing Gilgamesh and Enkidu.
27. Tell Leilan (Hassake)
Fig. 1 Map of Khabur Plains survey areas and precipitation isohyets.
Fig. 2 Tell Leilan Lower Town South, residential area and street, 600m2, 2600-2200 BC, excavated 1989.
Fig. 3 Akkadian administrative building, room 12, terminal floor, ca. 2230 BC, excavated in 2006.
Fig. 4 The ‘unfinished building’, south stratigraphic section, ca. 2230 BC, excavated in 1999.
Fig. 5 ‘Hayabum, šabra’, seal impression retrieved from the ‘unfinished building’, ca. 2230 BC, excavated in 1993.
Fig. 6 Northeast acropolis, building level II, period I, Shamshi-Adad temple, north facade, ca. 1800 BC, excavated in 1982.
28. Tell Sheikh Hamad/Dur-Katlimmu/Magdalu (Deir ez-Zor)
Fig. 1 Aerial photograph by G. Gerster
Fig. 2. Tell Sheikh Hamad topographic map and areas of operation, and step trench, Area 1927, House 4, level 6
Fig. 3 Two superimposed graves of the Parthian-Roman cemetery
Fig. 4 Plan of Middle Assyrian Building P, western slope of the Citadel
Fig. 5 Middle Assyrian tablets in ashy earth layer as excavated in Room A, Building P
Fig. 6 Two fragments of orthostats and reconstruction of the scene, 9th century BC
Fig. 7 Map of geophysical prospection of the settlement of Dūr-Katlimmu with the deep linear anomaly passing
Fig. 8 Seal impression of Ishme-ilu, eunuch of Nergal-eresh
Fig. 9 Schematic plan of architectural complex of northeast corner of lower town II
Fig. 10 The eastern town wall as seen from the north
Fig. 11 Aerial photograph of operations 5 and 6, neo-Assyrian residences on the left, ‘Red House’ on the right
Fig. 12 Schematic plan of neo-Assyrian residences
Fig. 13 Mural on the east wall of hall B of House 4 of the neo-Assyrian residences
Fig. 14 Schematic plan of the ‘Red House’
29. Umm el-Marra (Aleppo)
Fig. 1 Tomb 8.
Fig. 2 Tomb 1, middle layer (two men).
Fig. 3 Lapis lazuli amulet in shape of wild goat, Tomb 1.
Fig. 4 Gold filigreed pendant, Tomb 1.
Fig. 5 Installation E, with four equids.
Fig. 6 Monument 1.
Fig. 7 Shaft 1 layer 10, two vultures missing wings.
Fig. 8 Mittani period Akkadian legal tablet, with cylinder seal impression of Saustatar.
30. Tell Jerablus Tahtani (Aleppo)
Fig. 1 Site plan showing Early Bronze Age levels.
Fig. 2 Concentration of Uruk bevel-rim bowls.
Fig. 3 Seal impression with horned animal and snake.
Fig. 4 First Early Bronze Age fort wall.
Fig. 5 Reconstruction of Early Bronze Age burial.
Fig. 6 Objects from an Early Bronze Age grave.
Fig. 7 Figurines from a grave-like facility.
Fig. 8 Tomb 302 beside the South Terrace.
31. Tell Al-Rawda (Hama)
Fig. 1 Aerial picture of Tell Al-Rawda
Fig. 2 Geomagnetic map of Tell Al-Rawda after treatment of the image superimposed on satellite image
Fig. 3 Tell Al-Rawda: aerial picture of the main sanctuary
Fig. 4 Hypothetical reconstruction of the main sanctuary
Fig. 5 Tell Al-Rawda: plan of Early Bronze IVB dwellings in sector 4, south-west of the tell
Fig. 6 Hypothetical reconstruction of the whole city
32. Tell Munbāqa (Raqqa)
Fig. 1 Overall Site Plan 2007 with accented results of the campaign 1999-2010 in the North Gate Area
Fig. 2 Excavated houses, temple district near North gate (below) and clay tablet MBQ-T 77
Fig. 3 Floorplan of House A and terracotta moulded female figurines
Fig. 4 Pottery and other inventory excavated in house M, rooms 12 and 13
Fig. 5 Little terracotta-made heads of men and a lion’s head application
Fig. 6 Terracotta-molded lute player and sitting God from the temple district
Fig. 7 Man with ram attached to a cascet’s corner and a terracotta face mask
Fig. 8 Pieces of a goldsmith’s deposit contained in a 2,5 kilo silver hoard
33. Tell el-Abd (Raqqa)
Fig. 1 Tell el-ΚAbd. Overall Plan (after Finkbeiner 2015).
