A History of Medicine in Chinese Culture

VOLUME 1
Contents
Part One The Cultural Background to the Origins of Chinese Medicine
Chapter 1 Primitive Human Beings, Their Health, Culture and Ecological Environment in China
A. Primitive Culture and Ecological Environment
1. The Origin of Human Beings in China
2. Chinese Culture and Its Natural Ecological Distribution During the Paleolithic Period
3. Neolithic Culture and Its Natural Environment in China
B. The Physique and Diseases of Primitive Human Beings in China
4. The Evolution of the Physical Constitution of the Ancient Chinese
5. Discoveries of Archaeological Pathology
C. The Culture and Conditions of Hygiene Among Primitive Humans in China
6. The Residential Culture of “Nest-Living & Cave-Dwelling” and Its Significance for Health
7. Striking Flints or Drilling a Log to Get Fire & the Significance of Cooked Food to Health
8. The Culture of Dietary Hygiene and Its Influence on Other Things
9. The Culture of Hygiene in Clothing
10. Primitive Dance, Music and Sports
11. “Cannibalism” and Funeral Sanitation
Chapter 2 Primitive Thought, Worship and Medical Culture
A. Primitive Thought and Medical Culture
12. The “Collective Unconsciousness” and Mysterious Feelings
13. The Concept of “Soul”
14. The Experience of Using Objects as Tools and Cumulative Thinking
B. Primitive Worship and Its Association with Medicine
15. The Worship of Nature
16. The Worship of Totems
17. The Worship of Reproduction
18. Ancestor Worship
19. The Worship of Ghosts and Gods
Chapter 3 The Primitive View of Life, Getting Old, Illness and Death: The Pursuit of Longevity
A. The Earliest View of Life and Death
20. The Original Understanding of Human Life
21. The Origins of Birth
22. The Meaning of Death
23. Primitive Knowledge of the Human Body and Its Anatomy
B. The Earliest View of Illness and Etiology
24. What Is Illness?
25. Diseases Involving Gods, Spirits, and Others
C. The Pursuit of Immortality
26. Longevity Involving Gods and Spirits
27. The Immortal Regions and Their Medicines
Chapter 4 Treatment in a World of Wizardry
A. The World of Wizardry
28. The “Blocked Way Between Heaven and Earth” and the Wizard
29. The Behavioral Characteristics of Sorcery and Its Psychological Foundations
30. Sorcery, Religion and Science
B. Sorcerous Doctors and Sorcerous Medicine
31. Sorcerous Doctors in Ancient Times
32. Zhu Taboo, Divination and Medicine
33. Horoscopes, Divination by Dreams and the Yarrow Stalks
34. The Great Exorcism and Fu Xi Sacrifice
35. Massage? Moxibustion? Herbal Medicine?
36. The Medicine of Witchcraft in the Mountain and Seas Classic
Chapter 5 The Origin of Medicine
A. A Definition of the Origin of Medicine and Other Relative Factors
37. To Identify the Conception of Medicine’s Origin
38. Animal Instinct and Human Love
39. Primitive Thinking and the Functions of the Witch
40. The Relationship of Life and Labour to the Origins of Medicine
B. The Beginnings of Early Medicine and Health Care
41. Massage, Daoyin, Hot Compresses, Moxibustion and the Discovery of the Meridian
42. From Stone Needling to Acupuncture
43. The Growth of Medical Knowledge
44. The Bud of Prevention
45. The Famous Doctor Bianque: A Step Up from Witch-Doctoring
Conclusion of Part One
Part Two Chinese Medicine Under the Influence and Permeation of Philosophy, Religion and Politics
Chapter 6 The Heavenly Law (Tao) of Nature and Medicine in Deference to Nature
A. “Tao Qi” Theory and Medicine
46. From Ji Zi to Lao Zi, Zhuang Zi and the Jixia
47. Qi as the Root of Medical Theoretics
B. The Medical Theories of the Yin–Yang and Five Elements
48. The Formation of the Yin–Yang and Five-Element Theories
49. The Golden Mean, the Three Talents, Image and Number, and the Correspondence Between the Human and Natural
50. From the Mawangdui Medical Books to Huangdi’s Inner Classic (黄帝内经)
Chapter 7 Occultist Culture and Medicine Under the Impact of the Confucian Classics and Chenwei Philosophy
A. The Fangshi2 Culture and Some Secret Medical Groups
51. Research on the Date of the Composition of Huangdi Neijing (黄帝内经)
52. Medical Schools, Lord Cang, His Masters and Apprentices
53. The Huangdi Neijing (黄帝内经) and Secret Medical Schools
B. Another Side to Taoist Medical Science
54. The Occultist’s Art of Well-Being
55. Occultists in Search of Elixirs and the Immortal Alchemy of the Yellow (Gold) and White (Silver)
56. The Compositional Background to Shen Nong’s Classic of Materia Medica (神农本草经)
57. The Calamity Due to Witchcraft Gu, Chunyu Yan Killing the Queen and Their Involvement with Occult Physicians
