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Title Page
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Contents
Preface for Instructors
DIVISION ONE: Overview
CHAPTER 1 Launching Your Study of Communication Theory
WHAT IS A THEORY AND WHAT DOES IT DO?
WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?
AN ARRANGEMENT OF IDEAS TO AID COMPREHENSION
CHAPTER FEATURES TO ENLIVEN THEORY
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
CHAPTER 2 Talk About Theory
TWO COMMUNICATION SCHOLARS VIEW A DIEHARD FAN
OBJECTIVE OR INTERPRETIVE WORLDVIEWS: SORTING OUT THE LABELS
WAYS OF KNOWING: DISCOVERING TRUTH OR CREATING MULTIPLE REALITIES?
HUMAN NATURE: DETERMINISM OR FREE WILL?
THE HIGHEST VALUE: OBJECTIVITY OR EMANCIPATION?
PURPOSE OF THEORY: UNIVERSAL LAWS OR INTERPRETIVE GUIDES?
OBJECTIVE OR INTERPRETIVE: WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?
PLOTTING THEORIES ON AN OBJECTIVE-INTERPRETIVE SCALE
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
CHAPTER 3 Weighing the Words
WHAT MAKES AN OBJECTIVE THEORY GOOD?
WHAT MAKES AN INTERPRETIVE THEORY GOOD?
CONTESTED TURF AND COMMON GROUND AMONG THEORISTS
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
CHAPTER 4 Mapping the Territory (Seven Traditions in the Field of Communication Theory)
THE SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL TRADITION: Communication as Interpersonal Interaction and Influence
THE CYBERNETIC TRADITION: Communication as a System of Information Processing
THE RHETORICAL TRADITION: Communication as Artful Public Address
THE SEMIOTIC TRADITION: Communication as the Process of Sharing Meaning Through Signs
THE SOCIO-CULTURAL TRADITION: Communication as the Creation and Enactment of Social Reality
THE CRITICAL TRADITION: Communication as a Reflective Challenge of Unjust Discourse
THE PHENOMENOLOGICAL TRADITION: Communication as the Experience of Self and Others Through Dialogue
FENCING THE FIELD OF COMMUNICATION THEORY
THE ETHICAL TRADITION: Communication as People of Character Interacting in Just and Beneficial Ways
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
DIVISION TWO: Interpersonal Communication
Interpersonal Messages
CHAPTER 5 Symbolic Interactionism of George Herbert Mead
MEANING: THE CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIAL REALITY
LANGUAGE: THE SOURCE OF MEANING
THINKING: THE PROCESS OF TAKING THE ROLE OF THE OTHER
THE SELF: REFLECTIONS IN A LOOKING GLASS
SOCIETY: THE SOCIALIZING EFFECT OF OTHERS’ EXPECTATIONS
A SAMPLER OF APPLIED SYMBOLIC INTERACTION
ETHICAL REFLECTION: LEVINAS’ RESPONSIVE “I”
CRITIQUE: SETTING THE GOLD STANDARD FOR THREE INTERPRETIVE CRITERIA
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
CHAPTER 6 Coordinated Management of Meaning (CMM) of W. Barnett Pearce & Vernon Cronen
CMM AS A PRACTICAL THEORY—STORIES FROM THE FIELD
CMM AS AN INTERPRETIVE THEORY—PICTURING PERSONS-IN-CONVERSATION
CMM AS AN INTERPRETIVE THEORY—STORIES TOLD AND STORIES LIVED
CMM AS A CRITICAL THEORY—SPOTTING HARMFUL AND HELPFUL COMMUNICATION
COSMOPOLITAN COMMUNICATION—DISAGREE, YET COORDINATE
ETHICAL REFLECTION: MARTIN BUBER’S DIALOGIC ETHICS
CRITIQUE: THREE THEORIES, THREE APPRAISALS
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
CHAPTER 7 Expectancy Violations Theory of Judee Burgoon
PERSONAL SPACE EXPECTATIONS: CONFORM OR DEVIATE?
