2D Nanomaterials: Chemistry and Properties

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Author
Contributors
Chapter 1 Chemistry of 2D Materials for Energy Applications
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Chemistry, Structures, and Properties of 2D Materials
1.2.1 Transition Metal Di-Chalcogenides-based 2D Materials
1.2.2 MXenes-Based 2D Materials
1.2.3 Graphene-Based 2D Materials
1.3 Energy Application of 2D Materials
1.3.1 Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
1.3.2 Electrochemical Oxygen Evolution Reaction
1.3.3 Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction Reaction
1.3.4 Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction Reaction
1.3.5 2D Materials for Advanced Batteries
1.3.6 2D Materials for Supercapacitor Devices
1.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Advanced 2D Materials for Energy Applications
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Preparation Methods of MXenes
2.2.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
2.2.2 Hydrofluoric Acid
2.2.3 Molten Salts
2.2.4 Electrochemical Etching
2.3 Conjugated Microporous Polymer/MXene Composites
2.4 Supercapacitors
2.5 Thermoelectric Materials
2.5.1 Graphene
2.5.2 Black Phosphorus
2.5.3 TMDs
2.6 Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 3 Top-Down Synthesis of 2D Nanomaterials
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Top-Down Synthesis of 2D Nanomaterials
3.2.1 Scotch-Tape-Based Micromechanical Cleavage
3.2.2 Ball Milling Exfoliation
3.2.3 Sonication-Driven Liquid Phase Exfoliation
3.2.4 Electrochemical Exfoliation Approach
3.2.5 Unzipping of the NTs
3.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4 Bottom-Up Synthesis of 2D Nanomaterials for Energy Applications
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Approaches for the Synthesis of 2D Materials
4.3 Bottom-Up Synthesis of 2D Nanomaterials
4.3.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition
4.3.2 Physical Vapor Deposition
4.3.3 Ultra-High Vacuum-Assisted Synthesis
4.3.4 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Synthesis
4.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Types of Energy Devices and Working Principles
5.1 Solar Cells
5.1.1 Silicon Solar Cells (SSCs)
5.1.2 Thin-Film Solar Cells (TFSCs)
5.1.3 Dye Solar Cells (DSCs)
5.1.4 Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs)
5.1.5 Organic Solar Cells (OSCs)
5.2 Fuel Cells
5.2.1 Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs)
5.2.2 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs)
5.2.3 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs)
5.2.4 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)
5.2.5 Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFCs)
5.3 Rechargeable Batteries
5.3.1 Organic Rechargeable Metal Ion Batteries
5.3.1.1 Alkali Metal Ion Batteries
5.3.1.2 Multivalent Rechargeable Batteries
5.3.2 Aqueous Rechargeable Metal Ion Batteries (ARMIBs)
5.3.3 Metal-Sulfur Batteries (MSBs)
5.3.4 Metal-Air Batteries (MABs)
5.4 Supercapacitors
5.4.1 Electric Double Layered Capacitors
5.4.2 Pseudocapacitors
5.4.3 Asymmetric Supercapacitors (ASCs)
5.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Theoretical Considerations of 2D Materials in Energy Applications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Calculation of Electronic Properties of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDCs) from First Principles
6.2.1 Density Functional Theory or First Principles Calculation
6.2.2 Computational Details
6.2.3 Results and Discussions
6.3 Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) and Application for Field Enhancement in Two-Dimensional Materials
6.3.1 The Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method
6.3.2 Field Enhancement in General in Nanogap Antennas
6.3.3 Application of Field Enhancement for Energy Application