C. The Impact on Medicine of the Study of the Confucian Classics, Chenwei Theology and Anti-Chenwei Philosophy
58. Studies of Two Types of “Ancient” and “Present” Confucian Classics and Chenwei Theology
59. Anti-Chenwei Philosophy and Thoughts of a Primordial Qi
D. The Background for the Medical Achievements of Zhang Zhongjing and Hua Tuo
60. The Confucian Tradition of Zhang Zhongjing, a Medical Sage
61. Hua Tuo, a Miraculous Doctor, His Occult Elements and Demeanour
Chapter 8 Religious Taoism and Medical Culture
A. The Inherited Relationship Between Religious Taoism and Medicine
62. The Role of Occult Medicine During the Establishment of Religious Taoism
63. The Origins of Alchemy and Medicine
64. The Development of Internal dan and Its Influence on Medicine
B. A Taoist’s Magic and Medical Skills
65. The Taoists Holding Some Medical Skills
66. The Taoist’s Magical Arts of Forbidding or Incantation
67. The Art of Taoist Talismans
68. The Taoist’s Magic or “Supernatural Power”
C. Taoist Doctors and Their Grand Contribution
69. How Ge Hong Dabbled in Medicine
70. The Taoist Naturalist and Leader Tao Hongjing
71. The Great Sun Simiao in Medicine and Taoism
72. Contributions from Other Taoist Doctors
Chapter 9 Neo-Taoism and Medicine During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
A. Neo-Taoist “Idle Talk” and the Fashion of Taking Stone Powders
73. Neo-Taoist Idle Talk and a Comprehensive View of an Undisciplined Life
74. The Prevailing Fashion of Taking Medicines such as Wushi San
B. The Prospering of the Medicine During the Wei and Jin Dynasties
75. Huangfu Mi and The Classic ABC of Acupuncture and Moxibustion (针灸甲乙经)
76. On Material Things (物理论), The Theory of Spiritual Perishability (神灭论) and Views on Life and Death
77. Medicine Prospers in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
Chapter 10 Confucianism and Medicine
A. A Medicine Dominated by Feudal Ethics
78. From Licking Piles and Sucking Carbuncles to “Cutting the Flesh of His Thigh to Cure His Parents”
79. The Monarch’s Medicine Tasted by Officials, Understanding Medicine as Filial Piety and Feeling the Woman’s Pulse Through a Gauze
B. Neo-Confucianism, “Down-to-Earth” Learning and Medicine
80. From the Taiji Diagram to the Innate Root — The “Kidney’s Life-Gate”
81. Zhang Jiebin’s Taoist Medical Theories
82. Medical Reflections on Acquiring Knowledge by Probing into Things
83. The Medical Tradition of Abiding in the Classics
C. The Rise of the Confucian Doctors
84. To Be a Good Prime Minister or Excellent Doctor
85. Various Yongyi (Quacks)
86. Kindness in Medicine
Chapter 11 The Emperors, Their Government and Medicine
A. The Emperors and Their Medicine
88. The Emperors of the Han and Tang Dynasties and Their Dealings with Medicine
89. Emperors and Medicine During the Song Dynasty
90. Emperor Kangxi and Medicine
B. The Governmental System and Organization of Medicine and Health
91. The Governmental Medical Organizations and a Doctor’s Social Position
92. Supporting the Disabled, Visiting the Sick and Policies of Medicine and Health
93. The Imperial Medical Agency and Official Medical Education
C. Governmental Materia Medica, Medical Books and Bronze Acupuncture Figures
94. National Pharmacopoeias Issued by the Government
95. Officials Emending Medical Books
96. Casting Acupuncture Figures in Bronze
D. The Formulation of Medical Law and Progress in Forensic Medicine
97. The General Situation of Medical Law
98. Medical Jurisprudence and Legal Forensic Examination
Conclusion of Part Two
VOLUME 2
Content
Part Three Medicine in Social Life, Epidemics and the Invention of Variolation
Chapter 12 Medicine in Different Social Environments
A. Medicine in War and Turmoil
99. Medical Conditions During War and Periods of Historical Turmoil
100. Health Organization in the Army
101. Surgery in the Army
B. Medicine in the Heyday of Peace
102. Peaceful Eras and the Conservation of Medicine
103. Concerning the Books: Treatise on the Causes and Origins, and Manifestations of Various Diseases, Important Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces and Arcane Essentials from the Imperial Library
104. Compilations, Compendia, Medical Cases and Rudimentary Verses
C. The Relationship Between Population Statistics, Natural Ecology and Diseases in History
105. Geography and Diseases of the Five Directions
106. The Theory of the Five Circuits and Six Qi
107. The Relationship Between Population Statistics and Diseases in Ancient China
108. Diseases in Relation to Social Ecology
Chapter 13 Epidemics and the Triggering Mechanism of Disaster
