The Handbook of Berber Linguistics

Introduction
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Section I: Berber Phonetics/Phonology
1 Durational Correlates of Geminate Stops: The Case of Berber and Japanese
Introduction
Hypotheses
Method
Results
Intersegmental Results for Voiceless Stops
Intersegmental Results for Voiced Stops
Intrasegmental Results for Voiceless Stops
Intrasegmental Results for Voiced Stops
Relative Values for Singletons Versus Geminates
Discussion and Conclusions
Absolute Durational Data
Relative Durational Data
Concluding Remarks
References
2 ``Within-Category´´ Consonant-Vowel Interactions in Tashlhit: Labialized Consonant Alternations
Introduction
Facts and Previous Accounts
A Very Common Within-Category C-V Interaction: Labialized Consonant Dissimilation
A Very Rare Within-Category C-V Interaction: Labialized Consonant Assimilation
Cw-Dissimilation As Identity Avoidance
Cw-Assimilation As a Corollary of Vowel Copying
Vowel Copying
Description and Analysis
Round Dissimilation and Round Copying: The Reconciliation
Cw-Assimilation As a Case of Consonant Permeability
Is There a Commonality Between Cw-Dissimilation and Cw-Assimilation?
Tashlhit C-V Interactions and Conspiracy in Phonology
The Emergence of the Unmarked
Conclusion
References
3 Acquisition in a Multilingual Context: English Mid and Low Vowel Contrasts by Native Speakers of Tashlhit
Introduction
Studies of L2 and L3 Phonology
Role of L1 and L2 Transfer in L3 Acquisition
Combined Transfer
The Multilingual Context: Tashlhit Speakers´ Linguistic Repertoires
Tashlhit (L1)
Moroccan Arabic (MA)
Modern Standard Arabic (MSA)
French
English
The Study: Hypotheses and Predictions
Participants
Perceptual Experiments
Results
Production Experiments
Results
Discussion
Role of L1 Transfer and Other Languages
Comparing Across Systems in Multilingual Learning
Implications for Language Teaching and Future Work
Conclusion
References
4 Glide: High Vowel Alternation at the Syntax-Phonology Interface
Introduction
Glides Versus High Vowels: Features, Representations and Alternations
Amazigh Phonemic System: An Outline
Glides Versus High Vowels: Features and Representations
Glide - High Vowel Alternations in Amazigh
Contexts of Alternation
Lack of Alternation
Boundaries, Phases, and Spell-Out: The Basics
Grammatical Carriers in Phonology
Derivation by Phase
Phasal Spell-Out of the High Vocoids I, U
Emphasis Spread in Verbs and Nouns: Acoustic Data
Conclusion
References
5 The Phonetics and Phonology of Tashlhiyt Geminates: An Overview
Introduction
Representation of Consonant Gemination
Singletons Versus Geminates: Acoustic and Articulatory Attributes
Primary Correlate of Gemination
Secondary Correlates of Gemination
A Contrast with Multiple Correlates
The Perception of Geminates in Tashlhiyt
Additional Issues
Lexical Versus Derived Geminates
Gemination and Speech Rate: A Search for Invariance
Conclusion
References
Section II: Cultural Linguistics, Sociolinguistics, Psycholinguistics, and Pedagogy
6 Le corse et l´amazighe, de la minoration à l´officialisation et de la famille à l´école
Introduction
Pourquoi les langues minorées/minorisées et minoritaires sont-elles menacées de mort ?
L´école et la sauvegarde des langues menacées
Gros plan sur la langue corse et son introduction à l´école
Le corse, d´un dialecte de l´italien à une langue autonome
L´introduction du corse à l´école
La langue polynomique: un concept pour gérer la variation linguistique
La théorie de l´élaboration linguistique ou la production didactique en corse
La langue corse: le choix d´une norme graphique
Variation et norme graphique: une graphie pour le corse
Réflexions sur la didactique de la langue corse et de sa norme graphique
L´amazighe au Maroc, une langue en transformation
L´amazighe: d´une langue minorée à une langue officielle
La création de l´IRCAM et l´institutionnalisation de l´amazighe
La langue amazighe: de l´aménagement de son corpus à son enseignement
Quelle norme graphique pour la langue amazighe?
