A Clinical Approach to Medicine

This document was uploaded by one of our users. The uploader already confirmed that they had the permission to publish it. If you are author/publisher or own the copyright of this documents, please report to us by using this DMCA report form.

Simply click on the Download Book button.

Yes, Book downloads on Ebookily are 100% Free.

Sometimes the book is free on Amazon As well, so go ahead and hit "Search on Amazon"

In this new edition of A Clinical Approach to Medicine, the editor has assembled a panel of leading clinicians and researchers, and reorganized the material in the key areas of medicine, cardiology, endocrinology, gastroenterology, hematology, neurology, oncology, rheumatology, renal medicine and respiratory medicine. This book is unique -- it reflects the experience of leading experts on patterns of disease in the Asia-Pacific region. There are several other similar books, but those are by authors from the West and therefore offer a different perspective. The book also includes discussions on genetic diseases, infection and antimicrobial resistance to antibiotics, highlighting local incidences and statistics. Each chapter starts with the basic concepts of a particular topic and gradually develops the theme to present the state of the art in the topic. With its focus on practices unique to Asia-Pacific, this book is a must for the student, practicing clinician and research scientist interested in the latest developments in this part of the world.

Author(s): Yong Yau Ong, K. T. Woo, Han Seong Ng, Patrick Tan, Ong Teng Tang
Edition: 2
Publisher: World Scientific Pub Co Inc
Year: 2004

Language: English
Pages: 1606
Tags: Медицинские дисциплины;Клинические методы диагностики, лабораторная диагностика;

Contents......Page 6
List of Contributors......Page 14
Preface......Page 24
Cardiology......Page 26
MEDICAL CONDITIONS PRESENTING WITH CHEST PAIN......Page 28
SYMPTOM EVALUATION......Page 29
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION......Page 31
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS IN ACUTE CHEST PAIN......Page 32
Biochemical Markers......Page 33
Imaging Techniques......Page 35
CONCLUSION......Page 36
HYPERTENSION AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK......Page 38
DIAGNOSIS OF HYPERTENSION......Page 40
Primary Hypertension......Page 41
Secondary Hypertension......Page 42
1) Renal parenchymal disease......Page 43
5) Cushing’s syndrome......Page 44
2) Neurohormonal activation......Page 45
3) Accelerated atherosclerosis......Page 46
Non-drug Therapy......Page 47
Drug Therapy......Page 48
REFERENCES......Page 51
INTRODUCTION......Page 54
CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS......Page 55
Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease......Page 57
Non-obstructive Coronary Artery Disease (“Normal Coronary Angina Syndromes”)......Page 58
Stable angina......Page 59
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION......Page 61
ELECTROCARDIOGRAMS OF MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA......Page 62
NON-INVASIVE AND FUNCTIONAL TESTING OF MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA......Page 63
INVASIVE ASSESSMENT OF ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE — CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY......Page 65
Management of Patients with Chest Pain (Fig. 4)......Page 66
Beta-blocking agents (Table 3)......Page 67
Metabolic or cytoprotective agents......Page 70
General considerations......Page 72
Percutaneous coronary revascularization vs. medical therapy......Page 75
Surgical vs. percutaneous coronary revascularization......Page 76
Aspirin, Ticlopidine, Clopidogrel......Page 78
Glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor blockade......Page 80
Direct thrombin inhibitors......Page 82
Conclusions......Page 84
Pathophysiology of Acute Myocardial Infarction......Page 85
MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION......Page 87
Pharmacological Reperfusion Therapy......Page 90
Anti-coagulation......Page 93
Calcium channel blockers (Table 4)......Page 94
Acute left ventricular failure......Page 96
Cardiac rehabilitation (Table 14)......Page 97
Risk Stratification for Survivors of Myocardial Infarction (Table 15)......Page 98
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 99
TYPES OF CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS......Page 100
Tachyarrhythmias......Page 101
APPROACH TO PATIENTS WITH CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS......Page 104
ECG......Page 105
Electrophysiological Studies......Page 108
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 111
Acute Therapy of Arrhythmias......Page 112
Bradyarrhythmias......Page 113
Atrial Fibrillation......Page 114
Malignant Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias......Page 115
CONCLUSION......Page 118
REFERENCES......Page 119
PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY......Page 122
CLINICAL PRESENTATION......Page 123
NATURAL HISTORY......Page 125
Mechanical Treatment......Page 126
BMV Compared with Surgical Commissurotomy......Page 127
SUMMARY......Page 131
REFERENCES......Page 133
6 Echocardiography Ding Zee Pin......Page 136
VALVULAR HEART DISEASE......Page 137
CARDIOMYOPATHY......Page 142
CONCLUSION......Page 144
REFERENCES......Page 145
FRAMINGHAM CRITERIA FOR HEART FAILURE......Page 146
ETIOLOGY OF HEART FAILURE......Page 147
Hypercholesterolemia......Page 148
INVESTIGATIONS......Page 149
TREATMENT OF HEART FAILURE......Page 150
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors/ Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB)......Page 151
Spironolactone......Page 152
Inotropic Drugs......Page 153
Ventricular Reconstructive Surgery......Page 154
REFERENCES......Page 155
Dermatology......Page 158
8 Approach to Skin Disorders......Page 160
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF THE SKIN......Page 161
BASIC DERMATOLOGIC LESIONS......Page 162
Dermatomal Lesions......Page 164
Investigations......Page 165
REFERENCE......Page 166
PATHOGENESIS......Page 168
History......Page 169
History......Page 170
Investigation......Page 171