A. Ancient Epidemic Diseases and Epidemiological Factors
109. The Historical Background to Epidemics
110. Major Epidemics During the Zhou and Qin Dynasties, and at the Beginning of the Han
111. The Main Epidemics of the Han, Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties
112. Epidemics During and After the Sui and Tang Dynasties
113. Conducting Textual Research on the Epidemicity of the Plague and Cholera
B. The Evolution of a Theory of Epidemics
114. The Evolution of the Etiology of Seasonal Qi, Pestilent Qi and Other Qi
115. The Impracticality of Ancient Prescriptions for Curing New Diseases, the Theory of the Fire and Heat Mechanism, and the Theory of Attacking the Pathogenic Qi
116. The Theory of Internal Injury and Yin Syndrome Theory
117. The Theory of Epidemic Febrile Disease Put Forward by Ye Tianshi and Others
Chapter 14 Smallpox Remedies and Variolation in Ancient China
A. Outbreaks of Smallpox and TCM Treatment in Ancient China
118. Textual Research on Outbreaks of Smallpox in China
119. Smallpox Treated by Chinese Medicine
(1) Origins of the Theories and Treatments for Smallpox: A Summary
(2) Comparatively Mature Treatments for Smallpox
(3) Curative Efficacy
B. The Invention of Variolation and Its Promotion by Emperor Kangxi
120. The Origins of Variolation
(1) Ideas of Prevention and Initial Therapies
(2) Legends of Variolation’s Origin
(3) A Literature Review of Variolation Therapy
(4) Stories on Variolation’s Origin
(5) Research into the Beginnings of Variolation in the Regions South of the Yangtze River in the Middle and Late Ming Dynasty
121. Views on the Popularization of Variolation by Emperor Kangxi
C. The Theory, Technology and Success of Variolation
122. The Theory and Technique of Variolation
(1) Foetal Toxin and the Theory of Variolation Being Used to Discharge Foetal Toxin
(2) The Variolation Method and Its Improvement
(3) Efficacy and Safeguarding Measures During Variolation
(a) Selecting the Seedlings
(b) Seedlings, Their Storage and Management
(c) The Timing of the Variolation
(d) Suitable and Unsuitable Constitutions for Variolation
(4) Observation and Recuperation with Herbal Medicines After Variolation
123. The Success Rate of Variolation
Chapter 15 Science, Technology and Medicine: Ancient Occupational Disease, Its Prevention and Treatment
A. The Development of Science and Technology and the Progress Made by Medicine During Ancient Times
124. Time Medicine, Biological Rhythm and the Theory of the Midnight-Midday Ebb and Flow
125. Simple Systems Theory and Experimental Thought in Traditional Chinese Medicine
126. The Identification, Processing and Refining of Medicines
127. Other Effects of Scientific and Technological Progress on Medicine
B. The Prevention and Treatment of Ancient Occupational Diseases
128. Occupational Poisoning and Damage
129. Occupational Diseases
Chapter 16 The Culture of Reproduction and Medical Science
A. Pregnancy and Delivery
130. Conception and the Pursuit of a Boy
131. Antenatal Training and Eugenics
132. Delivery and Midwifery
133. Spontaneous Abortion and Aborticides
B. The Culture of Child-Rearing and Science of Medicine
134. Premature Infant Death and Baby Care
135. The Theory of Congenital Foetal Toxin and Diagnosis Through Pediatric Finger Veins
Chapter 17 Sexual Culture in Medicine
A. Ancient Sexology
136. Sexology in Books and Paintings
137. The Growth of Knowledge of the Sexual Organs and Sexual Skills
138. The Initial Theory of Sexology and the Method of Storing Essence and Promoting Qi
139. “Picking and Fighting” and the Inner Alchemy of Chinese Sexology
B. Sexual Perversions and Disease
140. “Lovesickness” and Various Sexual Perversions
141. Diseases of the Sexual Organs and Functional Disorders
142. A Study of Venereal Disease in Ancient China
Chapter 18 Medical Science, the Culture of Food and Other Things
A. The Culture of Food and Medical Science
143. Fine Foods in Health and Nutrition
144. Medicated Foods Based on the Homology of Medicine and Food
B. Cases in Literature, Art, the Physical and Medical Sciences
145. The Relationship Between Music, Poetry and Medical Science
146. Kongfu and Medical Science
Chapter 19 A Glance at Altar Medicine
A. Sacrificing to the Three Sovereigns, the Specialty of Supplication and Divination Prescriptions
147. Sacrifices to the Three Sovereigns and the Deification of Famous Doctors
148. Supplication as a Specialty
149. Holy Water, Bringing Down the Gods and Divination Prescriptions
B. Gu Insect Witchcraft, Physiognomy and Taisu Pulse Necromancy