La production didactique et l´accès de l´amazighe à l´école
Quelle langue amazighe enseigner à l´école primaire ?
Comment l´amazighe est enseigné en classe?
Conclusion
Annexes
Références bibliographiques
Documents officiels
Ouvrages et articles
7 Swadesh in the Sahara: Lexicostatistical Lists in Berber/Amazigh Languages and Their Loan Components
Introduction
Some Remarks on Sources
Contact Influences on Berber: A Synopsis
A Note on Early Semitic Influence: Cardinal Numerals
Arabic (and Other) Loans on Some Amazigh Swadesh Lists
Kabyle Berber/Taqbaylit (All from Arabic)
Other Berber Varieties
Comparison with Other High Borrowing Languages
Berber Loans in Northern Songhay Swadesh List Vocabulary
Conclusions
References
8 Auditory Word Recognition in Tashlhit/Berber: Supraliminal Speech Priming
Introduction
Tashlhit
Word Recognition Process (Speech Supraliminal Priming)
Frequency Pretest
Experiment 1: Form and Meaning in the Tashlhit Mental Lexicon
Method
Participants
Materials
Procedure
Results
Discussion
Experiment 2. Morphological and Phonological Priming Effect in Tashlhit
Method
Participants
Materials
Procedure
Results
Discussion
General Discussion
Conclusion
Appendix A (Stimuli Used in Experiment 1)
Appendix B (Real Words Used in Experiment 2)
References
9 Shaping Amazigh Identity: The Case of the Netherlands
Introduction
Moroccans in the Netherlands
Leading Figures with an Amazigh Background in the Netherlands
Amazigh Activists
Amazigh Associations in the Netherlands
Research on Berber
The Language Issues
The Berber Community in the Netherlands: A Case of Transnationalism?
Outlook
References
10 Language Attitudes Toward Berber: Two Decades After the Official Recognition
Language of Morocco: Status and Functions
French
Berber
Measuring Language Attitudes
Anonymous Questionnaire About Language Issues in Morocco for a Book Project
Conclusion
References
11 Word Boundaries in the Writing System of Standard Amazigh: Challenges from Tarifit Facebook Users
Introduction
Languages, Scripts, and Writing Against the Background of the Standardization of Berber
The Word as a Linguistic Entity
The Noun in Tarifit
The Word Spelling in Standard Amazigh According to Boukhris et al. (2008)
Corpus and Method
Analyses
Definitness Markers
Indefinitness Marker
Prepositional Phrases
The Preposition n in Noun-Noun Constructions
Summary and Discussion
Conclusion
References
12 The Berbers in Tunisia: Mistaken Identity Amid Contentious Politics in Post-Arab Spring Tunisia
Introduction
Literature Review
Language Attitudes: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives
Discussion: The Future of Berber Language in the Context of Language Contact
Language Contact and Attrition
Language Policy and Language Planning
Conclusion
References
Section III: Historical Linguistics and Typology
13 L´archaïsme linguistique en berbère (kabyle): étude sur un corpus parémiologique
Introduction: Qu´est-ce qu´un archaïsme?