Fig. 2 Tell el-ΚAbd. Overall plan af Area I
Fig. 3. Tell el-ΚAbdd, Area I. The stone wall is part of the earliest town wall with the north gate. In front, the massive reinforcements with mud-bricks.
Fig. 4 Tell el-ΚAbdd. Area I. Building B, Levels I.4 and I.3
Fig. 5 Tell el-ΚAbd. Plan of Area III
Fig. 6 Tell el-ΚAbd. Female Terracotta figurine
34. Tell Ali al-Hajj, Rumeilah (Aleppo)
Fig. 1 General view of Tell Ali al-Hajj, seen from the northeast.
Fig. 2 Stratigraphic section of the main excavation trench.
Fig. 3 Early Bronze Age tomb No. 21 in the Rumeilah area.
Fig. 4. Excavated house structures of Level VI
Fig. 5 Excavated room of Level VI, seen from the north.
Fig. 6 Clay house model (centre), pottery and stone objects.
Fig. 7 Painted pottery from the Middle Bronze Age levels.
35. Mishrifeh / Qatna (Homs)
Fig. 1 Aerial view of Qatna.
Fig. 2 Jars found in the favissa of Qatna’s sacred area.
Fig. 3 Plan of the Eastern Palace.
Fig. 4 Aerial view of the Lower City Palace (bottom left), the Royal Palace (centre) and the Eastern Palace (top left) from the north.
Fig. 5 Plan of the Lower City Palace.
Fig. 6 Ivory plaque from the Lower City Palace with limestone and rock crystal inlay.
36. Mishirfeh/Qatna, Syrian Excavations (Homs)
Fig. 1 Mishirfeh, topographical map with the Syrian excavations areas represented by black circles (Italian team).
Fig. 2 Mishirfeh, painted pottery from Area R
Fig. 3 Mishirfeh, arial view with in the centre the circular Upper City
Fig. 4 Mishirfeh, small temple from Area T
Fig. 5 Mishirfeh, residential structures from Area T
Fig. 6. Mishirfeh, individual tomb from Area T
Fig. 7 Mishirfeh, human figurine terracotta from Area T
Fig. 8 Mishirfeh, northern palace in Area C
Fig. 9 Mishirfeh, northern palace in Area C
Fig. 10 Mishirfeh, Aramean palace in Area C
Fig. 11 Mishirfeh, Aramean building in Area O
Fig. 12 Mishirfeh, Aramean building in Area O
Fig. 13 Mishirfeh, Aramean houses in Area S
37. Tell Mastuma (Idlib)
Fig. 1 Tell Mastuma on the road from Idlib to Latakia in northwest Syria.
Fig. 2 Topographical map of Tell Mastuma (showing Iron Age remains).
Fig. 3 Aerial view of Iron Age levels at Tell Mastuma.
Fig. 4 Reconstructed illustration of Iron Age settlement at Tell Mastuma (800 BC).
Fig. 5 Iron Age finds from Tell Mastuma.
38. Tell Sakka (Damascus)
Fig. 1 Tell Saka from the east.
Fig. 2 House from Level 3.
Fig. 3 Mud weights for looms from Level 3.
Fig. 4 ‘Prince’ wearing an Osiris headdress.
Fig. 5 Services section from Level 4.
Fig. 6 Uncovered sections of the ‘palace’ in Level 4.
Fig. 7 Text discovered in 2008.
Fig. 8 Text discovered in 2010.
39. Tell Iris (Lattakia)
Fig. 1 Tell Iris: aerial view.
Fig. 2 Tell Iris: collective grave of Middle Bronze Ages II B.
Fig. 3 Tell Iris: painted jug of Middle Bronze Age I.
Fig. 4 Tell Iris: plan of the burial chamber of collective grave of Middle Bronze Age II B
Fig. 5 Tell Iris: burnished juglets from the collective grave.