Using 2D Materials
6.4 Applications of 2D Materials in Piezoelectric Devices
6.5 Applications of 2D Materials in Hydrogen Production: Photoelectrochemical Cell and Photocatalytic Water Splitting
6.5.1 Solar Energy to Chemical Energy Efficiency, η without
External Bias
6.5.2 Solar Energy to Chemical Energy Efficiency, η[sub(w/o)] with External Bias
6.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 7 2D Nanomaterials Using Thin Film Deposition Technologis
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Synthesis of 2D Materials
7.2.1 Synthesis Approaches
7.2.1.1 Top-Down Approach
7.2.1.2 Bottom-Up Approach
7.2.2 2D Materials Using Thin Films Deposition
7.2.2.1 Physical Deposition
7.2.2.2 Chemical Deposition
7.3 Characterization of 2D Materials
7.3.1 Optical Microscopy
7.3.2 Scanning Probe Microscopy
7.3.2.1 Atomic Force Microscopy
7.3.2.2 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
7.3.2.3 Raman Spectroscopy
7.3.2.4 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
7.4 Energy Applications of Thin Films Based 2D Materials
7.4.1 Thin Film-Based Supercapacitors
7.4.1.1 Graphene-Based Supercapacitors
7.4.1.2 Transition Metal Oxides and Hydroxides-Based Supercapacitors
7.4.1.3 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs)-Based Supercapacitors
7.4.1.4 MXenes-Based Supercapacitors
7.4.2 Thin Films-Based Batteries
7.4.2.1 Lithium (Li)-Based Batteries
7.4.2.2 Zn-MnO[sub(2)] Battery
7.4.2.3 Nickel-Metal Hydride
7.4.2.4 Flow Batteries
7.4.3 Thin Film-Based Solar Cells
7.4.3.1 Amorphous Silicon
7.4.3.2 Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Solar Cells
7.4.3.3 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs)
7.4.3.4 Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs)
7.4.4 Thin Film-Based Fuel Cells
7.4.4.1 Alkaline Fuel Cells
7.4.4.2 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)
7.4.4.3 Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs)
7.4.4.4 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs)
7.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Wafer-Scale Growth and High-Throughput Characterization
of Ultrathin 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDCs) for
Energy Applications
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Wafer-Scale Growth of Ultrathin TMDC Films
8.2.1 Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition
8.2.2 Vertical-Ostwald Ripening Method
8.2.3 Self-limiting Growth Method Using Atomic Layer Deposition
8.2.4 Layer-Resolved 2D Material Splitting Technique
8.3 High-throughput Characterization of Wafer-Scale Ultrathin MoS[sub(2)] Using Spectroscopic Ellipsometry
8.3.1 Basics of Spectroscopic Ellipsometry
8.3.2 Data Analysis
8.3.3 Uniformity of Wafer-Scale MoS[sub(2)] Monolayer
8.3.3.1 SE Measurement
8.3.3.2 Thickness-Dependent Dielectric Functions Ultrathin MoS[sub(2)] Films
8.3.3.3 Thickness Mapping of MOCVD and ALD Grown Wafer-Scale MoS[sub(2)] Ultrathin Films
8.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Morphological Aspects of 2D Nanomaterials for
Energy Applications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Graphene
9.2.1 Morphology and Synthesis Method
9.2.1.1 Graphene Nanosheet
9.2.1.2 Porous Graphene
9.2.2 Application of Graphene as Electrode
9.2.2.1 Supercapacitor
9.2.2.2 Lithium-Ion Batteries
9.2.2.3 Sodium-Ion Batteries
9.2.2.4 Potassium-Ion Batteries
9.3 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDCs)
9.3.1 Morphology and Synthesis Method
9.3.1.1 TMDC Nanoflakes
9.3.1.2 TMDC Nanorod and Nanoflower
9.3.1.3 TMDC Nanofiber
9.3.1.4 Porous TMDC
9.3.2 Application of TMDCs as Electrode
9.3.2.1 Supercapacitor
9.3.2.2 Lithium-Ion Batteries
9.3.2.3 Sodium-Ion Batteries
9.3.2.4 Potassium-Ion Batteries
9.4 MXene
9.4.1 Morphology and Synthesis Method
9.4.1.1 MXene Nanoflake
9.4.1.2 Porous MXene
9.4.2 Application of MXene as Electrode
