"Photonics is a light-based optical technology that is considered as the leading technology for the new millennium. The science of light generation, manipulation, transmission, and measurement is known as photonics. The application of photonics technologies and principles to medicine and life sciences is known as biophotonics. Laser (Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation) is one of the most important inventions of the twentieth century in biophotonic technology. In the field of oralmedicine, lasers have a multitude of preventive, therapeutic and adjunctive applications. Applications in clinical scenarios like orofacial pain, temporomandibular joint disorders, potentially malignant disorders of oral mucosa, herpes, recurrent apthousulcers, burning mouth syndrome, nerve repair, laser and antimicrobial photodynamic therapies in cancer patients, non-neoplastic proliferative lesions of oral soft tissue, and vascular lesions have shown promising results. Lasers also aid in optically enhanced diagnosis of oral lesions using florescence, coherence and spectroscopic techniques. This endeavor, entitled A Compendium of Principles and Practice of Laser Biophotonics in Oral Medicine, is a concise but comprehensive body of information, written in a simple tone, attempting to cruise the readers' vision through every perspective, to seek objective information on all aspects of the instrument and its uses, fostering a preliminary step towards efficient laser diagnosis and therapy. This book facilitates exploration of physical concepts with lucidity without getting engrossed in excruciating jargon"--
Author(s): Fakir Mohan Debta, Ekagrata Mishra, Neha Patyal
Series: Dentistry and Oral Sciences
Publisher: Nova Science Publishers
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 218
City: New York
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
List of Abbreviations
Chapter 1
Introduction
Chapter 2
History of Lasers
Chapter 3
The Laser Device
3.1. Active Medium
3.1.1. Working of an LED/p-n Junction [10]
3.1.2. Pumping Mechanism
3.1.3. Optical Resonator
3.2. Laser Delivery Systems [10]
3.2.1. Optical Fibre [10-12]
3.2.2. Hollow Waveguide [10-12]
3.2.3. Articulated Arm [10-12]
Chapter 4
The Laser Beam
4.1. Monochromaticity or Near Monochromaticity
4.2. Coherence
4.3. Collimated with Directionality
4.4. Radiance
4.5. Focusability
4.6. Spectral Coverage
4.7. Gating and Pulsing
4.8. Beam Profile
4.9. Spot Geometry
4.10. Focal Length and Focal Point
Chapter 5
Laser-Tissue Interactions
5.1. Reflection and Refraction
5.2. Absorption and Transmission [10-12]
5.3. Scattering [4, 10, 11]
5.4. Tissue Effects of Laser Irradiation
Chapter 6
Laser Terminologies and Dosimetry
Chapter 7
Laser Hazards and Contraindications
7.1. Ocular Injury/Hazards
7.2. Tissue Hazards
7.3. Environmental Hazards
7.4. Combustion Hazards
7.5. Electrical Hazards
7.6. Contraindications of Lasers
7.6.1. Justified Contraindications
7.6.2. Contraindications Doubtful Under Certain Conditions
7.6.3. Erroneous Contraindications
Chapter 8
Laser Safety
8.1. Laser Device Hardware Safety Measures [11, 35, 36]
8.2. Safety Measures During Laser Use [11]
8.3. Fire and Electrical Control Measures [46]
8.4. Laser Test Fire Procedure [11]
8.5. Eye Protection During Laser Use [35, 36, 45]
8.6. Control Measures for Airborne Contaminants [35, 46]
Chapter 9
Low Power Lasers and Their Applications
9.1. Introduction to Low Power Lasers
9.2. Cellular Mechanisms of Photobiomodulation
9.2.1. NO Hypothesis
9.2.2. Transient Local Heating Hypothesis
9.2.3. Mitochondrial Respiration and ATP
9.2.4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Gene Transcription
9.2.5. Role in Gene Expression [54]
9.2.6. LLLT- Anti Inflammatory Effects
9.2.7. LLLT- Analgesia
9.3. Principles of Photodynamic Therapy
9.3.1. Historical Background
9.3.2. Photosensitizers
9.3.2.1. Light Applicators
9.3.3. Mechanisms of PDT Action
9.3.3.1. Photophysics and Photochemistry [69, 70, 71]
9.3.3.2. Direct Cytotoxicity [4, 72, 73]
9.3.3.3. Vascular Effect