AN APPLIED TEST OF THE ORIGINAL MODEL
A CONVOLUTED MODEL BECOMES AN ELEGANT THEORY
CORE CONCEPTS OF EVT
INTERACTION ADAPTATION—ADJUSTING EXPECTATIONS
CRITIQUE: A WELL-REGARDED WORK IN PROGRESS
ETHICAL REFLECTION: KANT’S CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
CHAPTER 8 Constructivism of Jesse Delia
ROLE CATEGORY QUESTIONNAIRE INSTRUCTIONS
INTERPERSONAL CONSTRUCTS AS EVIDENCE OF COGNITIVE COMPLEXITY
SCORING THE RCQ FOR CONSTRUCT DIFFERENTIATION
PERSON-CENTERED MESSAGES—THE INTERPERSONAL EDGE
MESSAGE PRODUCTION: CRAFTING GOAL-BASED PLANS FOR ACTION
BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF PERSON-CENTERED MESSAGES
SOCIALIZING A NEW GENERATION OF SOPHISTICATED SPEAKERS
CRITIQUE: SECOND THOUGHTS ABOUT COGNITIVE COMPLEXITY
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
Relationship Development
CHAPTER 9 Social Penetration Theory of Irwin Altman & Dalmas Taylor
PERSONALITY STRUCTURE: A MULTILAYERED ONION
CLOSENESS THROUGH SELF-DISCLOSURE
THE DEPTH AND BREADTH OF SELF-DISCLOSURE
REGULATING CLOSENESS ON THE BASIS OF REWARDS AND COSTS
ETHICAL REFLECTION: EPICURUS’ ETHICAL EGOISM
DIALECTICS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
CRITIQUE: PULLING BACK FROM SOCIAL PENETRATION
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
CHAPTER 10 Uncertainty Reduction Theory of Charles Berger
UNCERTAINTY REDUCTION: TO PREDICT AND EXPLAIN
AN AXIOMATIC THEORY: CERTAINTY ABOUT UNCERTAINTY
THEOREMS: THE LOGICAL FORCE OF UNCERTAINTY AXIOMS
MESSAGE PLANS TO COPE WITH UNCERTAIN RESPONSES
ANXIETY/UNCERTAINTY MANAGEMENT (AUM) THEORY
CRITIQUE: NAGGING DOUBTS ABOUT UNCERTAINTY
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
CHAPTER 11 Social Information Processing Theory of Joseph Walther
CMC VERSUS FACE-TO-FACE: A SIP INSTEAD OF A GULP
VERBAL CUES OF AFFINITY REPLACE NONVERBAL CUES
EXTENDED TIME: THE CRUCIAL VARIABLE IN CMC
HYPERPERSONAL PERSPECTIVE: CLOSER THROUGH CMC THAN IN PERSON
THE WARRANTING VALUE OF INFORMATION: WHAT TO TRUST?
CRITIQUE: WALTHER’S CANDID ASSESSMENT
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
Relationship Maintenance
CHAPTER 12 elational Dialectics of Leslie Baxter & Barbara Montgomery
THE TUG-OF-WAR DIALECTICS OF CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS
THREE DIALECTICS THAT AFFECT RELATIONSHIPS
RDT 2.0: DRILLING DOWN ON BAKHTIN’S CONCEPT OF DIALOGUE
ETHICAL REFLECTION: SISSELA BOK’S PRINCIPLE OF VERACITY
CRITIQUE: MEETING THE CRITERIA FOR A GOOD INTERPRETIVE THEORY
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
CHAPTER 13 Communication Privacy Management Theory of Sandra Petronio
1. OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF PRIVATE INFORMATION: People believe they own and have a right to control their private information.
2. RULES FOR CONCEALING AND REVEALING: People control their private information through the use of personal privacy rules.
3. DISCLOSURE CREATES A CONFIDANT AND CO-OWNER: When others are told or discover a person’s private information, they become co-owners of that information.
4. COORDINATING MUTUAL PRIVACY BOUNDARIES: Co-owners of private information need to negotiate mutually agreeable privacy rules about telling others.
5. BOUNDARY TURBULENCE—RELATIONSHIPS AT RISK: When co-owners of private information don’t effectively negotiate and follow jointly held privacy rules, boundary turbulence is the likely result.
