50 Years of Artificial Intelligence 4850

front-matter......Page 1
Introduction......Page 9
Trends......Page 10
Challenges and Outlook......Page 12
References......Page 14
The Physical Symbol System Hypothesis: Status and Prospects......Page 17
Introduction......Page 26
Prologue (1956): The Information Processing View......Page 27
Act I (1960s): Heuristic Search and Knowledge Representation......Page 29
Act II (1980s): Neural Networks......Page 30
Act III (1990s): Embodiment and Multi-agent Systems......Page 31
Act IV (2000s): Semiotic Dynamics......Page 32
Epilogue: Peeking into the Future......Page 34
References......Page 36
Highlights of AI History---From Gödel to 2006......Page 37
No Brain Without a Body / AI Becoming a Formal Science......Page 40
Formal AI Definitions......Page 41
Universal, Mathematically Optimal, But Incomputable AI......Page 42
Fully Self-referential, Self-improving Gödel Machine......Page 43
Practical Algorithms for Program Learning......Page 44
The Next 25 Years......Page 45
A Pattern in the History of Revolutions?......Page 46
Introduction and Motivation......Page 50
Experimental Results......Page 52
Effect of Restraining Joints and of Environment Modification......Page 53
The Bioloid Robotic Platform......Page 54
Implementation of Simulated Robots......Page 55
Discussion and Looking Ahead......Page 57
References......Page 58
Philosophical Preliminaries......Page 61
The Birth of AI......Page 63
Enaction......Page 66
Conclusion......Page 68
Introduction......Page 71
Theories of Cognition......Page 72
A Philosophical Stalemate......Page 73
An Empirical Resolution......Page 74
The Failure of Embodied-Embedded AI?......Page 75
Bodily Self-regulation......Page 76
Sensorimotor Coupling and Intersubjective Interaction......Page 77
A Fully Enactive AI?......Page 78
An Empirical Stalemate......Page 79
A Phenomenological Resolution......Page 80
Conclusion......Page 81
References......Page 82
Introduction......Page 84
Categorization in the Real World......Page 85
Information Self-structuring......Page 86
On Morphology, Dynamics, and Control......Page 88
On the Interaction of Physical and Information Processes......Page 90
References......Page 91
Introduction: Information Self-structuring in Ontogeny......Page 95
Information Distance......Page 96
Experience Distance......Page 97
Development of Artificial Cortex: Using Information Theory as a Means for Self-organizing Sensorimotor Structures Grounded in Experience......Page 98
Temporally Extended Experience and Interaction Histories......Page 101
Summary and Outlook......Page 103
Introduction......Page 107
Information as a Guiding Principle......Page 108
Structure of Information......Page 110
Virtue Out of Necessity: Parsimony as Organizational Principle......Page 113
Outstanding Research Issues......Page 114
Final Remarks......Page 116
References......Page 118
Introduction......Page 120
On the Information Metrics of Intelligent Moving Bodies......Page 123
A Self Organizing Network Model for Embodied Agent Communication Pragmatics Coevolution......Page 127
References......Page 130
Introduction......Page 132
Distributed Nature of Learning and Memory in Brain......Page 134
Distributed Memory......Page 135
Distributed Learning......Page 136
Test Conditions and Algorithms......Page 137
Environment as a Common Memory......Page 138
An Implicit Learning Process......Page 139
Conclusions and Future Works......Page 140
Introduction......Page 142
``Cheap Design" for Locomotion......Page 143
Body Dynamics for Behavioral Diversity......Page 145
Control and Learning Through Body Dynamics......Page 147
Discussion: Challenges and Perspectives......Page 149
Introduction......Page 152
The Method......Page 153
The Control Algorithm......Page 154
Experiments......Page 157
Discussion: Lessons from This Case Study......Page 158
Conclusion......Page 160
Introduction......Page 162
Approach......Page 164
Integration of Bacteria with the Microrobot Body......Page 165
Bacteria Attached Micro-bead Propulsion Experiments......Page 167
Chemical Stimulus Based On/Off Motion Control......Page 168
Conclusions......Page 169
References......Page 170
Introduction......Page 172
Sensors......Page 173
Sensor Chemicals......Page 174
Sensor Mode Selection......Page 175
Experiment I: Rare Events Are Detected......Page 176
Experiment II: Simultaneous Activity Is Observed for All......Page 177
Future Work......Page 179
Introduction......Page 182
Memory Mechanisms in the Brain Are Not Physically Separable from Processing Mechanisms......Page 184
With NI, the Details of the Substrate Matter......Page 185
NI Uses LOTS of Cellular Diversity......Page 186
What Do We Not Know About How Brains Work, But Could Learn?......Page 188
New Neuroscience Tools......Page 189
Neuroscience to AI and Back Again......Page 190
References......Page 191
Introduction......Page 194
Synthesis and Analysis of Minimal Recurrent Neural Controllers......Page 195
Conclusions......Page 202
Introduction......Page 204
Synaptic Plasticity......Page 206
