21st Century Nanoscience – A Handbook, Volume Two: Design Strategies for Synthesis and Fabrication

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Editor
Contributors
1 Large-Scale Colloidal Synthesis of Nanoparticles
1.1 Introduction
Basics of the Colloidal Synthesis of Nanoparticles
1.2 One-Batch Synthesis
Heat-Up Method
Hot-Injection Method
1.3 Continuous and Multiphase Flow Synthesis
Tubular Flow Reactors
Spinning Disc and Rotating Tube Reactors
1.4 Conclusions and Outlook
References
2 Plasma Synthesis of Nanomaterials
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Type of Nanomaterials
Three-Dimensional (3D) Structure
Two-Dimensional (2D) Structure
One-Dimensional (1D) Structure
Zero-Dimensional (0D) Structure
2.3 Pulsed Laser Ablation
2.4 Nanomaterials Synthesis by Pulsed Laser Ablation
2.5 Experimental Confirmation of Vapor-Phase ZnO Nanoparticles Formation
Rayleigh Scattering
Photoluminescence
2.6 Nanomaterials Synthesis by Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquids
2.7 Heterogeneous Colliding Plasma for Synthesis of Nanocomposites
2.8 Nano-Flakes Synthesis by Using Plasma Reactor
2.9 Summary
References
3 Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Mechanism of the Green Synthesis
3.3 Effective Parameters in the Green Synthesis
Plant and Plant Extract
pH of the Plant Extract
Antioxidant Capacityof the Plant Extract
Plant Extract Quantity
Reaction Time
Reaction and Extraction Temperature
3.4 Assisted Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Chemically Assisted (Semi-green) Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Physically Assisted Green Synthesis
3.5 Additives in Green Synthesis
3.6 Iron Nanoparticles
Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles
Magnetite (Fe[sub(3)]O[sub(4)]) Nanoparticles
Iron (III) Oxide Nanoparticles
Iron (III) Oxide-Hydroxide (FeOOH) Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles of Iron Complexes
3.7 Silver Nanoparticles
3.8 Gold Nanoparticles
3.9 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
3.10 Copper Nanoparticles
3.11 Aluminium Oxide Nanoparticles
3.12 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles
3.13 Conclusion and Perspective
References
4 Cellulosic Nanomaterials
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Classifications of Cellulosic Nanomaterials
4.3 Preparation of Cellulosic Nanomaterials
Mechanical Methods
Chemical Methods
Bacterial Synthesis of Nanocellulose
4.4 Surface Modification
4.5 Properties of Nanocellulose
4.6 Applications of Cellulosic Nanomaterials
Nanocellulose-Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites
Biomedical Applications
Electronic- and Electrical-Related Applications
Water Treatment
Other Applications
4.7 Summary and Future Outlook
References
5 Upconversion Nanoparticles: Design Strategies for Their Synthesis and Fabrication of Their Surface Chemistry
5.1 Upconversion Nanoparticles—Functionalities by Design
Structure and Composition of UCNP
Theories of Photon Upconversion
5.2 Synthesis Methods
Overview of UCNP Synthesis Procedures
Synthesis of Hydrophobic UCNPCore
Synthesizing Core-Shell Nanoparticles
5.3 Introduction to Surface Coatings for Biological Applications
Ligand-Based Surface Coatings
Polymer Coatings
Lipid Coatings
Nucleic Acid Coatings
5.4 Surface Chemistry Characterization Techniques
Size and Morphology Analysis Using TEM and DLS
Charge Characterization through Zeta Potential
Surface Characterization through NMR and FTIR
Composition Characterization through Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (AES)
Density Measurements through Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
Crystal Structure Analysis through X-ray Diffraction
References
6 Microwave-Hydrothermal Synthesis of Perovskite Oxide Nanomaterials
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Principles of Microwave-Hydrothermal (M-H) Synthesis
M-H Process: Basic Principles
Advantages and Limitationsof the M-H Process
6.3 Fundamentals of Perovskite Oxide Nanomaterials (PONs)
Perovskite Structures
Fundamentals of PONs
Quantum Confinement and Size Effects in PONs
6.4 Physical Properties of PONs Synthesized by M-H Process
Introduction
Electrical Properties
Magnetic Properties
Multiferroic Properties
Photocatalytic Properties
Photovoltaic Properties
6.5 Microstructural Characterizations of PONs Synthesized by M-H Process
Introduction
Perovskite Oxide Nanoparticles
1D Perovskite Oxide Nanostructures
Perovskite Oxide Nanoarchitectures
6.6 Functional Applications of PONs Synthesized by M-H Process
6.7 Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
7 Gram-Scale Synthesis of Graphene Quantum Dots
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Synthetic Methods
Top-Down Method
Bottom-Up Method
7.3 Synthetic Raw Materials
Low-Cost Biomass-Based Resources
Biomass Wastes Resources
Food-Based Resources
7.4 Conclusions
References
8 Electrocatalytic Optically Modulated Green Prepared Nanoparticles
8.1 Introduction
Nanotechnology and Nanoscience
Nanoparticles
Methods of Synthesis—Green Chemistry, Physical, and Chemical Methods
Metal Oxides
Catalysis
8.2 Applications of Nanoparticles
Electrocatalysis
Photocatalysis
Antibacterial Agents
8.3 Conclusions and Remarks
References
9 Carbon Nanotube Products from the Floating Catalyst Method
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Floating Catalyst Method
Carbon Source
Carrier Gas
Catalyst
Promoter
Synthesis Temperatureand Injector Tube Length
9.3 Aligned CNT Aerogels from Floating Catalyst Method
Fabrication of CNT Aerogels
Morphology and Advanced Multi-properties of CNT Aerogels
Applications of CNT Aerogels
9.4 Aligned CNT Films from Floating Catalyst Method
Fabrication and Morphologies of CNT Thin Films
Advanced Multi-properties and Post-treatments of CNT Thin Films
Applications of CNT Thin Films
9.5 Aligned CNT Fibers from Floating Catalyst Method
Fabrication and Morphology of CNT Fibers
Advanced Multi-properties and Post-treatments of CNT Fibers
Applications of CNT Fibers
9.6 Conclusions and Suggestions
References
10 Gold Nanoparticles by Green Chemistry
10.1 Introduction
The Explosive Growth and Contribution of Nanotechnology to Mankind
Synergistic Integration of Green Chemistry and Nanotechnology
10.2 Introduction to Nanomaterials
What are Nanomaterials?