9.4.2.1 Supercapacitor
9.4.2.2 Lithium-Ion Batteries
9.4.2.3 Sodium-Ion Batteries
9.4.2.4 Potassium-Ion Batteries
9.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Chapter 10 Effect of Exfoliation on Structural and Electrochemical Properties
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Electrochemical Sensors
10.3 Water Splitting and Fuel Cells
10.3.1 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER)
10.3.2 Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) and Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR)
10.4 Supercapacitors
10.5 Lithium-Ion Battery
10.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11 Tuning of Bandgap and Electronic Properties for
Energy Applications
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Graphene
11.2.1 Structure and Electronic Properties
11.2.2 Control Method of Bandgap and Electronic Properties
11.2.2.1 Non-Metallic Doping of Graphene
11.2.2.2 One-Dimensional Graphene Nanoribbons
11.2.2.3 Chemical Modification
11.2.3 Application of Graphene as Electrode
11.2.3.1 Supercapacitor
11.2.3.2 Lithium-Ion Batteries
11.2.3.3 Sodium-Ion Batteries
11.2.3.4 Potassium-Ion Batteries
11.3 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDCs )
11.3.1 Structure and Electronic Properties
11.3.2 Control Method of Bandgap and Electronic Properties
11.3.2.1 Phase Control Engineering
11.3.2.2 Heteroatoms Doping
11.3.3 Application of TMDCs as Electrode
11.3.3.1 Supercapacitor
11.3.3.2 Lithium-Ion Batteries
11.3.3.3 Sodium-Ion Batteries
11.3.3.4 Potassium-Ion Batteries
11.4 MXene
11.4.1 Structure and Electronic Properties
11.4.2 Control Method of Bandgap and Electronic Properties
11.4.2.1 Surface Control
11.4.3 Application of MXene as Electrode
11.4.3.1 Supercapacitor
11.4.3.2 Lithium-Ion Batteries
11.4.3.3 Sodium-Ion Batteries
11.4.3.4 Potassium-Ion Batteries
11.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Chapter 12 Electrolyte Membrane for 2D Nanomaterials
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Advantages of 2D Materials in Electrolytic Membrane
12.2.1 How 2D Fillers Differ from Other Nano Filler Materials
12.3 Important Parameters for Improving Membrane Properties
12.4 Graphene/Graphene Oxide Their Composites for Electrolyte Membrane Applications
12.4.1 Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Graphene/ Polymer Electrolyte Membranes
12.5 Boron Nitride Nanosheet/Polymer Membrane Synthesis and Properties
12.6 Modified MoS[sub(2)]/Polymer Membranes for Energy Applications
12.7 2D MXene/Polymer Composite Membranes for Energy Applications
12.8 Future Scope for 2D Framework in Electrolyte Membrane-Based Application
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 13 Nanocomposites of 2D Materials for Enhanced
Electrochemical Properties
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Composites of 2D Materials
13.2.1 Metal-Matrix Composites of 2D Materials
13.2.2 Ceramic-Matrix Composites
12.2.3 Metal-Organic Matrix/2D Polymer/Carbon Composites
13.2.4 Heterostructure Composites of 2D Materials
13.3 Supercapacitor
13.3.1 Mechanism
13.3.2 2D Material Composites as a Supercapacitor
13.4 Batteries
13.4.1 Mechanism
13.4.2 2D Material Composites as a Battery
13.5 Sensor
13.5.1 Mechanism
13.5.2 2D Material Composites as a Sensor
13.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 14 Recent Developments in Group II-VI Based Chalcogenides
and Their Potential Application in Solar Cells
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Two-Dimensional (2D) Nanomaterials
14.3 Importance of II-VI Based Chalcogenides
14.4 Synthesis Techniques
14.4.1 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis
14.4.2 Hydrothermal Synthesis
14.4.3 Electrochemical Synthesis
14.5 Properties of II-VI based Chalcogenides
14.6 Applications in Solar Cells
14.6.1 Cadmium-Related Chalcogenides
14.6.1.1 Cadmium Telluride