(Rudaina Harfouche).
Fig. 6 Tell Iris: jar from the collective grave.
Fig. 7 Tell Iris: incised bone tablets from the collective grave.
Fig. 8 Tel Iris: large building from the Late Bronze Age II.
Fig. 9 Tell Iris: jug from Late Bronze Age II.
40. Tell Toueini (Lattakia)
Fig. 1 Tell Toueini: aerial view
Fig. 2 Tell Toueini: pottery from Early Bronze Age IV
Fig. 3 Tell Toueini: stone silo from late 3rd millennium BC
Fig. 4 Tell Toueini: temple from Iron Age I
Fig. 5 Tell Toueini: urban organization of the city in Iron Age II/III
Fig. 6 Tell Toueini: sanctuary of Iron Age III
Fig. 7 Tell Toueini: female plaque figurine terracotta from Iron Age II/III
Fig. 8 Tell Toueini: terracotta figurine with moving legs from Iron Age III
Fig. 9 Tell Toueini: molded female figurine terracotta from Iron Age III
Fig. 10 Tell Toueini: ‘Persian Riders’ terracotta figurine from Iron Age III
Fig. 11 Tell Toueini: isometric view of Byzantine farm
41. Tell Sianu (Lattakia)
Fig. 1 Tell Sianu: aerial view.
Fig. 2 Tell Sianu: administration building (Early Bronze Age IV A).
Figs. 3, 4 Tell Sianu: combed jar (Early Bronze Age IV A).
Fig. 5 Tell Sianu: seal impression (Early Bronze Age IV A).
Fig. 6 Tell Sianu: cuneiform administration tablet (Middle Bronze Age II).
Fig. 7 Tell Sianu: milk bowl (Late Bronze II).
Fig. 8 Tell Sianu: isometric view of the sanctuary (Late Phoenician Period = Iron Age III).
42. Tell Taban (Hassake)
Fig. 1 Tell Taban, 1997 season.
Fig. 2 Middle Assyrian cylinder inscriptions, 1997-99 season.
Fig. 3 Tell Taban, 2005 winter season.
Fig. 4 Middle Assyrian clay tablets, 2005 winter season.
Fig. 5 Middle Assyrian underground tomb, 2006 season.
Fig. 6 Old Babylonian clay tablets, 2006 season.
Fig. 7 Old Babylonian tablet with envelope, 2006 season.
43. Tell Hammam el-Turkman (Raqqa)
Fig. 1 View of Tell Hammam from the northeast.
Fig. 2 View of main room and side rooms of the Uruk-period temple, facing northeast, ca. 3200 BC.
Fig. 3 Sumero-Akkadian dictionary on clay cube, ca. 1550 BC.
Fig. 4 Clay cylinder seal with modern impression, ca. 1750 BC.
44. Tell Selenkahiye (Aleppo)
Fig. 1 View of Tell Selenkahiye from the west.
Fig. 2 Plan of the Selenkahiye ‘Mansion’, ca. 2200 BC.
Fig. 3 Statues from the lining of the water conduit in Selenkahiye, ca. 2300 BC.
Fig. 4 Cylinder seal impression on pot, showing animal combat, ca. 2300 BC.
Fig. 5 Opened shaft tomb, ca. 2200 BC.
45. Tell Mohammed Diyab (Hassake)
Fig. 1 Plan and view of Tell Mohammed Diyab.
(area 5a).
Fig. 2 South-north trench revealing the surface of the 3rd millennium terrace in area 7b.
Fig. 3 Cultic stone in the temple of the first OJ 2 city
Fig. 4 Altar and podium from a reconstruction phase of the temple in the first OJ 2 city.
Fig. 5 Street of the second OJ 2 city (area 1).
46. Tell Tuqan (Idlib)
Fig. 1 Tell Tuqan: satellite image.
Fig. 2 Tell Tuqan: MB city gate F.
Fig. 3a Tell Tuqan: Area G, defense system plan.
Fig. 3b Tell Tuqan: Area G, circular tower.
Fig. 4 Tell Tuqan: Area T, east-west trench.
Fig. 5 Tell Tuqan: Area T, T1 Persian building.
47. Khirbet Al-Umbashi, Khirbet Dabab and Hebariye (Sweida)
Fig. 1 Angle of a bastion of the EBA III rampart.