Dermographism (factitious urticaria)......Page 172
Angioedema......Page 173
Immunosuppressive drugs......Page 174
Chronic eczema......Page 175
Infantile phase......Page 176
Adult phase......Page 177
Adults (classic seborrheic dermatitis)......Page 178
Lichen simplex chronicus......Page 179
Hand eczema......Page 180
Pompholyx......Page 181
General measures......Page 182
Oral anti-histamines......Page 183
REFERENCE......Page 184
FURTHER READING......Page 185
INTRODUCTION......Page 186
Maculopapular–Exanthem (Morbilliform) Eruption......Page 187
Fixed Drug Eruptions......Page 188
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN)......Page 189
Drug Hypersensitivity Syndrome......Page 190
Drug History......Page 191
Diagnostic Test......Page 192
Skin Biopsy......Page 193
Diagnostic Outcome and Patient Counselling......Page 194
REFERENCES......Page 195
Emergency Medicine......Page 196
INTRODUCTION......Page 198
EARLY ACCESS......Page 199
EARLY CARDIO-PULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR)......Page 200
EARLY DEFIBRILLATION......Page 202
EARLY ADVANCED CARDIAC LIFE SUPPORT......Page 203
Ventricular Fibrillation/Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia......Page 204
Pulseless Electrical Activity (PEA)......Page 206
Phase 1: Preparatory Phase......Page 208
Phase 2: Resuscitation Phase......Page 209
Phase 4: Debrief......Page 212
REFERENCES......Page 213
OVERVIEW OF TOXICOLOGY......Page 216
PRINCIPLES OF POISON MANAGEMENT......Page 217
B. Clinical Evaluation and Definitive Diagnosis (Toxidrome Recognition)......Page 218
Decontamination procedure......Page 221
Gastrointestinal Decontamination......Page 222
Transport across cell membranes......Page 228
Glomerular filtration of water-soluble drugs and metabolites is dependent on their plasma protein binding......Page 229
E. Antidotes......Page 231
G. Disposition of the Poisoned Patient......Page 233
TOXICOLOGY LABORATORY......Page 234
POISON INFORMATION RESOURCES......Page 235
REFERENCES......Page 236
INTRODUCTION......Page 238
CAUSES OF AIRWAY EMERGENCIES......Page 239
MANAGEMENT OF THE UPPER AIRWAY......Page 240
Heimlich maneuver (Fig. 1)......Page 241
Recovery Position (Fig. 2)......Page 242
Head-tilt/Chin-lift (Fig. 3)......Page 243
Modified Jaw Thrust (Fig. 5)......Page 244
OROPHARYNGEAL/NASOPHARYNGEAL AIRWAYS......Page 245
The Oropharyngeal Airway (Fig. 7)......Page 246
The Nasopharyngeal Airway (Fig. 9)......Page 247
Oropharyngeal Suctioning......Page 249
Mouth-to-mask Ventilation......Page 250
ADVANCED AIRWAY MANAGEMENT......Page 251
Direct Orotracheal Intubation (OTI)......Page 252
Blind Nasotracheal Intubation......Page 256
Fiberoptic Intubation......Page 257
Tracheostomy......Page 258
Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA)......Page 259
Needle Cricothyrotomy......Page 260
Non-invasive Ventilatory Support (NIVS)......Page 261
REFERENCES......Page 262
Diseases in Their Early Stages......Page 264
An Environment with Little Medical Support......Page 267
IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF HISTORY IN ACUTE PRE-HOSPITAL MEDICINE......Page 268
Community Awareness of Emergencies......Page 270
Early Access to Emergency Medical Services......Page 271
Emergency Medical Dispatch......Page 272
Emergency Ambulance Protocols......Page 275
Ambulance Documentation and Communications......Page 279
Future Directions in Pre-hospital Acute Medicine......Page 282
REFERENCES......Page 283
Endocrinology......Page 286
15 Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Lim Heok Seng......Page 288
Insulin Resistance, Insulin Deficiency, Glucose Toxicity and Lipotoxicity......Page 290
DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS......Page 292
Goals of Treatment and Global Approach......Page 293
Targets of Control......Page 294
GLYCEMIC CONTROL......Page 295
Stepped Care Approach vs. Early Combination Therapy......Page 296
NUTRITIONAL THERAPY......Page 298
PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES......Page 299
PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF EXCESS WEIGHT......Page 300
Insulin Secretagogues — Sulphonylureas (Table 5)......Page 301
Insulin Secretagogues — Non-sulphonylurea (Table 6)......Page 303
Metformin (Table 7)......Page 304
Insulin Sensitizers (Table 8)......Page 305
-Glucosidase Inhibitors......Page 306
Insulin......Page 307
Combination Oral Hypoglycemic Agent and Insulin Therapy......Page 309
CONTROLLING DIABETIC DYSLIPIDEMIA......Page 310
Correction of Glycemia......Page 311
Lipid-lowering Drugs......Page 312
POTENTIAL NEWER TREATMENT MODALITIES......Page 313
CONCLUSION: BIOLOGICAL AND NON-BIOLOGICAL APPROACH......Page 314
REFERENCES......Page 315
Prevalence......Page 320
Causes......Page 321
Clinical Features......Page 322
Investigation and Interpretation of Thyroid Function Tests......Page 323
Clinical features......Page 324
Treatment......Page 325
Which anti-thyroid drugs?......Page 326
How do you give the anti-thyroid drugs?......Page 327
Side-effects......Page 328
Surgery......Page 329
Causes......Page 330
Treatment......Page 331
REFERENCES......Page 332
INTRODUCTION......Page 334
Diabetics/CHD Risk Equivalent......Page 336
When Do We Initiate Drug Treatment?......Page 337
LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS......Page 338
EXERCISE......Page 339
Statins......Page 340
Indications for Stopping/Switching Statins......Page 341
Nicotinic Acid......Page 342
Fibrates......Page 343
MIXED HYPERLIPIDEMIA......Page 344
DURATION OF TREATMENT......Page 345
Children......Page 346
Elderly......Page 347
Liver Disease......Page 348
REFERENCES......Page 350
INTRODUCTION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 352
PATHOGENESIS......Page 353
CLINICAL COURSE AND LONG-TERM COMPLICATIONS......Page 354
Insulin Requirements......Page 355
Intensive Insulin Therapy......Page 356
Nephropathy......Page 357
Macrovascular Disease......Page 358
REFERENCES......Page 359
OSTEOPOROSIS......Page 362
Clinical Manifestations......Page 363
Etiology......Page 364
Selection of Individuals for BMD......Page 365
Prevention of osteoporosis......Page 366
Treatment of osteoporosis......Page 368
Male Osteoporosis......Page 370
Conclusion......Page 371