14.6.1.2 Cadmium Sulfide
14.6.1.3 CdTe and CdS Heterojunction
14.6.1.4 Cadmium Selenide
14.6.2 Zinc-Related Chalcogenides
14.6.2.1 Zinc Oxide
14.6.2.2 Zinc Sulfide
14.6.2.3 Zinc Selenium
14.6.2.4 Zinc Tellurium
14.7 Future Perspectives
14.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 15 Photovoltaic Application of Graphene Oxide and Reduced
Graphene Oxide: Perspectives on Material Characteristics
and Device Performance
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Overview of Organic Photovoltaics Operation
15.2.1 Polymer Solar Cells
15.2.2 Dye-sensitized Solar Cells
15.3 Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide
15.3.1 Application of Graphene Oxide, Reduced Graphene Oxide
and Their Nanocomposite in Polymer Solar Cells
15.3.2 Application of Graphene Oxide, Reduced Graphene Oxide
and Their Nanocomposite in Dye-sensitized Solar Cells
15.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16 Revolutionizing the Field of Solar Cells by Utilization of Nanoscale Metal Oxide/Hydroxide Based 2D Materials
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Advancements in the Doped Electron Transport Layers (ETLs)
16.2.1 Doped TiO[sub(2)] ETL
16.2.2 Doped SrSnO[sub(3)] ETL
16.2.3 Doped ZnO ETL
16.3 Conclusions and Prospects
References
Chapter 17 2D Materials for Flexible Photo Detector Applications
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Photodetectors
17.3 Materials Used in Photodetectors
17.4 Photodetectors for Different Wavelengths
17.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18 2D Nanomaterials for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Production
18.1 Introduction
18.2 2D Nanostructures as HER Electrocatalysts
18.2.1 Holey Pt Nanosheets on NiFe-Hydroxide Laminates
18.2.2 Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
18.2.3 MoS[sub(2)] Quantum Dots on Graphitic Carbon Nitride
18.2.4 2D Metal-Organic Frameworks
18.2.4.1 2D Porous NiCoSe Nanosheet Arrays on Ni Foam
18.2.4.2 2D CoNi Bimetallic MOF
18.2.4.3 NiFe(dobpdc)-MOF with an Extended Organic Linker
18.2.4.4 2D Layered CuS-C
18.2.5 Wrinkled Rh[sub(2)]P Nanosheets
18.2.6 Graphene Hybrid Systems
18.2.6.1 Metal-Doped Graphene
18.2.6.2 Metal Sulfide or Metal Selenide−Graphene Hybrids
18.2.6.3 Metal Phosphides or Metal Carbides–Graphene Hybrids
18.2.6.4 Bimetallic Phosphides on Reduced Graphene
18.2.7 CoP Nanosheet Aerogel
18.2.8 Ruthenium-Doped Bimetallic Phosphide on Ni Foam
18.2.9 Porous W-Doped CoP Nanoflake Arrays
18.2.10 Single Atom on the 2D Matrix
18.3 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 19 Application of Graphene Family Materials for High-Performance Batteries and Fuel Cells
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Graphene and Graphene-Based Materials
19.2.1 Classification and Fabrication
19.2.2 Properties
19.2.3 Characterization Techniques
19.2.4 General Applications of Graphene
19.3 Application of Graphene and Graphene-Based Materials in Batteries and Fuel Cells
19.3.1 Introduction
19.3.2 Structures, Basic Mechanisms, and Key Parameters of Cell s/Batteries
19.3.3 The Application of Graphene/Graphene Family Materials on Batteries
19.3.3.1 Graphene/Graphene Family Materials in Lithium-ion Batteries
19.3.3.2 Graphene/Graphene Family Materials on Fuel Cells
19.3.4 Discussion
19.4 Summary and Prospective
References
Chapter 20 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMD)-Based
Nanomaterials for Lithium/Sodium-ion Batteries
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Structure and Properties of 2D TMDs
20.3 Preparation Processes
20.3.1 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Method
20.3.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition Method
20.3.3 Exfoliation Method
20.4 Applications
20.4.1 Application in Lithium-ion Batteries
20.4.2 Application in Sodium-ion Batteries
20.5 Conclusion and Outlooks
References
Index