Classification of Nanomaterials
10.3 Gold Nanoparticles
Significance of Gold Nanoparticles
Approaches for the Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles
10.4 Green Chemistry in Action: Towards Sustainable Production of Gold Nanoparticles.
Green Synthetic Approaches
Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Tea Extract: A Green Chemistry Experiment
10.5 Surface Modification of Gold Nanoparticles
Protective Surface Coatings
Surface Modification by Functionalization
10.6 Catalysis by Gold: Exploitation of Catalytic Property of Surface Modified Gold Nanoparticles in Varied Industrially Significant Organic Reactions
Hybrid Au NPs (Supported Gold Nanoparticles Composites)
Catalysis by Hybrid Gold Nanoparticles
Industrial Case Studies
10.7 Conclusion
References
11 Self-assembly of Amphiphilic Molecules
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Basic Properties of Amphiphilic Molecules
11.3 Amphiphiles Aggregates Formation
Identification of the Amphiphile Critical Micellar Concentration
11.4 Thermodynamics of Amphiphiles Self-assembly
11.5 Amphiphiles Packing Factors and Aggregates Morphologies
Lyotropic Liquid Crystal Structures and Aggregation Phases of Amphiphiles
11.6 Lipid-Based Amphiphiles: Self-assembly of Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery Application
11.7 Bio-inspired Amphiphiles: Peptide Amphiphiles
11.8 Polymer-Based Amphiphiles
Linear Amphiphilic Block Copolymers
Hyperbranched Polymers-Based Amphiphiles
11.9 Amphiphiles Self-assembly and Synthesis of Hybrid Nanostructures
11.10 Supramolecular Self-assembly and Hierarchical Amphiphilic Nanostructures
11.11 Conclusion
References
12 Pre-programmed Self-assembly
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Inverse Optimization Techniques
12.3 Directional Interactions
12.4 Binary Mixtures of Nanoparticles
12.5 Multicomponent Assemblies
12.6 Template-Assisted Growth
12.7 Hierarchical Self-assembly
12.8 DNA Bonds
12.9 DNA Tiles
12.10 DNA Origami
12.11 DNA-Grafted Nanoparticles
12.12 Conclusions and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
13 Survey of Nanomaterials Synthesis, Fabrication, and Growth
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Nanomaterials Fabricated by Chemical Techniques
Chemical Vapor Deposition Method
Hydrothermal Method
Sol-Gel Method
Precipitation Method
13.3 Nanomaterials Fabricated by Physical Techniques
Top-Down Approaches
Bottom-Up Approaches
13.4 Nucleation and Growth of Nanomaterials
Homogeneous Nucleation
Heterogeneous Nucleation
Growth of Nuclei
13.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
14 Inkjet Printing of Catalytic Materials
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Basics of Inkjet Printing
Mechanisms of Drop Formation
Ink Composition and Properties
Ink Properties Requirements
14.3 Inkjet Printing of Solid Catalysts
Metal-Supported Catalysts
Metal Oxide Catalysts
Inkjet-Assisted Carbon Nanotubes Fabrication
Photocatalytic Applications
Fuel-Cell Applications
14.4 Challenges in Inkjet Printing of Catalysts
14.5 Conclusions
References
15 Calix-Assisted Fabrication of Metal Nanoparticles: Applications and Theoretical Insights
15.1 Introduction
Design and Fabrication of Nanoparticles: A General Introduction
15.2 Synthetic Strategies
Different Synthetic Strategies for the Formation of Nanoparticles
Types of Top-Down Approach
Types of Bottom-Up Approach
Merits/Demerits
15.3 Fabrication of Nanoparticles Using Calixarenes
Introduction
Types of Calixarenes
Characteristics of Calixarenes
Properties of Calixarenes-Based Nanoparticles
Chemistry of Calix-Nanohybrids
Fabrication Using Calixarenes as Stabilizing Agents
Fabrication Using Calixarenes Reducing as well as Stabilizing Agents
Applications of Fabricated Calixarene-Based Nanoparticles
15.4 Theoretical Approach for Mechanistic Insight
Introduction
Computational Adsorption Study of Metal Surface Models
Binding Energetics and Mapping of the Electronic Populations(Surface/Atomic Charges) to Understand the Reaction Behavior
Different Software Packages Used for Molecular Modeling Studies
Dynamics and Growth of Calix-Based Nanostructures (Molecular Dynamics Calculations)
15.5 Concluding Remarks
References
16 Biofabrication of Graphene Oxide Nanosheets
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Functionalization of Graphene Oxide
Noncovalent Functionalization (NCF)
Covalent Functionalization