Behavior of a Single Neuron......Page 207
Simulations......Page 208
Obstacle Avoidance Control......Page 209
Discussion and Outlook......Page 211
Brain Area V6A: A Cognitive Model for an Embodied Artificial Intelligence......Page 214
The Parietal Area V6A......Page 215
Visual Neurons Able to Localize Objects in Space......Page 217
Somatosensory Neurons Monitoring Arm Position in Space......Page 220
Neurons Encoding Planning and Execution of Reaching Movements......Page 221
Neurons Encoding the Grasping Phase of Prehension......Page 224
Links to Robotics Research......Page 226
References......Page 227
Introduction......Page 229
The Body and Its Surroundings......Page 230
FMRI Settings......Page 231
Facing Individual Changes......Page 232
Evaluation Procedure......Page 233
Results......Page 234
Discussion......Page 235
Conclusions......Page 237
Introduction......Page 240
Turing Test and Derivatives......Page 241
Compression Tests......Page 242
Competitive Games......Page 243
Smith's Test......Page 244
C-Test......Page 245
Universal Intelligence......Page 246
Summary......Page 247
Introduction......Page 251
State of the Art......Page 252
Towards an Object Based Representation of Space......Page 255
Towards Object Classification......Page 257
Towards a Structure Based Representation of Space......Page 258
Perspectives from a User Study......Page 260
Future Work......Page 261
Conclusion......Page 262
Introduction......Page 265
Anticipation: Coordinating with the Future......Page 268
Anticipation in Natural and Artificial Cognition......Page 270
Conclusions......Page 274
Introduction......Page 279
Audio-Visual Perceptual Technologies......Page 280
Human-Human Computer Support Services......Page 286
Cross-Lingual Human-Human Communication Services......Page 287
Domain-Limited Portable Speech Translators......Page 288
Translation of Parliamentary Speeches and Broadcast News......Page 289
Unlimited Domain Simultaneous Translation......Page 291
The Long Tail of Language......Page 292
References......Page 293
When AI Was Born: The Symbolic Era......Page 296
When AI Began to Crawl: The Era of Behaviour Based Systems......Page 297
Growing Up Socially: The Era of Developmental and Social Robotics......Page 300
The Social Roots of Human Intelligence......Page 301
The Social Roots of Artificial Intelligence......Page 302
Socially Intelligent Robots in the 21st Century: Challenges and Opportunities......Page 304
The Future of AI: Who We Are, and What We Can Become?!......Page 307
References......Page 308
Introduction......Page 311
Intrinsic Motivation in Psychology and Neuroscience......Page 312
The Route to Intrinsically Motivated Machines......Page 314
An Example of Architecture......Page 315
Experiments......Page 317
The Future of Intrinsically Motivated Machines......Page 320
The Second Half of AI......Page 323
On Creativity......Page 325
Conclusion......Page 326
References......Page 327
Introduction......Page 328
Rational-Emotional Architecture......Page 329
Overview on Data Fusion and Ordered Weighted Averaging(OWA)......Page 332
Decision Making Algorithm......Page 333
Experimental Results......Page 335
Conclusion and Future Works......Page 337
References......Page 338
Access Consciousness......Page 340
The Self, Intentions, and Theory of Mind......Page 341
Language......Page 342
Phenomenal Consciousness or "Feel"......Page 343
Three Properties of Raw Feel......Page 345
Neurophysiological Explanations for Feel......Page 346
The Sensorimotor Approach......Page 347
The Localisation of Touch Sensation......Page 350
Change Blindness......Page 351
References......Page 352
Introduction in the Biological Inspiration of the Robot ZAR5......Page 355
Why an Embodiment Close to a Biological Archetype?......Page 356
Humanoid Robot ZAR5 in the Face of the Embodied AI......Page 358
The Muscle-Tendon System......Page 360
The Joints......Page 361
The Control Architecture......Page 362
Novelty of the Approach and Future Challenges......Page 363
References......Page 364
Enactive Cognition: Why Create a Cognitive Humanoid Robot?......Page 366
Why Open-Systems?......Page 368
The $iCub$ Robot: Mechanical and Electronic Specifications......Page 369
The $iCub$ Software Architecture......Page 370
The $iCub$ Cognitive Architecture: An Infrastructure for Developmental Learning and Cognition......Page 371
The $iCub$ Phylogeny: Innate Abilities......Page 372
The $iCub$ Ontongeny: A Scenario for Development......Page 373
Summary......Page 374
Introduction......Page 378
Industrial Robot Interfaces......Page 379
Katana – An Intelligent Personal Robot in Industrial Applications......Page 380
Artificial Intelligence and Optimization Algorithms......Page 384
Fields of Applications......Page 389
Challenges for the Future......Page 391
References......Page 392
Introduction......Page 394
Science Stories......Page 395
Applying Personae to Developing Entities......Page 397
The AILAB......Page 399
The AILAB Islands and Their Respective Populations......Page 400
Summary......Page 405
References......Page 406
back-matter......Page 407