CRITIQUE: KEEN DIAGNOSIS, GOOD PRESCRIPTION, LESS AMBIGUITY
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
CHAPTER 14 The Interactional View of Paul Watzlawick
THE FAMILY AS A SYSTEM
AXIOMS OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
TRAPPED IN A SYSTEM WITH NO PLACE TO GO
REFRAMING: CHANGING THE GAME BY CHANGING THE RULES
CRITIQUE: ADJUSTMENTS NEEDED WITHIN THE SYSTEM
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
Influence
CHAPTER 15 Social Judgment Theory of Muzafer Sherif
THREE LATITUDES: ACCEPTANCE, REJECTION, AND NONCOMMITMENT
EGO-INVOLVEMENT: HOW MUCH DO YOU CARE?
JUDGING THE MESSAGE: CONTRAST AND ASSIMILATION ERRORS
DISCREPANCY AND ATTITUDE CHANGE
PRACTICAL ADVICE FOR THE PERSUADER
ATTITUDES ON SLEEP, BOOZE, AND MONEY: EVIDENCE SUPPORTING SJT
CRITIQUE: A THEORY WELL WITHIN THE LATITUDE OF ACCEPTANCE
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
CHAPTER 16 Elaboration Likelihood Model of Richard Petty & John Cacioppo
THE CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL ROUTES TO PERSUASION
MOTIVATION FOR ELABORATION: IS IT WORTH THE EFFORT?
ABILITY FOR ELABORATION: CAN THEY DO IT?
TYPE OF ELABORATION: OBJECTIVE VERSUS BIASED THINKING
ELABORATED ARGUMENTS: STRONG, WEAK, AND NEUTRAL
PERIPHERAL CUES: AN ALTERNATIVE ROUTE OF INFLUENCE
PUSHING THE LIMITS OF PERIPHERAL POWER
CHOOSING A ROUTE: PRACTICAL ADVICE FOR THE PERSUADER
ETHICAL REFLECTION: NILSEN’S SIGNIFICANT CHOICE
CRITIQUE: ELABORATING THE MODEL
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
CHAPTER 17 Cognitive Dissonance Theory of Leon Festinger
DISSONANCE: DISCORD BETWEEN BEHAVIOR AND BELIEF
HEALTH-CONSCIOUS SMOKERS: DEALING WITH DISSONANCE
REDUCING DISSONANCE BETWEEN ACTIONS AND ATTITUDES
A CLASSIC EXPERIMENT: “WOULD I LIE FOR A DOLLAR?”
THREE STATE-OF-THE-ART REVISIONS: THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF DISSONANCE
THEORY INTO PRACTICE: PERSUASION THROUGH DISSONANCE
CRITIQUE: DISSONANCE OVER DISSONANCE
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
DIVISION THREE: Group and Public Communication
Group Communication
CHAPTER 18 Functional Perspective on Group Decision Making of Randy Hirokawa & Dennis Gouran
FOUR FUNCTIONS OF EFFECTIVE DECISION MAKING
PRIORITIZING THE FOUR FUNCTIONS
THE ROLE OF COMMUNICATION IN FULFILLING THE FUNCTIONS
THOUGHTFUL ADVICE FOR THOSE WHO KNOW THEY ARE RIGHT
ETHICAL REFLECTION: HABERMAS’ DISCOURSE ETHICS
CRITIQUE: IS RATIONALITY OVERRATED?
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
CHAPTER 19 Symbolic Convergence Theory of Ernest Bormann
DRAMATIZING MESSAGES: CREATIVE INTERPRETATIONS OF THERE-AND-THEN
FANTASY CHAIN REACTIONS: UNPREDICTABLE SYMBOLIC EXPLOSIONS
FANTASY THEMES—CONTENT, MOTIVES, CUES, TYPES
SYMBOLIC CONVERGENCE: GROUP CONSCIOUSNESS AND OFTEN COHESIVENESS
RHETORICAL VISION: A COMPOSITE DRAMA SHARED BY A RHETORICAL COMMUNITY
THEORY INTO PRACTICE: ADVICE TO IMPROVE YOUR COLLEGE EXPERIENCE
CRITIQUE: JUDGING SCT AS BOTH A SCIENTIFIC AND INTERPRETIVE THEORY
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
Organizational Communication
CHAPTER 20 Cultural Approach to Organizations of Clifford Geertz & Michael Pacanowsky
CULTURE AS A METAPHOR OF ORGANIZATIONAL LIFE
WHAT CULTURE IS; WHAT CULTURE IS NOT
THICK DESCRIPTION: WHAT ETHNOGRAPHERS DO
METAPHORS: TAKING LANGUAGE SERIOUSLY
THE SYMBOLIC INTERPRETATION OF STORY
RITUAL: THIS IS THE WAY IT’S ALWAYS BEEN AND ALWAYS WILL BE
CAN THE MANAGER BE AN AGENT OF CULTURAL CHANGE?