Pathophysiology......Page 372
Clinical Manifestations......Page 373
Etiology......Page 374
Diagnostic Approach......Page 375
Treatment......Page 376
Hydration......Page 377
Bisphosphonates......Page 378
Dialysis......Page 379
Hypercalcemia of malignancy......Page 380
Clinical Manifestations......Page 381
Etiology of Hypocalcemia in Adults......Page 383
Treatment......Page 384
Acute symptomatic hypocalcemia......Page 385
Chronic hypocalcemia......Page 386
Hypercalcemia......Page 388
Hypocalcemia......Page 389
Background......Page 390
Diagnosis......Page 391
Acute Treatment......Page 393
Long-Term Treatment......Page 396
Diagnosis......Page 397
Acute Treatment......Page 398
Diagnosis......Page 402
Treatment......Page 403
REFERENCES......Page 404
INTRODUCTION......Page 406
ADRENAL PATHOLOGY — AN OVERVIEW......Page 407
Incidence and causes......Page 408
Diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome......Page 410
Rare causes and associations of adrenal Cushing’s syndrome......Page 414
Prevalence and causes......Page 415
Screening......Page 416
Imaging......Page 417
Rare causes and associations of primary aldosteronism......Page 418
Prevalence/Definition......Page 419
Presentation......Page 420
Localization of pheochromocytoma......Page 421
Definition......Page 422
Presentation in adrenal crisis......Page 423
Diagnosis and investigations......Page 424
Treatment......Page 425
Functional assessment......Page 426
Evaluation for possible malignancy......Page 427
ADRENAL ANDROGENS AND ESTROGENS......Page 428
REFERENCES......Page 429
Gastroenterology......Page 432
22 Practical Approaches to GI Disease Ng Han Seong......Page 434
GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES IN SINGAPORE......Page 435
Dyspepsia......Page 436
Dysphagia......Page 437
Diarrhea......Page 438
Rectal bleeding......Page 439
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION......Page 440
IMAGING IN GASTROENTEROLOGY......Page 441
Contrast radiography......Page 442
Gastrointestinal endoscopy......Page 443
REFERENCES......Page 444
INTRODUCTION......Page 446
Epidemiology......Page 447
Pathophysiology......Page 448
Clinical approach......Page 449
Definition/Diagnosis......Page 450
Clinical approach......Page 451
Management......Page 452
IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME......Page 453
Pathophysiology......Page 454
Management......Page 455
REFERENCES......Page 457
PATHOGENESIS......Page 458
H. pylori......Page 459
NSAIDs......Page 460
HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION......Page 461
Urea breath tests......Page 462
Hemorrhage......Page 463
Empirical therapy......Page 464
H. pylori eradication......Page 465
Approach to preventing NSAID-induced ulcers......Page 466
Role of H. pylori eradication in long-term NSAID users......Page 467
REFERENCES......Page 468
Predisposing factors (Table 1)......Page 470
Screening......Page 472
Stomach......Page 473
Large intestine......Page 474
HEPATOBILIARY CANCERS......Page 475
Predisposing factors (Table 2)......Page 476
Treatment (Table 3)......Page 477
AFP......Page 478
REFERENCES......Page 479
INTRODUCTION......Page 482
Investigations......Page 483
History and physical examination......Page 485
Investigations......Page 487
Classification by disease activity......Page 488
Supportive therapies......Page 489
Immunomodulators......Page 491
Investigational therapies......Page 492
REFERENCES......Page 493
INTRODUCTION......Page 496
SEDATION AND ENDOSCOPY PROCEDURE......Page 497
2 Therapeutic Endoscopy......Page 498
3 Endoscopic Ultrasonography......Page 501
Diagnostic Colonoscopy......Page 503
Therapeutic Colonoscopy......Page 505
ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY (ERCP)......Page 506
General reading......Page 509
Early cancers......Page 510
Endoscopic reterograde cholangio-pancreatography......Page 511
Miscellaneous......Page 512
28 Practical Approaches to Liver Disease Ng Han Seong......Page 514
LIVER DISEASES IN SINGAPORE......Page 515
HISTORY......Page 516
General Examination......Page 518
Full blood count and prothrombin time......Page 519
Aminotransferase (ALT & AST)......Page 520
Alkaline phosphatase......Page 521
Child–Pugh classification......Page 522
Viral hepatitis serology......Page 523
Radiology......Page 524
Endoscopy......Page 526
Liver biopsy......Page 527
REFERENCES......Page 529
HEPATITIS A VIRUS......Page 530
HEPATITIS B VIRUS......Page 532
HEPATITIS C VIRUS......Page 533
HEPATITIS E VIRUS......Page 534
Prodromal phase......Page 535
Icteric phase......Page 536
Serologic tests......Page 537
Differential diagnosis......Page 538
CHRONIC VIRAL HEPATITIS......Page 539
Laboratory findings......Page 540
Treatment of chronic viral hepatitis......Page 541
Management of liver cirrhosis......Page 543
REFERENCES......Page 545
NORMAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY......Page 548
ACUTE PANCREATITIS......Page 549
ETIOLOGY......Page 550
Clinical presentation......Page 552
Hematologic and biochemical tests......Page 553
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)......Page 554
Supportive care......Page 555
Infection......Page 556
Biliary pancreatitis......Page 557
Etiology......Page 558
CLINICAL PRESENTATION......Page 559
Radiological studies......Page 560
Malabsorption......Page 561
Endoscopic and surgical therapy......Page 562
Clinical findings......Page 563
Computed tomography (CT)......Page 564
Tissue acquisition......Page 565
Medical therapy......Page 566
CYSTIC TUMORS OF THE PANCREAS......Page 567
Insulinoma......Page 568
REFERENCES......Page 569
Hematology......Page 570
INTRODUCTION......Page 572
Cellular Components and the Bone Marrow......Page 573
Plasma Components......Page 574
BLOOD IN DISEASE......Page 575
THE HEMATOLOGY PATIENT......Page 577
The Full Blood Count and Peripheral Blood Film......Page 578
Bone Marrow Studies......Page 579
Coagulation and Bleeding Disorders......Page 580
TREATING THE HEMATOLOGY PATIENT......Page 581
FURTHER READING......Page 583
IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA......Page 584
Treatment......Page 588
Clinical Features......Page 589
Causes of Vitamin B12 Deficiency......Page 590
Diagnosis of Vitamin B12 Deficiency......Page 591
