A History Of Psychology: From Antiquity To Modernity

Cover
Time line
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Table of Contents
Preface to the Eighth Edition
Part I Situating Psychology
Chapter 1 Introduction
Understanding Science
Modes of Scientific Explanation
The Nomological Approach: Explanation by Laws of Nature
The Causal Approach: Laws Are Not Enough
Are Explanations True or Merely Useful?
Theories about Scientific Theories
The Syntactic Approach: Theories Are Collections of Sentences
The Semantic Approach: Theories Are Simplified Models of the World
Rationality: Why and When Do Scientists Change Their Theories?
Reduction and Replacement
Science as a Worldview
Particular and Universal Knowledge
Science as the View from Nowhere
Understanding History
Historiography
Reasons and Causes
Presentism
Internalism–Externalism
Ideas or People?
Historiography of Science and Psychology
Science as a Historical Process
Philosophy of Science: Defining Science Statically
After Kuhn: Defining Science Dynamically
Psychology in History
Was Mind Discovered, Invented, or Constructed?
What Is the History of Psychology About?
The Theme of This Book
Modernity and Modernism
Postmodernism
Note
Part II The Premodern World
Chapter 2 The Legacy of Ancient Greece (EEA–323 BCE)
Introduction
The Era of Evolutionary Adaptation
The Past Is Another Country
The Bronze (3000–1200 BCE) and Dark Ages (1200–700 BCE)
The Social Context: Warriors and Kings
Psychology of the Bronze Age
The Archaic Period (700–500 BCE)
The Social Context: The Rise of the Polis
The Phalanx and the polis
The polis at the Extreme: Sparta
Politics, Argument, Law, and Nature: Philosophy and Psychology Begin
Greek Democracy and the Critical Tradition
The First Natural Philosophers
The First Protopsychologists: Alcmaeon and Empedocles
The Last Physicists: Atomism
The Classical Period (500–323 BCE)
The Social Context: Empire and War
Teaching the Polis
Humanism: The Sophists
Enlightenment and Eudaemonia: Socrates
The Great Classical Philosophies
Plato: The Quest for Perfect Knowledge
Cognition: What Is Knowledge?
Motivation: Why Do We Act as We Do?
Conclusion: Plato’s Spiritual Vision
Aristotle: The Quest for Nature
Philosophy of Science
Psychology
Ethics
Conclusion: The Commonsense Naturalist
Conclusion: The Greek Legacy
Chapter 3 Antiquity (323 bce–1000 ce)
Classical Antiquity: The Hellenistic (323–31 bce) and Roman (31 bce–476 ce) Worlds
The Social Context: Hellenism and Empire
Therapeutic Philosophies of Happiness
Epicureanism
Cynicism
Skepticism
Stoicism
The Greek Miracle in Reverse
Gnosticism and Hermeticism
Neoplatonism
Mystery Cults
Early Christian Thought
Fall of the Roman Empire
Late Antiquity (476–1000)
The Social Context: Picking Up the Pieces
Psychology and Theology of Late Antiquity
Islamic Medical Psychology
Christian Problems of Mind and Body
The Individual, Mind, and Psychology in Popular Culture
Changing Conceptions of the Individual
The Mind Without
The End of Antiquity
Note
Chapter 4 The End of the Premodern World (1000–1600 CE)
From Antiquity to the Scientific Revolution
The Middle Ages (1000–1350)
Medieval Psychology in the Academy
Scholastic Psychology in the High Middle Ages
Psychology in the Late Middle Ages: Rebirth of Empiricism
Rise of the Concept of the Individual
The Individual in Popular Psychology
The Individual in Academic Psychology
The Renaissance (1350–1600)
The Ancients and the Moderns: The Revival of Humanism
Renaissance Naturalism
Popular Psychology in the Renaissance: The Mind Within
Dante Alighieri (1265–1321)
Geoffrey Chaucer (1343–1400)
William Shakespeare (1564–1616)
Miguel Cervantes (1547–1616)
The Reformation
Skepticism and Its Discontents
The World We Have Lost: The End of the Premodern Outlook
Part III Constructing the Modern World
Chapter 5 The Scientific Revolution
Foundations of Modernity (1600–1700)
The Scientific Revolution
Continuity or Revolution?