CRITIQUE: IS THE CULTURAL APPROACH USEFUL?
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
CHAPTER 21 Critical Theory of Communication in Organizations of Stanley Deetz
CORPORATE COLONIZATION AND CONTROL OF EVERYDAY LIFE
INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION: TRANSMISSION OR THE CREATION OF MEANING
STRATEGY: OVERT MANAGERIAL MOVES TO EXTEND CONTROL
CONSENT: UNWITTING ALLEGIANCE TO COVERT CONTROL
INVOLVEMENT: FREE EXPRESSION OF IDEAS, BUT NO VOICE
PARTICIPATION: STAKEHOLDER DEMOCRACY IN ACTION
POLITICALLY ATTENTIVE RELATIONAL CONSTRUCTIONISM (PARC)
ETHICAL REFLECTION: WEST’S PROPHETIC PRAGMATISM
CRITIQUE: IS WORKPLACE DEMOCRACY JUST A DREAM?
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SE COND LOOK
Public Rhetoric
CHAPTER 22 The Rhetoric of Aristotle
RHETORIC: MAKING PERSUASION PROBABLE
RHETORICAL PROOF: LOGOS, ETHOS, PATHOS
THE FIVE CANONS OF RHETORIC
ETHICAL REFLECTION: ARISTOTLE’S GOLDEN MEAN
CRITIQUE: STANDING THE TEST OF TIME
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
CHAPTER 23 Dramatism of Kenneth Burke
IDENTIFICATION: WITHOUT IT, THERE IS NO PERSUASION
THE DRAMATISTIC PENTAD
GUILT–REDEMPTION CYCLE: THE ROOT OF ALL RHETORIC
A RHETORICAL CRITIQUE USING DRAMATISTIC INSIGHT
CRITIQUE: EVALUATING THE CRITIC’S ANALYSIS
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
CHAPTER 24 Narrative Paradigm of Walter Fisher
TELLING A COMPELLING STORY
NARRATION AND PARADIGM: DEFINING THE TERMS
PARADIGM SHIFT: FROM A RATIONAL-WORLD PARADIGM TO A NARRATIVE ONE
NARRATIVE RATIONALITY: COHERENCE AND FIDELITY
CRITIQUE: DOES FISHER’S STORY HAVE COHERENCE AND FIDELITY?
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
DIVISION FOUR: Mass Communication
Media and Culture
CHAPTER 25 Media Ecology of Marshall McLuhan
THE MEDIUM IS THE MESSAGE
THE CHALLENGE OF MEDIA ECOLOGY
A MEDIA ANALYSIS OF HUMAN HISTORY
ETHICAL REFLECTION: POSTMAN’S FAUSTIAN BARGAIN
CRITIQUE: HOW COULD HE BE RIGHT? BUT WHAT IF HE WAS?
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
CHAPTER 26 Semiotics of Roland Barthes
WRESTLING WITH SIGNS
THE YELLOW RIBBON TRANSFORMATION: FROM FORGIVENESS TO PRIDE
THE MAKING OF MYTH: STRIPPING THE SIGN OF ITS HISTORY
UNMASKING THE MYTH OF A HOMOGENEOUS SOCIETY
THE SEMIOTICS OF MASS COMMUNICATION: “I’D LIKE TO BE LIKE MIKE”
CHARLES PEIRCE: A TRIADIC ALTERNATIVE TO SAUSSURE AND BARTHES
CRITIQUE: DO MYTHIC SIGNS ALWAYS REAFFIRM THE STATUS QUO?