9.3.3.4. Immune Responses
9.4. Lasers in Recurrent Aphthous Ulcerations
9.4.1. Laser Irradiation Protocol
9.4.1.1. Pain Relief
9.4.1.2. Acceleration of Wound Healing
9.4.1.3. RAU Prevention
9.5. Lasers in Burning Mouth Syndrome
9.5.1. Laser Irradiation Protocol
9.5.1.1. LLLT in BMS [4, 10]
9.6. Lasers in Temporomandibular Disorders
9.6.1. Mechanism of Action [4, 10, 11]
9.6.1.1. Laser Irradiation Protocol
9.6.1.2. Considerations for LLLT of TMJ [10]
9.7. Lasers in Lymphatic Drainage of Oedema
9.7.1. Laser Irradiation Parameters
9.8. Lasers in Herpes Infections
9.9. Other Applications of LLLT
9.9.1. LLLT in Alveolar Osteitis
9.9.2. LLLT in Neurosensory Recovery after Injury to Inferior Alveolar Nerve
9.9.3. LLLT in Bells Palsy
9.9.4. LLLT in Trigeminal Neuralgia
9.9.5. LLLT in Post-Herpetic Neuralgia
9.9.6. Oral Lesions in Pemphigus
9.9.7. Oral Lesions in Steven-Jhonson’s Syndrome and TEN
9.9.8. Oral Mucositis
9.9.9. Bisphosphonate Induced Osteoradionecrosis
9.9.10. Pericoronitis
Chapter 10
Lasers in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders
10.1. Introduction to Lasers in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders
10.2. Lasers in Oral Leukoplakia
10.2.1. Lasers-Assisted Excision versus Scalpel Excision
10.2.1.1. Laser Irradiation Protocol: [10, 13]
10.2.1.2. New Concepts for the Recurrence and New Occurrence of Oral Leukoplakia [135]
10.3. Lasers in Actinic Chelitis
10.3.1. Laser-Assisted Excision and Resurfacing
10.3.2. Laser-Assisted Photodynamic Therapy
10.4. Lasers in Oral Erythroplakia
10.4.1. Laser-Assisted Excision
10.4.2. Laser-Assisted Photodynamic Therapy
10.5. Lasers in Oral Lichen Planus
Chapter 11
Surgical Lasers and Their Applications
11.1. Introduction to Lasers in Oral Soft Tissue Surgery
11.1.1. Basic Considerations for Choosing Laser as a Surgical Tool [10-12]
11.1.2. Scalpel versus Lasers
11.2. Lasers in Oral Fibromas
11.3. Lasers in Oral Papillomas
11.4. Lasers in Oral Lipomas
11.5. Lasers in Oral Pyogenic Granulomas
11.6. Lasers in Oral Vascular Lesions
11.6.1. Lasers in Oral Haemangiomas
11.6.2. Lasers in Lymphangiomas
11.7. Lasers in Salivary Gland Pathosis
11.7.1. Lasers in Oral Mucocele
11.7.2. Lasers in Sialolithiasis
Chapter 12
Laser Diagnostics
12.1. Laser In Caries Detection
12.1.1. Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence (QLF)
12.1.2. Fibre-Optic Transillumination (FOTI) and Digital Imaging Fibre-Optic Transillumination (DIFOTI)
12.1.3. Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography (PS-OCT)
12.1.4. Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)
12.1.5. Raman Spectroscopy
12.2. Laser Doppler Flowmetry
12.3. Optothermal Radiometry
12.4. Optical Coherence Tomography
12.4.1. Principle of OCT [217-219]
12.4.1.1. Different Versions of Optical Coherence Tomography
12.4.1.1.1. Time-Domain (TD)‑OCT
12.4.1.1.2. Fourier Domain Optical Coherence Tomography
12.4.1.1.3. Polarization Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography
12.4.1.1.4. Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography
12.4.1.1.5. Differential Absorption Optical Coherence Tomography
12.4.1.1.6. Molecular Optical Coherence Tomography
12.4.2. Applications of Dental OCT
12.4.2.1. Oral Vascular Malformation
12.4.2.2. Mucocutaneous Lesions
12.4.3. Limitations of Optical Coherence Tomography [217-219]
12.4.4. Advantages of OCT [10, 218]
12.5. Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy
12.6. Photodynamic Diagnosis
12.7. Laser Spectroscopy
12.7.1. Instrumentation
12.8. Laser Flowcytometry
12.8.1. Applications to Clinical Practice [226-232]
Chapter 13
Miscellaneous Applications of Lasers
13.1. Role in Dentinal Hypersensitivity
13.2. Sinusitis
13.3. Somatosensory Tinnitus
13.4. Laser Acupuncture
13.5. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy [10-12]
13.6. Lasers in Caries Prevention [10, 12]
13.7. Laser Induced Tooth Analgesia
13.8. Lasers in Sterilization
13.9. Use of Lasers in Other Fields of Dentistry
Conclusion
References
About the Authors
Index
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