Why Did the Scientific Revolution Take Place in Europe?
How religion spread
Separation of Church and State
Creation of “neutral spaces”—the universities—for free inquiry
Authority of the Book
Reception of Aristotelian natural philosophy
Public knowledge
Secondary causation
War
Revolution: The Mechanization of the World Picture
What Was Revolutionized? Mathematical versus Experimental Sciences
Psychology Invented: The Way of Ideas
The Transformation of Experience and the Disenchantment of the World
Consciousness Created: René Descartes (1596–1650)
Descartes as Physiological Psychologist
Descartes as Philosopher
Difficulties with Cartesian Philosophy and Psychology
Conclusion
Consciousness Quantified: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716)
Mind and Body: Psychophysical Parallelism
Sensation, Perception, and Attention
Psychology and Human Affairs
The Laws of Social Life: Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679)
Determinism Extended: Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677)
Wagering on God: Blaise Pascal (1623–1662)
Conclusion: The Threshold of Modernity
Note
Chapter 6 The Enlightenment (1700–1815)
What Was The Enlightenment?
The Industrial Enlightenment
The Skeptical Question: Is Knowledge Attainable?
Human Understanding: John Locke (1632–1704)
Is There a World? Bishop George Berkeley (1685–1753)
Berkeley’s Idealism
Why Do We See the World in Three, Not Two, Dimensions?
Living with Skepticism: David Hume (1711–1776)
Contents of the Mind
Association: The Gravity of the Mind
Hume’s Adaptive Skepticism
Associationism
The Reassertion of Common Sense: The Scottish School
Reviving Realism
Reid’s Nativism
The Transcendental Pretense: Immanuel Kant (1724–1804)
Kantian Philosophy: Reasserting Metaphysics
Kant on Scientific Psychology
The Moral Question: Is Society Natural?
Experimental Ethics: French Naturalism
Cartesian Materialism
French Empiricism
Consequences of French Materialism and Empiricism
Enlightened Ethical Philosophies
Ethics of Outcomes: Utilitarianism
Ethics of Duty: Kant
Ethics of Sensibility: The Scottish School of Moral Sense
Applying Psychological Ideas: Social Engineering
The Enlightenment and Women
The Counter-Enlightenment: Are the Fruits of Reason Poisoned?
The Criterion and Rule of Truth Is to Have Made It: Giambattista Vico (1668–1744)
We Live in a World We Ourselves Create: Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803)
Nature versus Civilization: Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778)
The Irrational Realm of the Unconscious: Mesmerism
Conclusion: Reason and Its Discontents
Chapter 7 The Ascent of Science (1815–1914)
Introduction
Movements
The Reassertion of Emotion and Intuition: The Romantic Revolt
The Continuing Enlightenment: Developments in Utilitarianism and Associationism
A Philosophy of and for Science: Positivism
Naturalizing the Supernatural
Mesmerism
Spiritualism and Psychical Research
Toward the Science of Psychology
Understanding the Brain and Nervous System
The Brain: Localization of Function
The Nervous System: The Way In and the Way Out
The Emerging Reflex Theory of the Brain
Inventing Methods for Psychology
Experimental Psychology
Mental Testing
Philosophy to the Threshold of Psychology
Psychopathology
Psychiatry and Neurology
Theoretical Orientations in Psychiatry and Neurology
French Clinical Psychology
Conclusion
Part IV Founding Psychology
Chapter 8 The Psychology of Consciousness
Settings
The German University: Wissenschaft and Bildung
German Values: The Mandarin Bildungsbürger
Wilhelm Wundt’s Psychology of Consciousness
Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920)
Wundt’s Psychology
Making Psychology a Science: The Path through Physiology
Wundt’s Two Systems of Psychology: Heidelberg and Leipzig
Wundt at Work
Physiological Psychology
Völkerpsychologie
After Leipzig: Other Methods, New Movements
E. B. Titchener’s Structural Psychology
Phenomenological Alternatives
Franz Brentano’s Act Psychology
Wilhelm Dilthey and the Human Sciences
Systematic Introspection: The Würzburg School (1901–1909)
Studying Memory
Scientific Phenomenology: Gestalt Psychology
Gestalt Psychologists’ Rejection of the Cartesian Framework
The Gestalt Research Program
Reception and Influence of Gestalt Psychology
The Practical Turn: Applied Psychology
The Fate of the Psychology of Consciousness
Slow Growth in Germany
Transplantation to America
Note
Chapter 9 The Psychology of the Unconscious
Introduction: The Rise, Influence, and Decline of Psychoanalysis
Freud and Biology
Freud and Reductionism: The “Project for a Scientific Psychology”
Freud and Psychiatry: Treating Hysteria
The Puzzle of Hysteria
Studies in Hysteria (1895) and Anna O.