Causes of Folate Deficiency......Page 592
OTHER NUTRITIONAL ANEMIAS......Page 593
REFERENCES......Page 594
INTRODUCTION......Page 596
Causes......Page 598
Thalassemia Intermedia......Page 599
HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA......Page 600
AUTOIMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA (AIHA)......Page 601
Pathogenesis of ACD......Page 602
Anemia of Malignancy......Page 603
Anemia due to Hematologic Diseases......Page 604
FURTHER READING......Page 605
INTRODUCTION......Page 606
Classification......Page 607
Immunophenotypic Analysis......Page 608
Post-remission therapy......Page 609
Diagnosis of APL......Page 610
Retinoic acid syndrome (ATRA syndrome)......Page 611
Diagnosis......Page 612
Treatment......Page 613
Bone Marrow Transplantation......Page 614
Diagnosis......Page 615
Chemotherapy......Page 616
Interferon-Alpha (IFN- )......Page 617
Allogenic stem cell transplantation......Page 618
Approach and Conclusions......Page 619
Epidemiology......Page 620
Clinical Presentation and Laboratory Abnormalities......Page 621
Staging......Page 622
Complications......Page 623
REFERENCES......Page 624
35 Myeloproliferative Disorders Wong Gee Chuan......Page 626
POLYCYTHEMIA......Page 627
Clinical features......Page 628
Differential diagnoses......Page 629
Course and management of PV......Page 630
The Plethoric Phase......Page 631
THROMBOCYTOSIS AND ESSENTIAL THROMBOCYTHEMIA (ET)......Page 632
Clinical features......Page 633
Differential diagnosis......Page 634
Prognosis, course and management of ET......Page 635
Peripheral Blood......Page 637
Differential diagnosis......Page 638
REFERENCES......Page 639
CLASSIFICATION......Page 642
PRECURSOR B-CELL NEOPLASM......Page 643
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma......Page 644
LYMPHOMA......Page 646
Staging and Investigations for Lymphoma......Page 647
Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma......Page 648
Follicular lymphoma......Page 649
Marginal zone lymphoma......Page 650
Burkitt’s lymphoma......Page 651
Classification......Page 652
Staging and Prognostication......Page 653
Laboratory Investigations......Page 654
Treatment......Page 655
Other Plasma Cell Disorders......Page 657
REFERENCES......Page 658
NORMAL HEMOSTASIS......Page 660
Clinical Presentations......Page 662
Laboratory Investigations......Page 663
Hemophilias......Page 664
Management of hemophilias......Page 665
Complications of therapy......Page 666
Other Congenital Coagulation Deficiencies......Page 667
von Willebrand’s Disease......Page 668
Treatment of von Willebrand’s disease......Page 670
Vitamin K Deficiency......Page 671
Liver Disease......Page 672
Acquired Anticoagulants......Page 673
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)......Page 674
Anticoagulant Overdose......Page 676
PLATELET DISORDERS......Page 677
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)......Page 678
FURTHER READING......Page 681
PATHOGENESIS OF THROMBOSIS......Page 682
The Role of the Endothelium......Page 683
Arterial Thrombosis......Page 684
Venous Thrombosis......Page 685
Clinical Risk Factors for Arterial Thrombosis......Page 686
Clinical Risk Factors for Venous Thrombosis......Page 687
Other Thrombophilias......Page 688
When and What to Measure for Suspected Thrombophilia......Page 689
Autopsy Studies......Page 690
Clinically Diagnosed Venous Thromboembolism in Reports from Asia......Page 691
Primary Prophylaxis of Venous Thrombosis......Page 693
Treatment of Established Venous Thrombosis......Page 694
Secondary Prophylaxis of Venous Thromboembolism......Page 695
NEW ANTITHROMBOTIC DRUGS......Page 697
FURTHER READING......Page 698
39 Immunotherapy in Hematology and Oncology William Y.K. Hwang and Gerrard K.H. Teoh......Page 700
Interferons......Page 701
Interleukins......Page 702
History and Early Development......Page 703
Anti-idiotype Abs: an initial foray into cancer therapy......Page 704
Chimeric antibodies: fusion for a new age......Page 705
“Antibody-plus”: tagged antibodies for increased efficacy......Page 706
Overview of Cell-based Anti-cancer Vaccines......Page 709
Tumor-associated Ags......Page 711
Importance of DCs......Page 713
Strategies for CTL Expansion......Page 714
Method 1 — Minor histocompatibility antigen (mHAG)-specific CTLs......Page 715
Method 4 — T cell receptor (TCR) gene transfer......Page 716
Method 3 — Tumor-protein/keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-pulsed DCs......Page 717
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 718
REFERENCES......Page 719
INTRODUCTION......Page 722
Restoration......Page 723
Graft-versus-tumor effect......Page 724
Immune reconstitution and immune tolerance......Page 725
Peripheral Blood Stem Cells......Page 726
Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant......Page 727
The Non-myeloablative Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant......Page 728
CELL DOSE, ENGRAFTMENT, GVHD PROPHYLAXIS, POST-TRANSPLANT SUPPORTIVE CARE AND COMPLICATIONS......Page 729
Allogeneic Matched Sibling Transplant......Page 730
The elderly AML and myelomas......Page 731
Patients below 35 years old......Page 732
Older patients who have no matched sibling......Page 733
FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 734
REFERENCES......Page 735
Immunology......Page 738
INTRODUCTION......Page 740
Epidemiology......Page 741
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY......Page 742
PRINCIPLES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF DRUG ALLERGY......Page 743
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES OF A DRUG ALLERGY......Page 744
History......Page 745
Physical Examination......Page 746
Skin testing......Page 747
Drug challenge......Page 748
Acute Allergic Reaction......Page 749
Desensitization......Page 751
PREVENTION OF DRUG ALLERGY......Page 752
SUGGESTED READING......Page 753
CLASSIFICATION AND TERMINOLOGY......Page 754
EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 755
NATURAL HISTORY OF FOOD ALLERGY......Page 756
Anaphylaxis......Page 757
Oral allergy syndrome......Page 758
Food-induced enterocolitis......Page 759
Celiac disease......Page 760
History......Page 761
