3D Printing: Fundamentals to Emerging Applications

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Biography
Contributors
1 3D Printing: An Introduction
1.1 What Is Additive Manufacturing?
1.2 The Additive Manufacturing Process Chain
1.2.1 Pre-Processing
1.2.2 Manufacturing
1.2.3 Post-Processing
1.3 AM Process Categories
1.3.1 Binder Jetting
1.3.2 Directed Energy Deposition
1.3.3 Material Extrusion
1.3.4 Material Jetting
1.3.5 Powder Bed Fusion
1.3.6 Sheet Lamination
1.3.7 Vat Photopolymerization
1.4 Current Developments: Potential and Challenges
1.4.1 Size and Productivity
1.4.2 Design Considerations
1.4.3 Materials
1.4.4 Process Monitoring and Control
1.4.5 Process Automation and Industry 4.0
1.5 Conclusion
References
2 Dimensional Aspect of Feedstock Material Filaments for FDM 3D Printing of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Composite 3D Printing
2.2.1 Evolution and Commercialization
2.2.2 Components of FDM 3D Printer
2.2.3 Continuous Fiber Reinforcement
2.3 Feedstocks for Polymer Composite
2.3.1 Polymer Filaments (Continuous Phase)
2.3.2 Filament Fabrication Process
2.3.3 Fibers (Discontinuous Phase)
2.3.4 Commercially Available Continuous Fibers
2.4 Dimensional Assessment of Printing Filaments
2.4.1 Methodology
2.4.2 Polymer Matrix Filament
2.4.3 Continuous Fiber Filament
2.5 Applications of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites
2.6 Summary
References
3 Applications and Challenges of 3D Printing for Molecular and Atomic Scale Analytical Techniques
3.1 Introduction
3.2 UV/VIS Spectrophotometry
3.3 Fourier Transform Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy
3.4 Mass Spectrometry
3.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
3.6 Conclusion and Outlook
References
4 Energy Materials for 3D Printing
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Energy Materials for 3D Printing
4.2.1 Carbon-Based Materials
4.2.1.1 Graphene-Based Materials
4.2.1.2 Carbon Aerogel
4.2.1.3 CNT-Based Materials
4.2.2 Conductive Polymer
4.2.3 Fiber-Based Materials
4.2.4 Nanocomposites Using 3D Printing Technology
4.2.5 MOF-Based Structures Using 3D Printing Technology
4.2.5.1 MOF-Based Structures Using 3D Printing Technology for Electrocatalytic Applications
4.2.6 MXene-Based Structures Using 3D Printing Technology
4.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Energy Material for 3D Printing
4.4 Future Perspectives
4.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
5 Nano-Inks for 3D Printing
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Synthesis of NPs
5.3 AM Or 3D Printing
5.4 Material Jetting – Inkjet Printing (IJP)
5.5 Nano-Inks for 3D Printing: Formulation, Rheology, and Challenges
5.5.1 Metal NPs Based Inks
5.5.2 Carbon-Based Inks: Graphene/GO/rGO, CNTs
5.5.3 MXene-Based Nano Inks
5.5.4 Metal Oxide-Based Nano Inks
5.6 Conclusions and Future Prospective
References
6 Additives in 3D Printing: From the Fabrication of Thermoplastics and Photoresin to Applications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fabrication of Thermoplastic Additive
6.3 Synthesis of Polymeric Photoresin
6.4 Additives in 3D Printing
6.4.1 Reinforcement On Filaments
6.4.2 Flexible Filaments
6.4.3 Conductive Materials
6.4.4 Pharmaceutical and Medical Applications
6.5 Conclusion and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
7 3D Printing for Electrochemical Water Splitting
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Fundamentals of Electrochemical Water Splitting
7.3 3D Printing Methods for Electrochemical Water Splitting Applications
7.3.1 Fabrication of Conductive Components
7.3.2 Fabrication of Non-Conductive Components
7.4 Post-Processing of 3D-Printed Electrodes
7.4.1 Metallic Electrodes
7.4.2 Polymer-Composite Electrodes
7.5 3D-Printed Prototype Electrolyzer Devices
7.5.1 Membrane Electrolyzers
7.5.2 Membraneless Electrolyzers
7.6 Outlook and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
8 Materials and Applications of 3D Print for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Materials of 3D Print in SOFC
8.3 Application of 3D-Printing Technology in SOFC
8.3.1 3D Printing Cathode
8.3.2 3D Printing Anode
8.3.3 3D Printing Electrolyte
8.3.3.1 3D Printing Electrolyte Film
8.3.3.2 3D Printing to Increase the Three-Phase Boundary and Specific Surface Area
8.3.4 3D Printing Components of the Cell Stack
8.3.5 3D Printing Stack Auxiliary Device
8.3.6 Challenges of 3D Printing in SOFC
8.3.6.1 High Resolution and High Precision Ceramic 3D-Printing Technology
8.3.6.2 Manufacturing of Multi-Material and Hybrid 3D Printer