Toward Pure Psychology? The Seduction Error
Psychoanalytic Myths
The Probable Truth
Consequences of the Seduction Episode: Phantasy Trumps Reality
The Basic Tenets of Freud’s Psychoanalysis
Interpretation
Dynamics and Structures of the Mind
Motivation
Personality
Culture
Psychoanalysis as a Movement
Is Freud’s Psychoanalysis a Science?
Is Psychoanalysis a Science or a Pseudoscience?
Is Psychoanalysis a Failed Science?
Notes
Chapter 10 The Psychology of Adaptation
The Darwinian Revolution
Romantic Evolution
The Victorian Revolutionary: Charles Darwin (1809–1882)
Shaping the Theory
Formulating the Theory
Publishing the Theory
Reception and Influence of Evolution by Natural Selection
Evolution and Scientific Psychology
The Beginnings of the Psychology of Adaptation in Britain
Lamarckian Psychology: Herbert Spencer (1820–1903)
Darwinian Psychology
Darwin on Humans
The Spirit of Darwinian Psychology: Francis Galton (1822–1911)
The Rise of Comparative Psychology
Psychological Ideas in the New World
General Intellectual and Social Environment
Philosophical Psychology
The Old Psychology: Psychology in Religion
Phrenology in America
America’s Native Philosophy: Pragmatism
The Metaphysical Club
Charles Saunders Peirce (1839–1914)
America’s Psychologist: William James (1842–1910)
James’s Principles of Psychology
The Challenge of Will and the Reflex Theory of the Brain
James’s Envoi to Psychology
Jamesian Pragmatism
From Mentalism to Behavioralism
Building on James: The Motor Theory of Consciousness (1892–1896)
Hugo Münsterberg and Action Theory
John Dewey and the Reflex Arc
From Philosophy to Biology: Functional Psychology (1896–1910)
Experiments Become Functional
Functional Psychology Defined
From Undercurrent to Main Current
Functional Psychology in Europe
Rethinking Mind: The Consciousness Debate (1904–1912)
Does Consciousness Exist? Radical Empiricism
The Relational Theory of Consciousness: Neorealism
The Mind Within and the Mind Without
Mind as Directed Behavior
Mind as Reification
The Functional Theory of Consciousness: Instrumentalism
Establishing American Psychology
The New Psychology and the Old
To the Future: Perception and Thinking Are Only There for Behavior’s Sake
Part V Psychological Science in the Modern World
Chapter 11 Behaviorism (1892–1956)
New Directions in Animal Psychology
From Anecdote to Experiment
The Connectionism of Edward Lee Thorndike (1874–1949)
The Neuroscience of I. P. Pavlov (1849–1936)
The Problem of Animal Mind
Finding a Criterion for Consciousness
A Radical Solution
Discarding Consciousness
The Rise of Behaviorism
The Behaviorist Manifesto
Critique of Mentalistic Psychology
The Behaviorist Program
The Initial Response (1913–1918)
Behaviorism Defined (1919–1930)
The Varieties of Behaviorism
Human or Robot?
