A critique of adjudication

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 6
CONTENTS......Page 7
1 Introduction......Page 8
Iconology of constraint......Page 10
Critical social theory, leftism, modernism, postmodernism......Page 12
Critical legal studies......Page 15
Leftism and modernism/postmodernism in cls......Page 18
Subversion......Page 19
The rule of law......Page 20
Objectivity......Page 21
The model of alienated powers......Page 25
PART ONE Ideological Stakes in Adjudication......Page 28
2 The Distinction between Adjudication and Legislation......Page 30
Adjudication versus legislation......Page 33
The jurisprudence of adjudication......Page 37
Typology of Theories of Adjudication......Page 44
3 Ideological Conflict over the Definition of Legal Rules......Page 46
Group interests in the evolution of legal rules......Page 47
Ideology is universalization of group interests......Page 48
The "interminable" character of ideological conflict......Page 49
ideological conflict versus dialogue and bargaining......Page 50
The subjects of ideologized group conflict over the definition of rules in our particular society......Page 52
Liberalism and conservatism......Page 53
Epistemes, paradigms, contested concepts, and conceptions......Page 56
Ontology of liberalism and conservatism......Page 57
Ideological preferences......Page 61
Liberalism capitalized......Page 63
intrinsic versus instrumental ideological interests in the content of legal rules......Page 64
Against rule skepticism......Page 66
Rules, not rule application......Page 67
The effect of rules on conduct......Page 69
Normative effects......Page 70
Summary of rule stakes......Page 71
Rule stakes versus dispute resolution......Page 72
Adjudication as a forum of ideology......Page 76
PART TWO The Problem of Judicial Legislation......Page 78
4 The Paradox of American Critical Legalism......Page 80
Civil law versus common law......Page 82
British law versus American law......Page 84
Nightmare on Main Street......Page 86
Adjudication critique in the context of high stakes......Page 88
Summary genealogy of the critique of judicial ideology in adjudication......Page 89
The Continent versus the United States......Page 99
Britain versus the United States......Page 102
The deductive mode versus the policy mode......Page 104
Respective roles of deduction and policy......Page 107
Two kinds of deduction......Page 108
Deduction "guided" by policy......Page 111
What is formalism?......Page 112
Relativizing the boundary between deductive questions and policy questions......Page 114
The legal character of policy argument......Page 115
Policy as mediator and Trojan horse......Page 116
Policy argument as an unrationalized practice......Page 118
Policy in legal theory......Page 119
The dilemma of liberal legalism......Page 120
Responses to the dilemma......Page 124
Dworkin's version of coherence......Page 126
Dworkin left and right......Page 127
A summary critique of Dworkin's response to the dilemma of contemporary liberal legalism......Page 131
Dworkin's Hercules as a left liberal legalist......Page 134
PART THREE Ideology in Adjudication......Page 138
6 Policy and Ideology......Page 140
Rules versus reasons for rules......Page 142
The structure of legal rules or doctrine......Page 143
The structure of legal justification......Page 144
Relativizing the distinction between the two structures......Page 146
The universe of potential rules......Page 147
The generation of new arguments......Page 148
Relationship between rule operations and argument operations......Page 149
An example......Page 150
The form of policy argument......Page 154
Policy as a translation of ideology......Page 155
Policy as an instrument of ideology......Page 157
Policy as a parallel ideological development......Page 158
Ideological history tells you what kind of case it is......Page 159
ideological history provides ready-to-wear policy arguments......Page 161
The judge is an ideological performer willy-nilly......Page 162
7 Ideologically Oriented Legal Work......Page 164
Work in a medium......Page 165
Two modes of constraint......Page 167
The paradigm case of ideologically directed legal work......Page 168
Deductive work......Page 171
Policy work......Page 172
The economics of legal work......Page 173
Types of field configuration......Page 175
Legal work and the ontology of determinacy and indeterminacy......Page 176
The notion that law restricts the field of ideological conflict......Page 179
High stakes for "little" questions......Page 181
Nesting......Page 182
How radical?......Page 184
8 Strategizing Strategic Behavior in Interpretation......Page 187
Relativity of the claim about strategic behavior......Page 188
The (constrained) activist judge......Page 189
The difference-splitting judge......Page 191
The bipolar judge......Page 192
Interpreting strategic behavior......Page 193
The critique of ideology as an explanatory concept......Page 194
A psychology of strategic behavior......Page 198
Denial: not just a river in Egypt......Page 199
The three types of judges as deniers......Page 201
Psychologizing versus dialogue......Page 205
Is denial unconscious?......Page 206
Denial as a collective phenomenon......Page 207
Denial as a response to role conflict......Page 209
Fear of the consequences......Page 212
Overcoming contradiction......Page 214
Projection of ideology as a stabilizer of the system of denial......Page 216
Conclusion......Page 219
PART FOUR Consequences of Adjudication......Page 220
Counterfactual legislative supremacy......Page 222
The moderation effect......Page 224