8.4 Summary and Prospect
References
9 3D-Printed Integrated Energy Storage: Additive Manufacturing of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Batteries
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Battery Chemistry
9.2.1 Battery Chemistry Introduction
9.2.2 Carbon for Batteries
9.3 3D Printing of Carbon
9.3.1 FFF
9.3.2 Direct Write
9.3.3 SLA
9.3.4 DLP
9.3.5 2PP
9.4 Future Applications
9.5 Summary
References
10 3D-Printed Graphene-Based Electrodes for Batteries
10.1 Introduction
10.2 FDM 3D-Printed Electrodes
10.3 DIW 3D-Printing Technique
10.4 Conclusion and Future Trends
References
11 3D-Printed Metal Oxides for Batteries
11.1 Introduction
11.2 3D-Printed Techniques
11.2.1 Material Extrusion (Direct Ink Writing (DIW))
11.2.2 Material Jetting
11.2.3 Binder Jetting
11.2.4 Powder Bed Fusion (PBF)
11.2.5 Directed Energy Deposition (DED)
11.2.6 Vat Photopolymerization Stereolithography (SLA)
11.2.7 Sheet Lamination
11.3 Printing Batteries
11.4 Electrode Materials for 3D-Printed Batteries
11.4.1 Carbon Materials-Based Electrodes
11.4.2 Cellulose Nanofiber-Based Electrodes
11.4.3 Li4Ti5O12/LiFePO4 Based Electrodes
11.4.4 Anode Materials for 3D Printing Batteries
11.5 Electrolytes for 3D Printing Batteries
11.6 Application of 3D Printing Batteries
11.6.1 3D-Printed Batteries Are Edible, With Many Medical Device Applications
11.6.2 In Automobiles
11.6.3 In Aerospace Vehicles Applications
11.6.4 In Electronic Equipment
11.7 Challenges and Prospect
11.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
12 3D-Printed MXene Composites for Batteries
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices
12.1.2 Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) and Beyond
12.1.3 Conventional and State-Of-Art 3D Printing
12.2 Materials and Synthesis Strategy – MXenes Towards 3D Printing
12.2.1 Materials – Definition of MXenes
12.2.2 Synthesis Strategy – MXenes Towards 3D Printing
12.3 Properties of MXenes Towards 3D-Printed Electrodes
12.3.1 Interfacial Chemistry and Properties
12.3.2 Chemical Stability and Storage of MXenes Inks
12.3.3 Rheological Properties of MXene Inks
12.4 3D Printing Designs and Modules – Electrode Preparation Technology
12.4.1 3D Printing in Energy Storage
12.4.2 Types of 3D Printing Technologies
12.4.2.1 Inkjet Printing (IJP)
12.4.2.2 Stereolithography (SLA)
12.4.2.3 Extrusion and Direct Ink Writing (DIW)
12.4.2.4 Freeze Nano Printing (FNP)
12.5 3D-Printed MXene and MXene Composite for Batteries
12.5.1 MXene Electrodes for Batteries
12.5.2 3D-Printed MXene Electrodes for Batteries
12.5.3 Merits and Limitations of 3D-Printed MXene Electrodes for Battery
12.6 Conclusions and Future Perspective
References
13 3D-Printed Nanocomposites for Batteries
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Characteristics and Types of Batteries
13.2.1 Anode and Cathode
13.2.2 Theoretical Voltage
13.2.3 Theoretical and Specific Capacity
13.2.4 Theoretical and Specific Energy
13.2.5 Coulombic Efficiency, C-Rate, and Current Density
13.2.6 Types of Batteries
13.3 3D-Printed Nanocomposites for Batteries
13.3.1 Layered Materials-Based Nanocomposites
13.3.2 Metal Oxide-Based Nanocomposites
13.3.3 Chalcogenide-Based Nanocomposites
13.3.4 Nanocomposites for Flexible Batteries
13.4 Conclusion
References
14 3D-Printed Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Supercapacitors
14.1 Introduction
14.2 3D-Printing Methods
14.2.1 Vat Photopolymerization (VAT-P)
14.2.2 Direct Energy Deposition (DED)
14.2.3 Binder Jetting (BJ)
14.2.4 Powder Bed Fusion (PBF)
14.2.5 Sheet Lamination (SL)
14.2.6 Material Jetting (MJ) Or Inkjet Printing (IJP)
14.2.6.1 Principles of IJP Technique
14.2.7 Material Extrusion (ME) Or Direct Ink Writing (DIW)
14.3 Supercapacitor Performance of 3D-Printed Carbon-Based Materials
14.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
15 Recent Progress in 3D-Printed Metal Oxides Based Materials for Supercapacitors
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Fundamentals of Supercapacitor
15.3 Types of Supercapacitors and Their Mechanisms
15.3.1 Electric Double-Layer Capacitors
15.3.2 Pseudocapacitors
15.3.3 Hybrid Capacitors
15.4 Introduction to 3D-Print Technology
15.5 Supercapacitors Using 3D-Print Technology
15.5.1 Metal Oxide-Based 3D-Printed Supercapacitors
15.5.2 Metal Oxide-Based 3D-Printed Wearable Supercapacitors
15.4 Conclusion and Perspective
References
16 3D-Printed MXenes for Supercapacitors
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 3D-Printing Technique in Supercapacitor Technology