Later Watsonian Behaviorism
The Golden Age of Theory
Psychology and the Science of Science
Edward Chace Tolman’s Purposive Behaviorism
Clark Leonard Hull’s Mechanistic Behaviorism
Tolman versus Hull
Battling Theories
Relative Influence
We’re All Behaviorists Now
After the Golden Age
Formal Behaviorism in Peril
Radical Behaviorism
Radical Behaviorism as a Philosophy
The Experimental Analysis of Behavior
Interpreting Human Behavior
Behaviorism and the Human Mind: Informal Behaviorism
Philosophical Behaviorism
Logical Behaviorism
The “Ghost in the Machine”
Mind as Social Construct
Chapter 12 Cognitive Science (1956–2016)
The Decline of Behaviorism
Cartesian Linguistics
The Attack on verbal behavior
Chomsky’s Influence
Erosion of the Spencerian Paradigm: Constraints on Animal Learning
Early Theories in Cognitive Psychology
The New Structuralism
Cognition in Social Psychology
New Cognitive Theories of Perception and Thinking
The “New Look” in Perception
The Study of Thinking
Purposive Machines
The Rise of Cognitive Science
Reverse Engineering the Mind: Artificial Intelligence
The Triumph of Information Processing
Disentangling Mind and Body, Program and Computer
Simulating Thought
Man the Machine: Impact of the Information-Processing Metaphor
Behaviorism Defeated or Marginalized
The Myth of the Cognitive Revolution
The Nature of Cognitive Science
Informavores: The Subjects of Cognitive Science
The Minds of Informavores: The New Functionalism
Cognitive Science at Maturity: Debates and Developments
Uncertainties
Debates
The Challenges of Intentionality
Is the Turing Test Valid?
Is Formalism Plausible?
Developments
A New Game in Town: The New Connectionism
Deep Learning
Cognitive Neuroscience
Rejecting the Cartesian Paradigm: Embodied Cognition
Crisis: Reproducibility
Conclusion
Note
Chapter 13 The Rise of Applied Psychology (1892–1939)
Introduction
Scientific, Applied, and Professional Psychology
Psychology and Society
From Island Communities to Everywhere Communities
The Old Psychology versus the New Psychology
Progressivism and Psychology
Founding Applied Psychology in the United States
Testing: The Galtonian Tradition in the United States
Articulating Applied Psychology: Hugo Münsterberg (1863–1916)
Professional Psychology
Clinical Psychology
Psychoanalysis In America
Organizing Professional Psychology
Psychologists in Social Controversy
The Shattering Impact of World War I
Psychology at War
Psychology in the American Social Context
Is America Safe for Democracy? The “Menace of the Feebleminded”
Making America Safe for Democracy: Immigration Control and Eugenics
Psychology and Everyday Life
Psychologists at Work
When Psychology Was King
Flaming Youth and the Reconstruction of the Family
Chapter 14 The Psychological Society (1940–2016)
Psychology in World War II
Psychologists in Professional Controversy: The Clinicians Walk Out
Reconciliation in the Crucible of War
New Prospects for Applied Psychology
Remaking Clinical Psychology
Inventing Counseling Psychology
Optimism in the Aftermath of War
Contending for Respectability and Money at the Dawn of Big Science
Psychologists Look Ahead to the Psychological Society
Values and Adjustment
Developing the Psychological Society
Professional Psychology in the 1950s
Humanistic Psychology
The Social “Revolution” of the 1960s
Psychologists’ Critique of American Culture
The Myth of Mental Illness
Humanistic Psychology and the Critique of Adjustment
Giving Psychology Away
Revolt, but No Revolution
Professional Psychology
Funding Social Science
Clinical Psychology in the 1960s and 1970s
Challenging the Boulder Model of Clinical Training
Competition with Psychiatry
The Turn to Service
Divorced Again: The Academics Walk Out
Professional Psychology in the New Millennium
Postmodern Psychoanalysis
Psychological Psychotherapy
Crisis: The APA and Torture
Note
Concluding Thoughts
References
Index