Diversification of Mexican Spanish. A Tridimensional Study in New World Sociolinguistics

Table of contents
Acknowledgements
Prologue
Introduction: Sociolinguistic diversification
1 Diversification
2 Diversification: Social stratification
3 Diversification: Stratification and popularization
4 Language traditions
5 Literary and popular language
6 Language reforms and standardization
7 After the Wars of Independence
8 Schools of thought
9 The case of Spanish: from the beginning to New World Spanish
10 New World Spanish: spoken and written
11 The aim of this book
12 The chapters
13 Explicative models
Chapter 1. The origins of Spanish: Spain and the New World
1.1 The origins
1.2 The rise of Castilian
1.3 Repopulation of Andalusia
1.4 Toledano and Old Castilian
1.4.1 De-affrication, devoicing and inter-dentalization
1.4.2 De-palatalization
1.4.3 Yeísmo or de-latelarization
1.4.4 Aspiration and omission of /s/ in implosive position
1.5 Additional changes
1.6 Spanish initial F-: past and present perspectives
1.7 Features of Judaeo-Spanish
1.8 Features from Spain transplanted to New Spain
1.9 The features of Andalusian Spanish
1.10 Spanish speakers in New Spain
1.11 Spanish speakers and the castes in the 16th century
1.12 Theories on the origins of New World Spanish
1.13 Koines and koineization in New World Spanish
1.14 The use of dialect features in New Spain
1.15 Conclusions
Chapter 2. The first speakers of Mexican Spanish
2.1 The first Spanish speakers in Mesoamerica and social stratification
2.2 The Spanish Caribbean experiment
2.3 The encomienda in New Spain
2.4 The new system of social stratification
2.5 Origins of the first Spanish speakers
2.6 The New Laws of 1542
2.7 Spanish speakers in the 16th century: numbers and regions
2.8 The new environment
2.9 The process of socialization and diffusion
2.10 The center
2.11 The Inquisition
2.11.1 Matters of routine in and around the Holy Office
2.12 Spanish and the Holy Office
2.13 The sins recorded by the Holy Office
2.14 Spanish speakers and ethnic groups in the Abecedario
2.15 Spanish speakers of African descent
2.15.1 Afro-Mexicans and the process of acculturation
2.15.2 Afro-Mexican enclaves
2.16 Conclusions
Chapter 3. The Spanish language and its variations in New Spain
3.1 The earliest Spanish documents written in Mexico
3.2 The First Letter by Hernán Cortés
3.3 The Second Letter by Hernán Cortés
3.3.1 Salient features in Hernán Cortés’ Cartas de Relación
3.4 Adaptation of Amerindian languages
3.5 Morphology and syntax
3.6 Common verbs in transition
3.7 Verbal clitics
3.8 Stylistic and dialect variations
3.9 Indicative and subjunctive
3.9.1 Imperfect subjunctive in adverbial clauses
3.9.2 Imperfect subjunctive in translation
3.9.3 Conditional sentences with –SE in translation
3.9.4 Conditional sentences with –RA in translation
3.10 Extinct and current lexical items and discourse markers
3.11 Use of Taino borrowings
3.11.1 Documentation of Taino borrowings in New Spain
3.12 Pronouns of address
3.13 General features of 16th century Spanish pronunciation
3.13.1 General features of 16th century Spanish: morpho-syntax
3.14 Conclusions
Chapter 4. Koineization and the first generation of Spanish speakers
4.1 The first generation
4.1.1 Spanish space and Spanish institutions
4.2 The formation of the Mexican Spanish koine
4.3 The Spanish spoken and written in the 16th century
4.3.1 Evidence of dialect contact and dialect change
4.4 Other documents related to Hernán Cortés
4.4.1 The features of Cortesian texts
4.4.2 Spellings of common verbs
4.4.3 Morpho-syntactic features of Cortesian texts
4.4.4 Position of verbal clitics
4.4.5 Pro-etymological and anti-etymological verbal clitics
4.4.6 Variable use of PARA and PA
4.4.7 The use of imperfect subjunctive
4.4.8 Pronouns of address: from Cortés’ letters to 1555
4.4.9 Diffusion of Spanish, discourse markers, and lexical items
4.4.10 Loans from Taino and Nahuatl
4.5 The speech of Diego de Ordaz
4.5.1 Morpho-syntactic features of Diego de Ordaz
4.5.2 The origins of voseo
4.6 Nahuatl loans in the Vocabulario de la lengua castellana y mexicana
4.7 The explicative model of proto-Mexican Spanish
4.8 The Gulf of Mexico
4.8.1 The sibilants in the Gulf
4.8.2 Leísmo in the Gulf
4.8.3 Use of subject pronouns: vos, vosotros, vuestra merced
4.8.4 Imperfect subjunctive: variations in –SE and –RA
4.8.5 Lexicon
4.9 Conclusions
Chapter 5. How Spanish diversified
5.1 Occupational activities and social networks
5.2 Mining and metallurgy
5.2.1 Mining centers and ethnic groups
5.2.2 Taxco
5.2.3 Pachuca
5.2.4 Sultepec
5.2.5 Puebla
5.2.6 Queretaro
5.2.7 San Luis Potosi
5.2.8 Guanajuato
5.2.9 Zacatecas
5.3 Forms of labor and language contact
5.3.1 Losing the ties to the land
5.3.2 Labor and agriculture: indigenous vs. Spanish crops