16.1.2 Criteria of Inks Formulations in 3D-Printing Technology
16.2 MXenes in the Fabrication of 3D-Printed Supercapacitors
16.2.1 Why Are MXenes Special in Supercapacitor Technology?
16.2.2 Role of MXenes in Fabricating 3D-Printed Supercapacitors
16.2.3 Chemical Stability and Storage of MXenes Inks for 3D Printing
16.2.4 Factors Affecting the Rheology of MXene Inks for 3D Printing
16.2.5 Formulation of Additive-Free MXene Inks for 3D Printing
16.2.6 Printing and Patterning of MXene Inks On Various Substrates for Flexible Supercapacitors
16.3 Conclusion and Prospects
Acknowledgment
References
17 3D-Printed Nanocomposites for Supercapacitors
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Materials for Supercapacitors
17.3 Recent Development in 3D-Printed Supercapacitors Using Nanocomposites
17.3.1 Nanocomposites of 2D Materials for 3D-Printed Supercapacitors
17.3.2 Nanocomposites of Metal Oxides for 3D-Printed SCs
17.3.3 Nanocomposites of Metal Sulfides for 3D-Printed SCs
17.3.4 Nanocomposites of Metal Phosphide for 3D-Printed SCs
17.4 Conclusion
References
18 3D-Printed Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Sensors
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Working Principle of Sensors
18.2.1 Types of Sensors
18.2.2 Flexible and Stretchable Sensors
18.2.3 Figures of Merit of Sensors
18.2.4 Fabrication of Sensors Via 3D Printing
18.3 Role of 3D Print in the Fabrication of Sensors
18.3.1 Graphene-Based 3D-Printed Sensors
18.3.2 CNT Based 3D-Printed Sensors
18.3.3 3D-Printed Carbon-Based Wearable Sensors
18.4 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
19 3D-Printing of Carbon Nanotube-Based Nanocomposites for Sensors
19.1 Introduction and Background
19.1.1 Nanomaterials
19.1.2 Carbon Nanotubes
19.1.3 Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Nanocomposites
19.1.4 Additive Manufacturing of Polymer Nanocomposites
19.2 3D-Printed Piezoresistive Sensors
19.3 3D-Printed Capacitive Sensors
19.4 3D-Printed Liquid/Vapor Sensors
19.5 Structural Health Monitoring
19.6 Summary
References
20 3D-Printed Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) for Sensors
20.1 Introduction
20.2 3D-Printed MOF Hydrogels and Ionogels for Sensing
20.3 Biochemical and Biomedical Sensors
20.4 3D Printed MOF Chemical and Electrochemical Sensors
20.5 Conclusion and Outlook
References
21 3D and 4D Printing for Biomedical Applications
21.1 Introduction
21.2 3D Printing in Neurosurgical Planning and Cardiology
21.3 Prostheses and Orthopedic Surgeries
21.4 Dentistry
21.5 4D Printing
21.6 Conclusion
References
22 3D-Printed Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Types of CBNs
22.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
22.2.2 Graphene
22.2.3 Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide
22.2.4 Carbon Dots
22.3 Trends in 3D-Printing Methods for Biomedical Applications
22.3.1 Drug Delivery
22.3.2 Gene Delivery
22.3.3 Biosensing
22.3.4 Bioimaging
22.3.5 Antimicrobial
22.3.6 Tissue Engineering
22.3.6.1 Cardiac Tissue Engineering
22.3.6.2 Skeletal Muscle Tissue Engineering
22.3.6.3 Nerve Tissue Engineering
22.3.6.4 Cartilage Tissue Engineering
22.3.6.5 Bone Tissue Engineering
22.3.6.6 Skin Tissue Engineering
22.3.7 Dentistry
22.3.8 Diagnosis
22.4 Future Directions and Challenges
Acknowledgment
References
23 3D-Printed Graphene for Biomedical Applications
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Applications of 3D Graphene-Containing Structures for Biomedical Engineering
23.2.1 Drug And/or Gene Delivery
23.2.2 Biosensing and Bioimaging
23.2.3 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
23.3 Design and Fabrication
23.4 Biological Functionality
23.5 Clinical Translation
23.6 Future Perspectives and Challenges
References
24 3D-Printed Metal Oxides for Biomedical Applications
