A History of Social Justice and Political Power in the Middle East. The Circle of Justice from Mesopotamia to Globalization

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A History of Social Justice and Political Power in the Middle East: The Circle of Justice from Mesopotamia to Globalization
Copyright
Contents
Illustrations
Preface
Abbreviations
1. Introduction
What is the Circle of Justice?
Sources and methods
Outline of chapters
2. Mesopotamia
Sumer and Akkad (2500–1800 BCE)
Laws, decrees, and judgments (2112–1104 BCE)
Assyria (2000–539 BCE)
Conclusion
3. Persia
Achaemenids (539–311 BCE)
Seleucids and Parthians (311 BCE–224 CE)
Sasanians (224–637 CE)
Conclusion
4. The Islamic Empire
The Arab kingdom (622–750)
Abbasid political culture (750–945)
Abbasid historians and the Circle of Justice (c.850–950)
Conclusion
5. Politics in transition
The breakup of the Abbasid empire (c.850–999)
Buyids and Fatimids (945–1171)
Caliphs, power, and justice (945–1055)
Conclusion
6. The Turks and Islamic civilization
Early Turkish empires (522–1186)
Seljuks and their advisors (1038–1318)
An integrated legacy (c.1100–1308)
Conclusion
7. Mongols and Mamluks
The Mongols of the steppe (1206–1260)
Mongol regime and Near Eastern state (1258–1335)
The reforms of Ghazan Khan (1295–1303)
Post-Mongol polities (1335–1506)
Mamluks and Ibn Khaldun (1250–1517)
Conclusion
8. Early modern empires
The era of expansion (1299–1520)
War, cultural exchange, and the Safavids (1501–1722)
The “Golden Age” of Suleyman the Magnificent (1520–1566)
The post-classical era (1566–1789)
Conclusion
9. Modernization and revolution
Justice and the beginnings of modernization (1789–1839)
Institutional modernization and the Tanzimat (1839–1876)
The quest for political modernization (1848–1876)
Injustice and revolution (1876–1911)
Conclusion
10. The Middle East in the twentieth century
The “bourgeois patronage state” (1908–1952)
The modern kings and mazalim (1924–c.1975)
Arab socialism, the “just welfare state” (1952–c.1975)
Globalization and the Circle of Justice (c.1975–2000)
Conclusion
Conclusion
Glossary
Notes
Bibliography
Index