Investigation......Page 762
Pharmacologic treatment......Page 764
UNPROVEN METHODS IN DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT......Page 765
SUGGESTED READING......Page 766
INTRODUCTION......Page 768
Bruton’s X-linked Agammaglobulinemia......Page 770
Selective IgA Deficiency......Page 771
Selective IgG Subclass Deficiency......Page 772
Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis......Page 773
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency......Page 774
X-linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome (XLP)......Page 775
Chronic Granulomatous Disease......Page 776
PRIMARY COMPLEMENT DEFICIENCY......Page 777
WHEN TO SUSPECT IMMUNODEFICIENCY......Page 778
INVESTIGATION OF IMMUNODEFICIENCY......Page 780
TREATMENT OF IMMUNODEFICIENCY......Page 782
FURTHER READING......Page 783
Internal Medicine......Page 786
INTRODUCTION......Page 788
ETIOLOGY......Page 789
EPIDEMIOLOGY (SINGAPORE)......Page 790
TRANSMISSION......Page 792
CASE DEFINITIONS......Page 794
CLINICAL SYNDROMES......Page 795
Symptoms and Signs......Page 796
Chest Imaging......Page 797
Diagnostic Tests......Page 799
Clinical Course......Page 800
Pediatric Cases......Page 801
Ribavirin......Page 802
Intravenous immunoglobulin......Page 803
Future Directions......Page 804
Protective Measures (Healthcare Setting)......Page 805
After the First Epidemic......Page 806
CONCLUSION......Page 807
REFERENCES......Page 808
INTRODUCTION......Page 812
What Constitutes an Immunocompromised State......Page 813
The range of diagnostic possibilities is wide......Page 814
The clinical presentation can be subtle......Page 816
The timetable of infection in transplant recipients......Page 818
Immune reconstitution is crucial for recovery, but sometimes can by itself, produce a disease......Page 820
ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY IN THE FEBRILE NEUTROPENIC......Page 821
Clinical Evaluation of the Febrile Neutropenic......Page 822
Duotherapy without a glycopeptide......Page 823
Recent Trends in the Antibiotic Management of Febrile Neutropenics......Page 824
REFERENCES......Page 825
INTRODUCTION......Page 830
Uncomplicated Malaria......Page 831
Cardiovascular complications......Page 832
Hematological complications......Page 833
DEFINITION OF SEVERE AND COMPLICATED MALARIA......Page 834
DIAGNOSIS......Page 835
Drug therapy......Page 836
Drug therapy......Page 837
Drug therapy......Page 839
CONCLUSION......Page 840
FURTHER READING......Page 841
INTRODUCTION......Page 842
Vancomycin Intermediate Staphylococcus Aureus (VISA)......Page 843
Extended spectrum -lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae......Page 844
CONTROL OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE......Page 845
The antimicrobial policy......Page 846
REFERENCES......Page 848
VIROLOGY......Page 850
Vectors......Page 851
PATHOGENESIS......Page 852
Antibodies......Page 853
Hemorrhage......Page 854
CLINICAL FEATURES AND DIAGNOSIS......Page 855
Classical Dengue Fever (DF)......Page 856
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever/Dengue Shock Syndrome (DHF/DSS)......Page 857
Serology......Page 860
Detection of Dengue RNA......Page 861
Dengue Fever......Page 862
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever......Page 863
Dengue Shock Syndrome......Page 865
PATHOLOGY......Page 866
PREVENTION......Page 867
CONTROL......Page 868
Control of Adult Mosquito Population......Page 869
VACCINE DEVELOPMENT......Page 870
REFERENCES......Page 871
49 Common Geriatric Problems Ding Yew Yoong and Philip Choo......Page 874
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN OLDER PATIENTS......Page 875
Impaired Cognition......Page 877
Delirium......Page 878
Dementia......Page 879
Impaired Mobility......Page 881
Instability (Falls)......Page 883
Incontinence......Page 885
Impaired Feeding......Page 886
Iatrogenesis......Page 890
REFERENCES......Page 891
Medical Oncology......Page 892
GENERAL CONCEPTS......Page 894
PROCESSES AND PATHWAYS......Page 896
ENVIRONMENT VERSUS GENES......Page 897
IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER PREVENTION......Page 898
51 Population Cancer Screening Soh Lay Tin......Page 900
CERVICAL CANCER......Page 901
BREAST CANCER......Page 903
COLORECTAL CANCER......Page 909
REFERENCES......Page 911
INTRODUCTION......Page 916
History......Page 917
Histopathological Classification......Page 918
World Health Organization (WHO) classification......Page 919
Mandatory staging investigations:......Page 921
Prognosis......Page 922
Low-grade lymphomas......Page 923
Marginal zone lymphoma MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)......Page 924
Stage I and II......Page 925
New treatment for NHL......Page 926
Incidence......Page 927
Prognosis......Page 928
Early stage HL (stage I & II)......Page 929
Advanced stage HL (stage III or IV)......Page 930
Relapsed HL......Page 931
REFERENCES......Page 932
INTRODUCTION......Page 934
Diagnosis......Page 935
Detection of recurrence......Page 936
Screening......Page 937
Detection of recurrent disease......Page 938
Prognosis......Page 939
Biology......Page 940
Treatment monitoring......Page 941
Biology......Page 942
Screening......Page 943
Treatment monitoring......Page 944
Diagnosis......Page 945
Biology......Page 946
Treatment monitoring......Page 947
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 948
SUMMARY TABLE......Page 949
REFERENCES......Page 950
BACKGROUND......Page 952
PRESENTATION OF CARCINOMA OF UNKNOWN PRIMARY AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT......Page 953
PATHOLOGIC SUBSETS OF CARCINOMA OF UNKNOWN PRIMARY......Page 954
IMAGING STUDIES IN EVALUATION OF CARCINOMA OF UNKNOWN PRIMARY......Page 955
THE USE OF TUMOR MARKERS......Page 956
Patients with Midline Anaplastic Carcinoma......Page 957
Patients with Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Cervical Lymph Nodes......Page 958
Patients with Skeletal Metastases......Page 959
REFERENCES......Page 960
HOW CHEMOPREVENTION WORKS......Page 962
WHO SHOULD RECEIVE CHEMOPREVENTION?......Page 964
CHEMOPREVENTION IN COLON CANCER......Page 965
CHEMOPREVENTION IN BREAST CANCER......Page 968