5.3.3 The obrajes
5.4 Formal education
5.4.1 Education for women
5.5 Additional activities promoting the use of Spanish
5.6 Spanish literature in Spain and in New Spain
5.7 Conclusions
Chapter 6. Continuity and change: The second generation
6.1 The innovations of the second generation
6.2 Linguistic documents: the Central Highlands
6.2.1 Pronunciation traits
6.2.2 Other pronunciation features
6.2.3 Morpho-syntactic features
6.2.4 Imperfect subjunctive
6.2.5 Pronouns of address
6.2.6 Original letters by Alonso Ortiz
6.2.7 Mixing tú, vos and vuestra merced
6.3 Suárez de Peralta’s Tratado del descubrimiento de las Yndias y su conquista
6.3.1 Relevant features in Suárez de Peralta’s Tratado
6.3.2 Object pronouns LES and LOS in the second-generation
6.3.3 Other object pronouns
6.3.4 Verb forms
6.3.5 Pronoun of address in the Tratado
6.3.6 Vuesa(s) merced(es)
6.3.7 Use of imperfect subjunctive
6.3.8 Conditional sentences ending with –RA
6.3.9 Discourse markers, idiomatic expressions and other features
6.3.10 References to ethnicity
6.4 Linguistic documents: the Gulf
6.4.1 Miscellaneous traits in the Gulf
6.4.2 The system of pronouns of address: tú, vos, vosotros, vuestra merced, su merced
6.4.3 Clitic pronouns as direct objects
6.4.4 Imperfect subjunctive: variations of –SE and –RA
6.4.5 Lexical items referring to ethnicity
6.5 More examples from the second generation
6.6 Conclusions
Chapter 7. Religion, bilingualism and acculturation
7.1 Religion as a driving force
7.2 Population losses and language shift
7.3 Factors contributing to maintenance: new political organization
7.4 New religion and language maintenance and shift
7.5 Rescuing the past for the future
7.5.1 The second generation and the good memories about Tlatelolco
7.6 Strategies of Hispanization
7.6.1 Religion and the indigenous masses
7.6.2 Hispanicization of the indigenous
7.7 Transculturation and miscegenation
7.8 Language contact, bilingualism, and socio-ethnic groups
7.8.1 Bilingual individuals and bilingual groups
7.9 Ethnicity and socio-ethnic labels
7.10 Hispanization of the Afro-Mexican population
7.11 Conclusions
Chapter 8. Diversification and stability: 17th century
8.1 Spanish speakers in the 17th century
8.2 Education of Spanish speakers
8.3 Uprooting and integration of the castes
8.4 Colonial Spanish in the oldest Spanish-speaking regions
8.4.1 The spelling of the sibilants in Castilian
8.4.2 The spelling of the sibilants in the Central Highlands
8.4.3 Sibilants in the Gulf
8.4.4 “Regular” seseo
8.4.5 Residual verb forms
8.4.6 Leísmo in the Central Highlands and in the Gulf
8.4.7 Inanimate objects and leísmo
8.4.8 Pronouns of address: tú, vuestra merced, su merced, Usted
8.4.9 Vuestra merced, Usted and vosotros
8.4.10 Change of pronouns in the personal domain
8.4.11 Imperfect subjunctive with –SE and –RA
8.4.12 Ethnic groups
8.5 Literature in Spanish
8.6 Conclusion
Chapter 9. The end of the colonial period: 18th century
9.1 Attrition of peninsular Spanish variants
9.2 The growth and decline of the colony
9.3 Spanish emigrants to New Spain
9.4 Population of New Spain
9.4.1 The Revillagigedo Census
9.5 The growth of the cities
9.6 Education
9.7 The Bourbon reforms, the economy and ethnicity
9.8 Language attrition in the Central Highlands and in the Gulf
9.9 Attrition of morpho-syntactic variants
9.9.1 Direct object pronouns LE and LO
9.9.2 Pronouns of address
9.9.3 Use of –SE and –RA in conditional clauses and imperfect subjunctive
9.9.4 The use of –SE and –RA in official documentation
9.10 Lexicon
9.11 Language reforms, journalism and literature
9.12 Spanish-accented Nahuatl
9.13 Conclusions
Chapter 10. Diversification, attrition and residual variants
10.1 Attrition-focused variants
10.2 Optimal residual variants
10.2.1 The prepositions PARA and PA
10.2.2 Dissolution of hiatus
10.2.3 Addition of –s in the preterit
10.2.4 Duplicate possessives
10.2.5 Amerindian loans
10.3 Residual variants belonging to the vernacular realm
10.3.1 The diphthong /we/ in various positions
10.4 Verb forms
10.4.1 The endings –RA and –RA in protasis and apodosis
10.5 Lexical items and idiomatic expressions in popular speech
10.6 The common denominator: residual variants
10.7 Infrequent variants in modern Mexican Spanish
10.8 Variants discarded in Mexican Spanish
10.9 Modern Usted
10.10 Conclusions
11 Conclusions
11.1 A tridimensional study
11.2 The role of history: direct external factors
11.2.1 Creole and semi-creole varieties
11.3 From the past to the present: indirect external factors
11.4 Peninsular, New World and Latin American Spanish
11.5 Stages of diversification
11.6 PARA and PA in Venezuela
11.7 Diversification of the New World Spanish tree
11.8 Final conclusions
Appendix
References
Index