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
CHAPTER 27 Cultural Studies of Stuart Hall
CULTURAL STUDIES VERSUS MEDIA STUDIES: AN IDEOLOGICAL DIFFERENCE
HEGEMONY: MARXISM WITHOUT GUARANTEES
MAKING MEANING THROUGH DISCOURSE
CORPORATE CONTROL OF MASS COMMUNICATION
POST–9/11 MEDIA COVERAGE: THE CHILL OF CONSTRAINT
EXTREME MAKEOVER: THE IDEOLOGICAL WORK OF REALITY TV
AN OBSTINATE AUDIENCE
CRITIQUE: YOUR JUDGMENT WILL DEPEND ON YOUR IDEOLOGY
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
Media Effects
CHAPTER 28 ses and Gratifi cations of Elihu Katz
PEOPLE USE MEDIA FOR THEIR OWN PARTICULAR PURPOSES
PEOPLE SEEK TO GRATIFY NEEDS
MEDIA COMPETE FOR YOUR ATTENTION AND TIME
MEDIA AFFECT DIFFERENT PEOPLE DIFFERENTLY
PEOPLE CAN ACCURATELY REPORT THEIR MEDIA USE AND MOTIVATION
A TYPOLOGY OF USES AND GRATIFICATIONS
PARASOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS: USING MEDIA TO HAVE A FANTASY FRIEND
CRITIQUE: HEAVY ON DESCRIPTION AND LIGHT ON PREDICTION?
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
CHAPTER 29 Cultivation Theory of George Gerbner
INSTITUTIONAL PROCESS ANALYSIS—THE FIRST PRONG
MESSAGE SYSTEM ANALYSIS—THE SECOND PRONG
CULTIVATION ANALYSIS—THE THIRD PRONG
CULTIVATION WORKS LIKE A MAGNETIC OR GRAVITATIONAL FIELD
MAINSTREAMING: BLURRING, BLENDING, AND BENDING OF ATTITUDES
RESONANCE: THE TV WORLD LOOKS LIKE MY WORLD, SO IT MUST BE TRUE
RESEARCH ON CULTIVATION ANALYSIS
THE MAJOR FINDINGS OF CULTIVATION ANALYSIS
CRITIQUE: HOW STRONG IS THE EVIDENCE IN FAVOR OF THE THEORY?
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
CHAPTER 30 Agenda-Setting Theory of Maxwell McCombs & Donald Shaw
THE ORIGINAL AGENDA: NOT WHAT TO THINK, BUT WHAT TO THINK ABOUT
A THEORY WHOSE TIME HAD COME
MEDIA AGENDA AND PUBLIC AGENDA: A CLOSE MATCH
WHAT CAUSES WHAT?
WHO IS MOST AFFECTED BY THE MEDIA AGENDA?
FRAMING: TRANSFERRING THE SALIENCE OF ATTRIBUTES
NOT JUST WHAT TO THINK ABOUT, BUT HOW TO THINK ABOUT IT
BEYOND OPINION: THE BEHAVIORAL EFFECT OF THE MEDIA’S AGENDA
WHO SETS THE AGENDA FOR THE AGENDA SETTERS?
WILL NEW MEDIA STILL SHAPE THE AGENDA, OPINIONS, AND BEHAVIOR?
ETHICAL REFLECTION: CHRISTIANS’ COMMUNITARIAN ETHICS
CRITIQUE: ARE THE EFFECTS TOO LIMITED, THE SCOPE TOO WIDE?