Moderation of legislative regime change......Page 225
Five complexities......Page 228
Judicial regime change through common and constitutional law......Page 230
The empowerrnent effect......Page 231
Law as a land mass that can be colonized......Page 232
Fractions and constituencies......Page 233
The role of judges in creating popular will......Page 234
Adjudication as a strategy of intelligentsia class power......Page 235
Contrasting legislative revision with final judicial review of constitutional questions......Page 237
Defects of majority rule......Page 238
What is a legitimation effect?......Page 243
Consequences of legislative supremacy for the common law......Page 245
Coherence, consistency, rationality......Page 246
The stricture of the distinction between the common law and legislation......Page 247
"Withdrawal" ai a consequence of misunderstanding......Page 249
Politica! consequences of withdrawal......Page 251
An analogy......Page 253
The practice of delegitimation......Page 254
Labor law......Page 256
Federalism......Page 258
Public international law......Page 260
Local government law......Page 261
Race law......Page 263
The First Amendment......Page 264
The law of gender......Page 265
The typical structure of cls-inspired policy proposals......Page 269
Cls versus progressive attitudes toward reconstruction......Page 270
11 Adjudication in Social Theory......Page 271
The mandarin materials controversy......Page 273
The law in books versus the law in action......Page 274
Is there an audience in the forum?......Page 278
Evetybody knows that legal reasoning is indeterminate......Page 282
External determination......Page 284
The rationalism/irrationalism debate......Page 287
A neo-Marxist social theory of law......Page 288
The role of indeterminacy in the neo-Marxist theory of law......Page 290
De-Marxifying the analysis......Page 291
The irrationalist critique......Page 292
Contrast with neo-Marxist theories of ideology......Page 297
The PT as "chastened" left theory......Page 301
The "hypercritical" character of irrationaliim......Page 302
PART FIVE Post Rights......Page 304
12 Rights in American Legal Consciousness......Page 306
The role of rights in left legal thought, circa 1975-1985......Page 307
The effacement of radicalism......Page 308
From class politics to identity politics......Page 309
The cls critique of rights......Page 310
Rights in American political discourse......Page 311
Rights mediate between factual and value judgments......Page 312
Inside and outside rights......Page 313
Rights in the universalization projects of ideological intelligentsias......Page 315
The parallel investments of ideological intelligentsias in legal reasoning and rights discourse......Page 316
Loss of faith in rights......Page 318
From the critique of legal reasoning to the critique of constitutional rights......Page 322
Legal rights in legal reasoning......Page 323
Legal argument about rights that are lega! rules reduces to policy argument......Page 324
Rights argument within legal reasoning reduces to balancing and therefore to policy......Page 325
Rights mediate between law and policy......Page 326
The proliferation of balancing tests reduces constitutional rights questions to policy questions......Page 327
The liberal legal realist origin of the critique of rights......Page 329
Balancing and the conservative critique of liberal rights claims......Page 330
Revalidated constitutional rights reasoning switches sides in the 1970s......Page 332
The internal disintegration of left rights rhetoric......Page 334
From the critique of constitutional rights to the critique of outside rights......Page 336
Critique of the lay discourse of rights......Page 337
From the critique of constitutional rights to reconstructive projects in political theory......Page 339
Things the critique of rights is not......Page 340
Marx's critique of rights......Page 342
Why do it?......Page 344
14 Conclusion: Landscapes along the Highway of Infinite Regress......Page 346
Why do it?......Page 347
The transgressive artifact......Page 349
Mpm is not about "authenticity"......Page 351
Modernism and postmodernism in mpm......Page 353
Critique of critical maximalism......Page 355
Psychologizing the mpm project......Page 357
Mpm as a socially scripted project......Page 359
Mpm as an elite project......Page 360
Tit for tat......Page 362
Left critique of mpm......Page 363
Taking the marbles and going home......Page 364
Against reconstruction......Page 366
Nihilism......Page 368
Left/mpm as an intersectional project......Page 370
Rightness and legal education......Page 371
Legal discourse as an instance of managerial discourse in general......Page 375
Politicization and disloyalty......Page 377
Disloyalty as loss of faith......Page 379
In defense of politicization and passivity......Page 381
2. THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN ADJUDICATION AND LEGISLATION......Page 386
3. IDEOLOGICAL CONFLICT OVER THE DEFINITION OF LEGAL RULES......Page 389
4. THE PARADOX OF AMERICAN CRITICAL LEGALISM......Page 391
5. POLICY AND COHERENCE......Page 395
6. POLICY AND IDEOLOGY......Page 399
7. IDEOLOGICALLY ORIENTED LEGAL WORK......Page 401
8. STRATEGIZING STRATEGIC BEHAVIOR IN INTERPRETATION......Page 402
9. THE MODERATION AND EMPOWERMENT EFFECTS......Page 404
10. THE LEGITIMATION EFFECT......Page 405
11. ADJUDICA1'ION IN SOCIAL 'I'HEORY......Page 410
12. RIGHTS IN AMERICAN LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS......Page 416
13. THE CRITIQUE OF RIGHTS......Page 417
14. CONCLUSION......Page 419
INDEX......Page 422