150. Gu Insect Witchcraft
151. The Taisu Pulse and Art of Physiognomy
Chapter 20 The Mentality and Behaviour of Physicians and Patients in the Tradition
A. The Cultural Psychology of Chinese Medicine
152. The Medical Expert’s Pursuit of Personality — “A Superior Physician Treats a Country”
153. “Medicine, It Is Mental”: The Physician’s Logic and Way of Thinking
154. “Using Medicine Is Like Deploying the Army” — The Behavioural Psychology of the Clinical Physician
B. The Psychology of Behaviour During the Pursuit of Medical Help
155. “Seeking No Treatment Is Equal to Seeing an Averagely Skilled Physician”
156. The Patient Seeking Medical Help and Selecting a Physician
Conclusion of Part Three
Part Four The Cultural Process of Chinese Medicine in History and Its Crystallization
Chapter 21 The Essential Stream of Chinese Medicine and Its Outcomes
A. The Main Developments and Characteristics of Chinese Medicine Through the Ages
157. The Beginning of the Basic Theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Pre-Qin Period
158. The Medical Classics and Classical Prescriptions as They Formed and Fell into Disuse Among the People
159. The Foundation of a System of Treatment According to Syndrome Differentiation in the Late Han Dynasty
160. How Chinese Medicine Bloomed During the Wars
161. Great Achievements Made During the Prosperous Sui and Tang
162. Chinese Medicine Takes on an Organizational Structure During the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties
163. Chinese Medicine in Contention During the Jin and Yuan Dynasties and Its Superstable Formation During the Ming and Qing
B. Important Works and Famous Doctors from the History of Chinese Medicine
164. Three Shi Chinese Medicine and the Four Classics
165. The Works Extant in Chinese Medicine Worth Reading
A. Works of Etiology and Pathology
B. Diagnostic Works
C. Works on Acupuncture and Moxibustion
D. Works on Chinese Materia Medica
E. Works on Prescriptions
F. Comprehensive Medical Works
G. Works of Annotation and Research on the Neijing and Nanjing
H. Annotated Works on the Treatise on Febrile Diseases and the Synopsis of the Golden Chamber
I. Works on Epidemic Febrile Diseases
J. Works on a Special Subject or Special Topic
K. Popular Medical Works and Medical Songs and Rhymes
166. Famous Doctors in Chinese Medical History
A. Famous Doctors in the pre-Qin Period (before 221 BCE)
B. Famous Doctors during the Qin (221–207 BCE), Han (206 BCE–220 CE) and Three Kingdoms (220–265 CE) Periods
C. Famous Medical Workers During the Jin Dynasties (265–420) and the Northern and Southern Dynasties (420–589)
D. Famous Doctors during the Sui (581–618), Tang (618–907) and Five Dynasties (907–960)
E. Famous Chinese Medical Masters during the Song Dynasties (960–1127, –1279)
F. Famous Doctors and Pharmacologists from the Jin (1115–1234) and Yuan (1271–1368) Dynasties
G. Famous Physicians of Chinese Medicine During the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644)
H. Famous Doctors of Chinese Medicine in the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911)
I. Famous Doctors in the First Half of the 20th Century (the Late Qing Dynasty and Early Republican China)
C. Eight Major Contributions and Mysteries Concerning Traditional Chinese Medicine
167. The Five Elements, Yin–Yang & Qi and Blood — A Basis for Theory
168. The Four Examinations and Eight Principles — Keys to Pattern Identification
169. The Toxicity-Relieving and Property-Enhancing Qualities of TCM
170. The Magic of Compound Prescriptions
171. The Undetectable Nature of the Acupuncture Meridians
172. The Endotherapy of Exogenous Disease Without an Operation
173. Variolation — A Way of Keeping Well
174. Turning to TCM When Western Medicine Fails
Chapter 22 The Root of Life and the Future of Chinese Medicine
A. The Essence of Chinese Medicine: A High-Quality Ecological Medicine
175. Chinese Medicine, Is It Scientific or Not?
176. Comments on the Transforming Modes of Biomedicine and Evidence-Based Medicine
177. The Ecological Medical Theory of Chinese Medicine
B. The Vital Source of Chinese Medicine
178. The Cultural Soil of Chinese Medicine
179. Die-Hard Chinese Medical Practitioners Providing Effective Treatment, with Less Toxicity and Fewer Side Effects
180. Theoretical Advancement and Foresight: “Creativity” as the Motive Force Within TCM
C. Puzzles and the Future
181. Puzzles: Turmoil and Swirls
182. Research Methodologies and Research into Methodologies
183. An Evergreen Life
Conclusion of Part Four
General Conclusions
About the Author