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
DIVISION FIVE: Cultural Context
Intercultural Communication
CHAPTER 31 Communication Accommodation Theory of Howard Giles
A SIMPLE NOTION BECOMES A COMPREHENSIVE COMMUNICATION THEORY
COMMUNICATION ACCOMMODATION STRATEGIES
DIFFERENT MOTIVATIONS FOR CONVERGENCE AND DIVERGENCE
RECIPIENT EVALUATION OF CONVERGENCE AND DIVERGENCE
APPLYING CAT TO POLICE OFFICER–CITIZEN INTERACTION
CRITIQUE: ENORMOUS SCOPE AT THE COST OF CLARITY
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
CHAPTER 32 Face-Negotiation Theory of Stella Ting-Toomey
COLLECTIVISTIC AND INDIVIDUALISTIC CULTURES
SELF-CONSTRUAL: VARIED SELF-IMAGES WITHIN A CULTURE
THE MULTIPLE FACES OF FACE
PREDICTABLE STYLES OF CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
COMPLICATING FACTORS: POWER DISTANCE AND PERCEIVED THREATS
APPLICATION: COMPETENT INTERCULTURAL FACEWORK
CRITIQUE: PASSING THE TEST WITH A GOOD GRADE
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
CHAPTER 33 Speech Codes Theory of Gerry Philipsen
THE DISTINCTIVENESS OF SPEECH CODES
THE MULTIPLICITY OF SPEECH CODES
THE SUBSTANCE OF SPEECH CODES
THE INTERPRETATION OF SPEECH CODES
THE SITE OF SPEECH CODES
THE FORCE OF SPEECH CODES IN DISCUSSIONS
PERFORMANCE ETHNOGRAPHY
CRITIQUE: DIFFERENT SPEECH CODES IN COMMUNICATION THEORY
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
Gender and Communication
CHAPTER 34 Genderlect Styles of Deborah Tannen
WHEN HARRY MET SALLY: THE CLASH OF TWO CULTURES
WOMEN’S DESIRE FOR CONNECTION VS. MEN’S DESIRE FOR STATUS
RAPPORT TALK VS. REPORT TALK
“NOW YOU’RE BEGINNING TO UNDERSTAND”
ETHICAL REFLECTION: GILLIGAN’S DIFFERENT VOICE
CRITIQUE: IS TANNEN SOFT ON RESEARCH—AND MEN?
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
CHAPTER 35 Standpoint Theory of Sandra Harding & Julia T. Wood
A FEMINIST STANDPOINT ROOTED IN PHILOSOPHY AND LITERATURE
WOMEN AS A MARGINALIZED GROUP
KNOWLEDGE FROM NOWHERE VERSUS LOCAL KNOWLEDGE
STRONG OBJECTIVITY: LESS PARTIAL VIEWS FROM THE STANDPOINT OF WOMEN
THEORY TO PRACTICE: COMMUNICATION RESEARCH BASED ON WOMEN’S LIVES
THE STANDPOINT OF BLACK FEMINIST THOUGHT
ETHICAL REFLECTION: BENHABIB’S INTERACTIVE UNIVERSALISM
CRITIQUE: DO STANDPOINTS ON THE MARGINS GIVE A LESS FALSE VIEW?
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
CHAPTER 36 Muted Group Theory of Cheris Kramarae
MUTED GROUPS: BLACK HOLES IN SOMEONE ELSE’S UNIVERSE
THE MASCULINE POWER TO NAME EXPERIENCE
MEN AS THE GATEKEEPERS OF COMMUNICATION
SPEAKING ONLINE: THE POTENTIAL OF THE INTERNET
SPEAKING WOMEN’S TRUTH IN MEN’S TALK: THE PROBLEM OF TRANSLATION
SPEAKING OUT IN PRIVATE: NETWORKING WITH WOMEN
ENRICHING THE LEXICON: A FEMINIST DICTIONARY
SEXUAL HARASSMENT: COINING A TERM TO LABEL EXPERIENCE
CRITIQUE: DO MEN MEAN TO MUTE?
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
DIVISION SIX: Integration
CHAPTER 37 Common Threads in Comm Theories
1. MOTIVATION
2. SELF-IMAGE
3. CREDIBILITY
4. EXPECTATION
5. AUDIENCE ADAPTATION
6. SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION
7. SHARED MEANING
8. NARRATIVE
9. CONFLICT
10. DIALOGUE
UNRAVELING THE THREADS
A FINAL NOTE
QUESTIONS TO SHARPEN YOUR FOCUS
A SECOND LOOK
APPENDIX A: Abstracts of Theories
APPENDIX B: Feature Films That Illustrate Communication Theories
APPENDIX C: NCA Credo for Ethical Communication
ENDNOTES
CREDITS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
INDEX