CHEMOPREVENTION IN HEAD & NECK SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA (HNSCC)......Page 970
CHEMOPREVENTION IN LUNG CANCER......Page 972
REFERENCES......Page 973
Neurology......Page 976
HISTORY......Page 978
NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION......Page 980
CONCEPTUALIZING THE DIAGNOSIS......Page 981
LUMBAR PUNCTURE......Page 983
EEG......Page 984
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC STUDIES......Page 985
SENSORY COMPLAINT AND SENSORY LOSS......Page 987
PATIENTS WHO PRESENT WITH PARALYSIS OR WEAKNESS OF LIMBS......Page 989
NYSTAGMUS......Page 991
Nystagmus with Specific Localizations......Page 993
BASIC CONCEPTS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HEADACHES......Page 994
Headache Pathophysiology......Page 995
History Taking......Page 996
HEADACHE CLASSIFICATION......Page 997
Headache Due to High CSF Pressure (Pseudotumor Cerebri)......Page 999
INVESTIGATION OF HEADACHE......Page 1000
Analgesics......Page 1001
Prophylactic Treatment......Page 1002
REFERENCES......Page 1003
INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY......Page 1004
Viral Meningitis......Page 1005
Encephalitis......Page 1006
Bacterial Meningitis......Page 1007
Fungal Meningitis......Page 1008
Tuberculous Meningitis......Page 1009
Aseptic Meningitis......Page 1010
Chronic Slow Viral Infections......Page 1012
CLINICAL PRESENTATION......Page 1013
INVESTIGATIONS......Page 1014
MANAGEMENT......Page 1015
INTRODUCTION......Page 1018
ETIOLOGY OF EPILEPSY......Page 1019
DIAGNOSIS OF EPILEPTIC SEIZURE AND EPILEPSY......Page 1020
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 1024
Electroencephalogram (EEG)......Page 1027
Structural Neuro-imaging......Page 1029
DRUG TREATMENT OF SEIZURES AND EPILEPSY......Page 1030
Which Antiepileptic Drug (AED)?......Page 1031
Monotherapy......Page 1032
AED Serum Level Monitoring......Page 1033
Epilepsy Surgery......Page 1034
Vagus Nerve Stimulator (VNS)......Page 1035
REFERENCES......Page 1036
SUGGESTED READING......Page 1040
APPROACH......Page 1042
Clinical picture......Page 1046
Pathology......Page 1047
Clinical features......Page 1048
Myasthenia Gravis......Page 1049
Diagnostic testing......Page 1050
DISEASES OF THE NERVE ROOT......Page 1051
DISEASES OF THE PLEXUS......Page 1052
DISEASES OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVES......Page 1053
Guillain–Barre Syndrome......Page 1054
Diabetic Neuropathy......Page 1055
Inherited Neuropathies......Page 1056
Entrapment Neuropathies......Page 1057
Muscular Dystrophy......Page 1058
Metabolic Myopathy......Page 1059
Myotonia......Page 1060
REFERENCES......Page 1061
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND LOCAL FIGURES......Page 1064
APPROACH TO STROKE......Page 1065
BASIC CEREBRAL SUPPLY AND ANATOMY......Page 1066
Thrombosis......Page 1068
Atherosclerosis......Page 1069
Cardiac Sources of Stroke......Page 1071
STROKE SYNDROMES......Page 1072
Computed tomography......Page 1076
Magnetic resonance imaging......Page 1077
Cerebral angiography......Page 1078
Others......Page 1079
General......Page 1080
Antithrombotics......Page 1082
Anticoagulation......Page 1083
Thrombolytics......Page 1084
Cerebral Herniation......Page 1085
Seizure......Page 1086
GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF STROKE......Page 1087
Antiplatelet agents......Page 1088
Blood pressure control......Page 1089
Carotid endarterectomy......Page 1090
Primary prevention of stroke......Page 1091
REHABILITATION AND DISCHARGE PLANNING......Page 1095
INTRODUCTION......Page 1096
GENE/ENVIRONMENTAL ETIOLOGY......Page 1097
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 1098
MEDICAL TREATMENT......Page 1099
SURGICAL TREATMENT......Page 1102
REFERENCES......Page 1105
DEMENTIA......Page 1108
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE......Page 1110
Parkinsonian Dementias......Page 1114
Metabolic Disorders......Page 1115
Toxic Dementia......Page 1116
REFERENCES......Page 1117
Obstetrics and Gynecology......Page 1120
64 Medical Disorders in Pregnancy Tan Hak Koon......Page 1122
GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS (GDM)......Page 1123
HYPERTENSIVE DISEASE IN PREGNANCY......Page 1125
VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM (VTE) IN PREGNANCY......Page 1127
CARDIAC DISEASE IN PREGNANCY......Page 1128
Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD)......Page 1129
ASTHMA IN PREGNANCY......Page 1130
RENAL DISEASE IN PREGNANCY......Page 1131
Pregnancy in Renal Transplant Recipients......Page 1132
Hyperthyroidism......Page 1133
Hypothyroidism......Page 1134
EPILEPSY IN PREGNANCY......Page 1135
IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA (ITP) IN PREGNANCY......Page 1136
SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSIS IN PREGNANCY......Page 1137
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) IN PREGNANCY......Page 1138
FURTHER READING......Page 1140
Pediatrics......Page 1142
DEFINITION......Page 1144
ACCURATE DIAGNOSIS......Page 1145
Review of Medical Records......Page 1146
Physical Examination......Page 1147
MOLECULAR GENETIC ANALYSIS......Page 1148
ESTIMATION OF RISKS......Page 1149
Inform the family as soon as possible......Page 1150
Prioritize the message......Page 1151
Appreciate parents’ reaction......Page 1152
Balance the message......Page 1153
Ongoing process......Page 1154
HELP WITH DECISION MAKING......Page 1155
PERCEPTION AND ACCEPTABILITY OF GENETIC RISKS......Page 1156
THE BURDEN OF THE CHOICE......Page 1157
PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 1158
CARE OF THE FAMILY......Page 1160
FURTHER READING......Page 1161
INTRODUCTION......Page 1164
EMOTIONAL SEQUELAE OF LEARNING DISORDERS......Page 1165
Within the Child......Page 1167
Within the Home......Page 1169
RECOGNIZABLE CLINICAL TYPES OF LEARNING DISORDERS......Page 1170
SPECIFIC LEARNING DISABILITY......Page 1171
Preschool Level......Page 1172
Late Primary and Early Secondary School Levels......Page 1173
COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT......Page 1174
GOALS OF TREATMENT......Page 1177
COUNSELING PARENTS AND CHILDREN......Page 1178
EDUCATIONAL THERAPY......Page 1179
Remediation of Skills......Page 1180