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Biomedical Applications of Metal Oxides
24.2.1 Drug Delivery and Theranostic Applications
24.2.2 Cancer Therapy
24.2.3 Protection of Implants
24.2.4 Control of Bacterial Effect and Wound Healing
24.3 3D Printing of Metal Oxides
24.3.1 3D Printing of Iron Oxides
24.3.2 3D Printing of Titania (TiO2)
24.3.3 3D Printing of Zirconia (ZrO2)
24.3.4 3D Printing of Zinc Oxide (ZnO)
24.4 Conclusions
References
25 3D-Printed MXenes for Biomedical Applications
25.1 Synthesis and Structure of MXene Materials
25.2 Unique Characteristics of MXenes for Biomedical Applications
25.3 3D-Printing Techniques of MXenes in Biomedical Applications
25.4 Biomedical Applications of 3D-Printed MXenes
25.4.1 Sensors
25.4.1.1 Biosensors
25.4.1.2 Physical Sensors
25.4.2 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
25.5 Conclusions and Perspective
References
26 The Application of 3D Print in the Formulation of Novel Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
26.1 Introduction
26.2 What Is Personalized Medicine?
26.3 Why Is Personalized Medicine Important?
26.4 What Are the Current Methods of Personalized Medicine?
26.5 What Are the Problems With Current Personalized Medicine?
26.6 What Are the Alternative Methods of Achieving Personalized Medicine?
26.7 Why Does 3DP Seem Better Than Other Methods?
26.8 What Is 3D Printing?
26.9 What Can Novelties 3D Printing Provide to Pharmaceutical Sciences?
26.10 What Have 3DP Methods Been Developed Recently?
26.10.1 Inkjet 3DP
26.10.2 Fused Deposition Modelling
26.10.3 Digital Light Processing
26.10.4 Stereolithographic 3D Printing
26.10.5 Selective Laser Sintering
26.10.6 Semisolid Extrusion
26.11 What Have 3DP Methods Been in the Market/Clinical Evaluations?
26.12 What Are the Challenges for the Novel 3DP Methods to Get to the Market?
26.13 Use of 3DP in Pre-Formulation Studies
26.14 Conclusion and Future Trends
References
27 Materials and Challenges of 3D Printing for Regenerative Medicine Applications
27.1 Introduction
27.2 3D Bioprinting Modalities
27.2.1 Inkjet Bioprinting
27.2.2 Extrusion Bioprinting
27.2.3 Digital Light Processing (DLP)
27.2.4 Laser-Assisted Bioprinting (LaBP)
27.3 3D Bioprinting for Tissue Regeneration
27.3.1 3D Bioprinting: Neural Regeneration
27.3.2 3D Bioprinting: Osteochondral Tissue
27.3.3 3D Bioprinting: Cardiac Tissue
27.3.4 3D Bioprinting: Vasculature
27.4 Conclusions and Future Directions
27.4.1 4D Bioprinting
27.5 Disclaimer
References
28 Analysis of the Use of Hydrogels in Bioprinting
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Characteristics of Hydrogels
28.3 Rheological Properties of Hydrogels
28.4 Composition of Hydrogels Used in Bioprinting
28.5 Types of Bioinks Based On Hydrogels
28.6 Cross-Linking of Hydrogels
28.7 Biofabrication Technologies
28.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
29 Additive Manufacturing in the Automotive Industry
29.1 Introduction
29.2 AM in Automotive Product Development
29.3 AM in Automotive Production
29.3.1 Indirect Use of AM
29.3.1.1 Jigs, Fixtures, and Grippers
29.3.1.2 Tooling and Molds
29.3.2 Direct Use of AM
29.3.2.1 Parts With Improved Performance
29.3.2.2 Personalization and Mass Customization
29.3.2.3 Spare Parts On Demand
29.3.2.4 Aftermarket/Niche Accessories
29.4 Discussion
29.5 Conclusions
References
30 Materials and Challenges of 3D Printing for Defense Applications and Humanitarian Actions
30.1 Introduction to 3D Printing and the Importance of On and Off-Site Production
30.2 Materials and Strategies in 3D Printing for Defense Applications and Humanitarian Actions
30.3 3D Printing for Individual Objects
30.4 3D Printing for Objects for Machine Maintenance
30.5 Water Treatment Using 3D Printing
30.6 Final Remarks and Perspectives for Next Years
References
Index