3D Bioprinting in Tissue and Organ Regeneration

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3D Bioprinting in Tissue and Organ Regeneration
3D Bioprinting in Tissue and Organ Regeneration
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Contents
Author bios
Preface
1 - Introduction
1.1 Bioprinting: principle and classification
1.1.1 Extrusion-based bioprinting
1.1.2 Droplet-based bioprinting
1.1.3 Laser-based bioprinting
1.2 The organization of the book
1.3 Summary
References
2 - Considerations of bioprinting
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Prebioprinting stage
2.2.1 Minimally invasive tissue biopsy
2.2.2 Affordable and efficient stem cell differentiation/expansion protocols
2.2.3 High resolution imaging
2.2.4 Rapid medical image processing
2.2.5 Blueprint modeling
2.2.6 Process modeling for biomimicry
2.2.7 Advanced path planning for bioprinting
2.3 Bioprinting stage
2.3.1 Bioink phase
2.3.1.1 Cell density
2.3.1.2 Cytotoxicity of bioink components
2.3.1.3 Bioprintability
2.3.1.4 Cell viability and long-term cell functionality as a function of bioprinting parameters
2.3.1.5 Solidification
2.3.1.6 Mechanical and chemical properties
2.3.1.7 Guiding cell growth and differentiation
2.3.1.8 Affordability
2.3.2 Bioprinter phase
2.3.2.1 Compactness
2.3.2.2 Bioprinter resolution
2.3.2.3 Degree of freedom and motion speed
2.3.2.4 Commercialization
2.3.2.5 Automation
2.3.2.6 User-friendliness
2.3.2.7 Affordability
2.3.2.8 Versatility
2.3.3 Bioprinting phase
2.3.3.1 Bioprinting resolution
2.3.3.2 Repeatability
2.3.3.3 Biocompatibility
2.4 Postbioprinting stage
2.4.1 Conditioning of bioprinted constructs
2.4.2 Practicality
2.4.3 Affordability
2.5 Conclusions and future remarks
References
3 - Bioprinting of cartilage
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Scaffold-based bioprinting
3.2.1 Extrusion-based bioprinting
3.2.2 Droplet-based bioprinting
3.2.3 Laser-based bioprinting
3.2.4 Bioprinting for zonally stratified arrangement
3.3 Scaffold-free bioprinting
3.4 In situ bioprinting
3.5 Considerations for cartilage bioprinting and future perspectives
References
4 - Bioprinting of bone
4.1 Anatomy of native bone
4.2 Bioprinting of bone constructs
4.3 Design of bioprinted bone construct
4.3.1 Biomaterials
4.3.2 Structure design of vascularized bone constructs
4.3.3 Cell source
4.3.4 Differentiation factors
4.3.5 Mechanical properties and reinforcement
4.3.6 Hypoxic environment
4.3.7 Dynamic culture
4.4 Conclusion and future prospects
References
5 - Bioprinting of skin
5.1 Skin: anatomy and functions
5.2 Compelling needs for artificial biomimic skin
5.3 Current skin substitutes
5.3.1 Classification of skin substitutes
5.3.2 Limitations of current skin substitutes
5.4 Major approaches in tissue engineering of skin
5.5 3D bioprinting of skin
5.5.1 Imaging, 3D modeling and design approach
5.5.2 Materials
5.5.3 Cell selection
5.5.4 3D bioprinting processes
5.5.4.1 Laser-based bioprinting (LBB) of skin tissue
5.5.4.2 Robotic dispensing based 3D-bioprinter
5.5.4.3 Cryogenic extrusion–based direct-plotting system
5.5.4.4 Microfluidic approach–based skin printer
5.5.4.5 In situ bioprinting of skin
5.6 Challenges and future prospects
References
6 - Bioprinting of vascularized tissues
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Anatomy of vascular tissue
6.1.2 Need for the vascular tissue toward fabrication of tissues and organs at the clinically relevant volumes
6.2 Bioprinting for vascular or vascularized tissue fabrication
6.2.1 Scaffold-based approaches
6.2.1.1 Extrusion-based bioprinting of vascular or vascularized constructs
6.2.1.1.1 Direct extrusion
6.2.1.1.2 Indirect extrusion
6.2.1.2 Droplet-based bioprinting of vascular or vascularized constructs
6.2.1.2.1 Direct bioprinting of vascular constructs using DBB
6.2.1.2.2 Indirect bioprinting of vascular constructs using DBB
6.2.1.3 Laser-based bioprinting of vascular constructs
6.2.2 Scaffold-free bioprinting of vascular constructs
6.3 Bioprinting for vascularized tissue fabrication
6.3.1 Bioprinting macrovascular network
6.3.2 Bioprinting microvascular network
6.4 Comparison of different bioprinting modalities within the context of vascular or vascularized tissue bioprinting
6.5 Future perspectives and conclusions
References
7 - Bioprinting of other tissues and organs
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Bioprinting of cardiac tissue
7.3 Bioprinting of kidney
7.4 Bioprinting of liver
7.5 Bioprinting of nerve tissue
7.6 Bioprinting of pancreatic tissue
7.7 Bioprinting of lung
7.8 Challenges and envisioned future of organ printing
7.8.1 Challenges of organ printing
7.8.2 Envisioned future of organ printing
References
8 - Intraoperative bioprinting
8.1 Advances from in vitro bioprinting to intraoperative bioprinting
8.2 Current developments in IOB
8.3 Considerations and future outlook for IOB
8.3.1 Limitations of current bioprinting modalities
8.3.2 Compatibility of bioinks to surgical settings
8.3.3 Automation of IOB processes
8.3.4 Vascularization in intraoperatively bioprinted tissues
8.3.5 IOB of composite tissues and their translational potential
8.4 Conclusions
References
9 - Ethical and regulatory concerns of bioprinting
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Ethical aspects
9.2.1 NEST-Ethics model
9.2.2 Ethics related to source and donation of cells
9.2.3 Ethics related to clinical translation
9.3 Legal aspects
9.3.1 Intellectual property (IP) rights and related problems
9.3.2 Policies and regulations
9.3.3 Other regulatory considerations
9.4 Social aspects
9.4.1 The “soft impacts”
9.4.2 Cultural and religious perspectives
9.5 Tissue engineering and bioprinting
9.6 Recommendations and conclusions
References
Index
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