Bypass Strategies and Accommodations......Page 1182
DEVELOPMENTAL THERAPIES......Page 1183
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT......Page 1184
ADVOCACY......Page 1185
OUTCOME......Page 1186
FURTHER READING......Page 1187
INTRODUCTION......Page 1190
Variation in the Rate of Development......Page 1191
Variation in Patterns of Development......Page 1192
FOUR FUNDAMENTAL AREAS OF DEVELOPMENT......Page 1193
NATURAL BIASES ON AGE OF DEVELOPMENTAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 1194
PITFALLS IN ASSESSING MOTOR DEVELOPMENT......Page 1195
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION AND PITFALLS OF “SPOT” DIAGNOSIS......Page 1196
PITFALLS IN ASSESSING LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT......Page 1197
PROBLEMS IN EARLY IDENTIFICATION OF AUTISTIC SPECTRUM DISORDER......Page 1198
PITFALLS IN DIAGNOSING HEARING IMPAIRMENT......Page 1199
PRECISION IN TAKING DEVELOPMENTAL HISTORY......Page 1201
IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS......Page 1203
RELEVANCE OF RISK FACTORS......Page 1204
AVOIDING PITFALLS IN DEVELOPMENTAL EXAMINATION......Page 1205
COMMON MISTAKES IN DEVELOPMENTAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 1206
“IQ” TESTS......Page 1207
PREDICTING OUTCOME......Page 1208
FURTHER READING......Page 1209
INTRODUCTION......Page 1212
PARENTAL EXPERIENCES AND EXPECTATIONS......Page 1214
NUTRITIONAL AND CALORIC NEEDS OF THE CHILD......Page 1216
DEVELOPMENT OF FEEDING PROBLEMS......Page 1217
Children’s Temperament......Page 1218
Psychosocial and Emotional Development of the Child......Page 1220
Development of Feeding Skills......Page 1223
CONCLUSION......Page 1227
FURTHER READING......Page 1228
Renal Medicine......Page 1230
INTRODUCTION......Page 1232
History......Page 1233
Investigations......Page 1234
Clinical Course......Page 1235
Clinical Trials in IgA Nephritis......Page 1236
ACUTE NEPHRITIC SYNDROME......Page 1238
Causes of Nephrotic Syndrome......Page 1239
MINIMAL CHANGE DISEASE......Page 1240
MESANGIAL PROLIFERATIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS......Page 1241
MEMBRANOUS GLOMERULONEPHRITIS......Page 1242
General Treatment......Page 1243
Treatment with Steroids and Cytotoxic Agents......Page 1244
Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis (Crescenteric Glomerulonephritis)......Page 1245
REFERENCES......Page 1246
70 Urinary Tract Infection Choong Hui Lin......Page 1248
MICROBIOLOGICAL SPECTRUM AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 1249
DIAGNOSIS......Page 1250
Acute Cystitis/Urethritis......Page 1253
Recurrent infections......Page 1254
Acute Pyelonephritis......Page 1255
Prostatitis......Page 1256
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria......Page 1257
COMPLICATED UTI......Page 1258
The Elderly......Page 1259
Renal Transplant Recipients......Page 1260
Fungal Cystitis......Page 1261
REFERENCES......Page 1262
INTRODUCTION......Page 1264
Clinical History......Page 1265
Initial Investigations......Page 1266
Intravenous urogram......Page 1267
Isotope renogram......Page 1268
Renal vein renin ratio......Page 1269
Hyperfiltration Mechanism of Renal Injury......Page 1270
Drug therapy......Page 1271
Medical Treatment......Page 1273
Surgical treatment......Page 1274
HYPERTENSION IN DIALYSIS PATIENTS......Page 1275
HYPERTENSION IN RENAL TRANSPLANT PATIENTS......Page 1276
REFERENCES......Page 1277
72 Diabetic Nephropathy Grace Lee and Woo Keng Thye......Page 1278
Clinical Features......Page 1279
SCREENING FOR RENAL DISEASE......Page 1281
Glycemic Control......Page 1282
Practical recommendations......Page 1283
ACE Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARB)......Page 1284
ACE gene polymorphism......Page 1285
Practical recommendations......Page 1286
Target blood pressure......Page 1287
Antihypertensive agents......Page 1288
Summary......Page 1290
REFERENCES......Page 1291
INTRODUCTION......Page 1294
DEFINITION......Page 1295
SCOPE OF CHRONIC RENAL DISEASE......Page 1296
Screening Tests......Page 1297
EVALUATION OF CHRONIC RENAL DISEASE......Page 1299
Blood pressure control......Page 1301
Reno-protection......Page 1303
LATE COMPLICATIONS OF CHRONIC RENAL DISEASE......Page 1305
Renal Transplantation......Page 1307
Hemodialysis......Page 1309
Peritoneal dialysis......Page 1312
REFERENCES......Page 1314
Respiratory Medicine......Page 1316
74 Approach to the Patient with Respiratory Disease Philip Eng......Page 1318
HISTORY......Page 1319
HIV......Page 1322
CLINICAL EXAMINATION......Page 1323
RADIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS......Page 1324
REFERENCES......Page 1325
EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 1326
CLINICO-PATHOLOGIC FEATURES OF ASTHMA......Page 1327
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 1329
PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS......Page 1330
OTHER TESTS......Page 1331
TREATMENT......Page 1332
OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA......Page 1336
REFERENCES......Page 1338
DEFINITION......Page 1340
PATHOGENESIS......Page 1342
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND CLINICAL CORRELATION......Page 1343
CLINICAL FEATURES......Page 1344
Pulmonary Function Studies......Page 1345
Chest Radiograph......Page 1346
Acute Exacerbation......Page 1347
Methylxanthines......Page 1350
Mechanical ventilation......Page 1351
Stable COPD......Page 1352
Glucocorticoids......Page 1353
Oxygen......Page 1354
Smoking cessation......Page 1355
Pulmonary rehabilitation......Page 1356
Bullectomy......Page 1357
Lung transplantation......Page 1358
REFERENCES......Page 1359
77 Sleep Disorders Anne Hsu......Page 1362
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF SLEEP AND CLINICAL CORRELATES......Page 1363
CLASSIFICATIONS OF SLEEP DISORDERS......Page 1364
INSOMNIA......Page 1365
Periodic Leg Movements......Page 1366
HYPERSOMNIA......Page 1367
Prevalence of OSA......Page 1368
Pathogensis and sequaela of OSA (Fig. 2)......Page 1369
Symptoms During Sleep......Page 1370
Physical examination......Page 1371
Management of OSA......Page 1373
Narcolepsy......Page 1374
Idiopathic Hypersomnia......Page 1375
PARASOMNIAS......Page 1376