16.3 Graphene Metal Nanoparticle Nanocomposites
16.4 Graphene Metal Oxide Nanocomposites
16.5 Graphene Semiconducting Nanoparticles
16.6 Miscellaneous Methods for Fabrication of GO Nanosheets
16.7 Characterization Techniques for GO-Based Materials
UV-Vis Studies
Attenuated Total Reectance-FTIR (ATR-FTIR) Spectroscopy Studies
X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Studies
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) Studies
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and SAED Studies
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) Studies
Raman Spectroscopy Studies
Zeta Potential and DLS Study
Atomic Force Microscopic (AFM) Studies
Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
16.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
17 Radio Frequency Magnetron-Sputtered Germanium Nanoislands: Comprehensive Investigations of Growth Parameters
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Literature Survey
Introduction
Importance of Germanium
Low-Dimensional Structure Physics
Exciton
Confinement Regimes
Theory of Lattice Mismatch and Growth Modes
Ostwald Ripening
Ge/Si Island Shapes and Evolution
Rf Magnetron Sputtering Growth of Ge/Si
Epitaxial and Nonepitaxial GeNanodots in the Presence of SiO[sub(2)] Sub-Layer
Ge/Si Multilayers
17.3 Methodology
Growth of Ge Nanoislands in rf Magnetron Sputtering System
Characterization Techniques
17.4 Substrate Temperature-Dependent Surface Morphology and Photoluminescence of Germanium Quantum Dots Grown by Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering
Introduction
Experiment
Results and Discussion
Summary
17.5 Time Deposition-Dependent Surface Morphology and Photoluminescence of Ge Nanoislands
Introduction
Experiment
Results and Discussion
Summary
17.6 Structural and Optical Behavior of Germanium Quantum Dots: Role of Annealing
Introduction
Experiment
Result and Discussion
Summary
17.7 Inuence of Ar Flow and rf Power on Growth of Ge/Si(100) Nanoislands
Introduction
Experiment
Results and Discussion
Summary
17.8 Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering Grown Germanium Nanoislands: Annealing Time-Dependent Surface Morphology and Photoluminescence.
Introduction
Experiment
Results and Discussion
Summary
17.9 Optical Properties and Structural Evolution of Self-Assembled Ge/Si Bilayer Containing Ge QDs
Introduction
Experiment
Results and Discussion
Summary
17.10 Optical Behavior of Self-Assembled High-Density Ge Nanoislands Embedded in SIO[sub(2)]
Introduction
Experiment
Results and Discussion
Summary
17.11 Conclusion and Future Works
Conclusion
Recommendation for Future Work
References
18 Active Scanning Probes in Nanostructure Fabrication
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Electron Field Emission
18.3 Scanning Probe Lithography with Self-Sensing and Self-Actuated Cantilever
18.4 Scanning Probe Lithography Instrument
18.5 Cantilevers Parallelization for High-throughput Operation
18.6 Summary
References
19 Nanoscale Electrocrystallization: Eco-Friendly and Site-Selective Nanofabrication of Organic Nanocrystals Based on Electrochemistry
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Nanoscale Electrocrystallization
19.3 Nanodevice Fabrication Using Nanoscale Electrocrystallization
19.4 Magnetic Field Effect Devices
19.5 Electronic Field Effect Devices
19.6 Complete Device Fabrication under Ambient Conditions
19.7 Perspective
Acknowledgments
References
20 Bio-Inspired Graphene-Derived Membranes
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Assembly Approaches
Filtration-Assisted Assembly
Evaporation-Assisted Assembly
Layer-by-Layer Assembly
20.3 Multilevel Structures
Building Block Structures
Layered Structures
Ruga Structures
20.4 Mechanical Performance
Experimental Advances
Theoretical Advances
20.5 Separation Features
Liquid Separation
Gas Separation
Interfacial Engineering
Remarks on the Separation Features
20.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
21 Nanoscale Shape Control
21.1 The Development of Shape Controlling of Materials in Nanoscale
21.2 Classical and Non-classical Nucleation and Growth Theory for Shape Controlling of Materials
Classical Nucleation and Growth Theory
Non-classical Nucleation and Growth Theory
21.3 Typical Parameters for Shape Controlling of Materials in Nanoscale
Supersaturation
Temperature
Seeds, Templates, and Defects
Functional Groups
21.4 Prospective
References
Index