Fig. 2 Remains of the dam inserted in the rampart.
Fig. 3 Houses on the northern side of the site.
Fig. 4 A megalithic house with roof slabs.
Fig. 5 Plan of a megalithic house associated with animal pens.
Fig. 6 Tomb in the eastern cemetery.
Fig. 7. a) Panoramic view of the northern village; b) plan of a house.
Fig. 8 Entrances to subterranean houses.
Fig. 9 Plan of a subterranean house.
48. Tell Masaikh and the Region around Terqa (Deir ez-Zor)
Fig. 1 Map of the Terqa and Masaikh region.
Fig. 2 Tell Masaikh: general plan.
Fig. 3 Tell Masaikh: view of the main reception room of the palace.
Fig. 4 Tell Masaikh: the acropolis area, view from the south.
Fig. 5 Tell Masaikh: plan of the acropolis area.
Fig. 6 Tell Masaikh: fragments of mural paintings from the palace.
49. Tell Ashara/Terqa (Deir ez-Zor)
Fig. 1 General view of Tell Ashara from the Djezireh.
Fig. 2 General plan of Tell Ashara.
Fig. 3 Tell Ashara: Area F, the superstructure of the hypogeum.
Fig. 4 Tell Ashara: Area F, DA II/III buildings.
Fig. 5 Tell Ashara: Area F, remains of Middle Bronze II administrative building.
Fig. 6 Tell Ashara: Area C, the neighbourhood of the Ninkarrak-Gula temple.
Fig. 7 Tell Ashara : Area E, the Khana buildings.
50. Tell Bazi (Aleppo)
Fig. 1 3D reconstruction of the citadel and the lower town during the Late Bronze Age.
Fig. 2 Hundreds of sling bullets cover the entrance of the fortified building on top of the citadel, ca. 2400 BC.
Fig. 3 The temple in the centre of the citadel.
Fig. 4 The dense domestic quarters of the ‘Weststadt’, ca. 1350 BC.
Fig. 5 A steatite stone mould for producing jewellery.
51. Tell Afis (Idlib)
Fig. 1 Tell Afis and areas of excavations
Fig. 2 Area E: view (1997) of the northern sector of the Late Chalcolithic wall.
Fig. 3 Area E: cylinder and stamp seals from the Late Chalcolithic period.
Fig. 4 Area E3: view (2009) of Early Bronze Age IVA-B Unit, phases 1-4.
Fig. 5 Area E3: view (2006) of Early Bronze Age IVB jar in place and after restoration.
Fig. 6 Area B1: Middle Bronze Age IIA, pottery and figurines from the graves (2002).
Fig. 7 Area E4b: view (2005) of Late Bronze Age II pillared building B.
Fig. 8 Area E4: Iron Age I, zoomorphic vase with painted decoration (TA.99.E.711/1).
Fig. 9 Area A: schematic plan of the sacred compound (2010).
Fig. 10 Area A: view (2006) of temple AI.
52. Tell Fekheriye (Hassake)
Fig. 1 Topographical map of the upper town area at Tell Fekheriye.
Fig. 2 Excavation area at the western slope of the upper town.
Fig. 3 Excavated area of the monumental building of the late Mittani and early Middle Assyrian phases in trenches C I-II.
Fig. 4 Middle Assyrian tablets found in the deposit C-1035/1199 (see Fig. 3).
Fig. 5 Selection of Mittani period seal impressions on jar stoppers and sealings on door-pegs.
53. Mari (Deir ez-Zor)
Fig. 1 Excavations at the Ishtar temple and French plane over the temple, March 1934
Fig. 2 Chantier L: general view (2005) of the ‘ville 1’ quarter (Mission archéologique françise de Mari).
Fig. 3 Mari, Palais Sud 2: general view (2008) of the southern wall of the palace and protruding tower (Mission archéologique française de Mari).
Fig. 4 ‘Massif rouge’: general view (2008) of the excavations
Fig. 5 Mari, temple of the ‘Lord of the Land’ (favissa) in 2009
Fig. 6 Mari, southern gate, western tower, massive stone foundations
54. Tell Nebi Mend (Homs)
Fig. 1 Plan of site.
Fig. 2 Neolithic pottery.