DISORDERS OF THE SLEEP/WAKE CYCLE......Page 1377
Multiple sleep latency test (MSLT)......Page 1378
LEGAL ASPECTS OF SLEEP AND ALERTNESS......Page 1379
REFERENCES......Page 1380
Epidemiology of Lung Cancer......Page 1384
Intrathoracic extension......Page 1386
Diagnostic Tests for Lung Cancer......Page 1387
STAGING OF NON SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER......Page 1388
Regional Lymph Nodes......Page 1389
Surgical Treatment......Page 1390
Chemotherapy......Page 1391
Small Cell Lung Cancer......Page 1392
Limited-stage disease......Page 1393
The Solitary Pulmonary Nodule (SPN)......Page 1394
Screening for Lung Cancer......Page 1396
REFERENCES......Page 1397
Etiology......Page 1400
Clinical Features......Page 1401
Treatment......Page 1402
Laryngotracheitis......Page 1403
ACUTE INFECTIVE EXACERBATION OF CHRONIC BRONCHITIS......Page 1404
Clinical features......Page 1405
Treatment......Page 1406
Classification......Page 1407
Etiology......Page 1408
Investigations......Page 1410
Treatment......Page 1413
Etiology......Page 1416
Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP)......Page 1417
Aspiration Pneumonia......Page 1418
Investigations......Page 1419
Investigations......Page 1420
Clinical features......Page 1421
Anthrax......Page 1422
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis......Page 1423
Clinical features......Page 1424
Investigations......Page 1425
Treatment......Page 1426
NONTUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIA......Page 1428
Cryptococcosis......Page 1429
Aspergillosis......Page 1430
REFERENCES......Page 1431
Incidence......Page 1434
ARDS......Page 1435
PATHOGENESIS......Page 1436
RISK FACTORS......Page 1437
MANAGEMENT......Page 1438
Positive End Expiratory Pressure (PEEP)......Page 1439
Inverse Ratio Ventilation (IRV)......Page 1440
Posture......Page 1441
Liquid Ventilation......Page 1442
OPTIMIZATION OF OXYGEN TRANSPORT......Page 1443
Steroids......Page 1444
OUTCOME......Page 1445
REFERENCES......Page 1446
Rehabilitative Medicine......Page 1452
81 A Clinical Approach to Rehabilitation Medicine Peter A. C. Lim......Page 1454
IMPAIRMENT, DISABILITY, AND HANDICAP......Page 1456
THE REHABILITATION MEDICINE TEAM......Page 1458
Other Members of the Rehabilitation Team......Page 1459
REHABILITATION MEDICINE PATIENTS......Page 1460
History......Page 1461
Physical Examination......Page 1462
Inpatient......Page 1463
Home-based......Page 1464
THE MECHANICS OF INPATIENT REHABILITATION......Page 1465
Heat and Cold Modalities......Page 1466
Therapeutic Electricity, etc.......Page 1467
Medications......Page 1469
CONCLUSION......Page 1470
FURTHER READING......Page 1471
Rheumatology......Page 1472
INTRODUCTION......Page 1474
HISTORY......Page 1475
DRUG HISTORY......Page 1477
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION......Page 1478
LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS......Page 1480
CONCLUSION......Page 1482
REFERENCES......Page 1483
Introduction......Page 1486
Immunogenetics and pathogenesis......Page 1487
Manifestations and outcome......Page 1488
SLE and reproduction......Page 1490
Investigations......Page 1491
Diagnosis......Page 1492
Treatment......Page 1493
Sjogren’s Syndrome (SS)......Page 1495
Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis......Page 1496
Scleroderma......Page 1497
Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS)......Page 1498
SYSTEMIC VASCULITIDES......Page 1499
Secondary Vasculitides......Page 1502
Differential Diagnosis......Page 1503
Investigations......Page 1504
Treatment......Page 1505
FURTHER READING......Page 1506
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA)......Page 1508
CLINICAL FEATURES......Page 1510
LABORATORY EVALUATION......Page 1514
General Approach to the Treatment of RA Patients......Page 1515
NSAIDs (Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)......Page 1516
Selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor (COX2)......Page 1517
Methotrexate (MTX)......Page 1518
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and Sulfasalazine......Page 1520
Anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy......Page 1523
Staphylococcal protein A immunoadsorption......Page 1524
Role of steroids in RA......Page 1525
REFERENCES......Page 1526
INTRODUCTION......Page 1532
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS......Page 1533
Clinical Features......Page 1535
Investigations and Assessment of Disease Status......Page 1536
Management......Page 1538
REACTIVE ARTHRITIS (REITER’S SYNDROME)......Page 1540
REFERENCES......Page 1541
EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 1544
PATHOGENESIS OF GOUT......Page 1545
ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA......Page 1546
Acute Gout......Page 1547
Extra-articular Involvement......Page 1548
Associated Conditions......Page 1549
Acute Monoarthritis......Page 1550
INVESTIGATIONS......Page 1551
Modification of Diet and Reversible Causes of Hyperuricemia......Page 1552
Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia......Page 1553
Treating the Acute Attack......Page 1554
Preventing Attacks (Prophylaxis)......Page 1557
Lowering Serum Urate Concentrations......Page 1558
Extra-articular Manifestations......Page 1559
Transplant Gout......Page 1560
REFERENCES......Page 1561
DEFINITION AND INTRODUCTION......Page 1564
Age......Page 1565
Race......Page 1566
PATHOGENESIS OF OSTEOARTHRITIS......Page 1567
THE CASE FOR AN INFLAMMATORY COMPONENT IN OA......Page 1568
HAND OA......Page 1569
Pain......Page 1570
Limitation of Function......Page 1571
Signs......Page 1572
Plain Radiography......Page 1573
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)......Page 1574
Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy......Page 1575
NSAIDs and Coxibs......Page 1576
MISCELLANEOUS SUPPLEMENTS......Page 1577
Anserine bursitis......Page 1578
SURGERY......Page 1579
REFERENCES......Page 1580
Shoulder pain......Page 1582
Elbow pain......Page 1585
Hand pain......Page 1586
Hip pain......Page 1588
Knee pain......Page 1589
Ankle and foot pain......Page 1591
Polymyalgia Rheumatica......Page 1592
Fibromyalgia......Page 1593
Low Back Pain......Page 1594
Index......Page 1596