Le corpus
L´archaïsme linguistique dans les proverbes kabyles
L´archaïsme phonétique
L´archaïsme morphosyntaxique
L´archaïsme lexico-sémantique
Conclusion
Annexe
Bibliographie
14 Reconstructing the Proto-Berber Verb System in Afro-Asiatic Perspective
Introduction
Berber Aspectual System
The Role of Ablaut in the Formation of the Three Aspectual Stems
Stative Conjugation
Marking for the Contrast of Imperfectivity Versus Perfectivity
Temporal/Aspectual Contrasts
Lexical Aspect Contrasts (Initial Phase, Repetition of an Event)
Conjoining Clauses in Berber and Semitic
Berber Diathetic System
Semitic Parallels in Marking for the Imperfective
Reconstructing Common Proto-Semito-Berbero-Cushitic
Conclusion
References
15 Proto-Berber Heavy Verbs
Introduction
The Perfective Vocalism
Application of the A--A Vocalism to Quadrisyllabic Stems
The Aorist Vocalism
The Imperfective Formation
The Classification of Middleweight Verbs
Conclusion
Appendix
Class 1 (Aor. -A)
*ăcăc
*acăc
*ăc
Class 2 (Aor. )
*ucc
*uccc
*c
*ccucc
*ccucu
*1c2c1c2
*ccicc
Bibliography
16 Berber isnin and ``Defined Numerals´´
Evidence of isnin and Other Defined Numerals
Beni Menacer
Aurès
Kabyle
Tripolitania
Jerba
Mzab
Touareg
Southern and Northern Morocco: Tashelhit, Iznassen
Zenaga
The Kitāb al-Barbariyya
Diachronic Considerations
Conclusions
References
Section IV: Morphology and Syntax (and Typology)
17 On Berber Verbs of State
Introduction
The Morphophonological Properties of Q-verbs in Taqbaylit Berber
Vocalic Properties
Consonant Gemination in the Perfective of Basic Q-verbs
Adjective Formation
The Morphosyntactic Properties of the Perfective Stem of Q-verbs
Agreement in the Perfective
The Interpretation of the Perfective
The Effect of Directional -d
The Formal Properties of Verbal and Nominal Templates
The `Normal´ Verbal Template
The Nominal Template
The Template of Q-verbs
Conclusion and Outlook
References
18 The Status of Berber (Past and Present) and Its Contact with Arabic
Introduction
A Historical Background
The Contact Between Berber and Colloquial Dialectal Arabic
Colloquial Dialectal Arabic as an Indigenous Language
Colloquial Arabic Loans
The Issue of the Alphabet
Introducing Amazigh in Schools
The Evolution of the Status of Berber
Conclusion
References
19 Comment la tradition berbérisante a intégré la partie ergative de la syntaxe berbère actuelle dans celle qui est accusative
Introduction
Des éléments syntaxiques ergatifs intégrés dans la forme prédominante de la syntaxe berbère moderne et actuelle
Deux types de verbes et de syntaxe dans les berbères moderne et actuel
Conclusion
Bibliographie
20 Conditionals in Berber
Conditionals and Conditional Typology
On Berber and Its Verbal System
Marking and Clause Order in Berber Conditionals
Degrees of Hypotheticality
Some Related Adverbial Constructions
Conclusion
References
21 Frequency Norms in Tashlhiyt: A Pilot Study
Introduction
Methods
Word Frequency
Consonant and Vowel Frequency
Conclusion
Appendix
References
22 On State and Case in Berber: A Typological Perspective
Introduction
The Morphosyntax of the Alternation: Diachrony, Synchrony, and Micro-variations
Morphology
Common Syntactic Patterns of the States
Syntactic Micro-variations
Accounts of the Berber Nominal Alternation in the Light of Typological Data
Construct State
Configurational Coding
A New Unrecognized Category
Marked Nominative
Challenges to Case in Berber and Typology
Post-Verbal S and A with Quantifiers
O Arguments in the Annexed/Nominative Form
Adjectives and Lack of Case Agreement
Conclusion
References
23 Tashlhiyt Berber DP Assembled
Introduction
Nominal Structure in TsB
The Internal Structure
Number
Gender
State Alternations
External Structure
The Proposal
Initial Vowel Status
The DP Organization in TsB
N0-to-n0 Raising
N0- (n)-to-D0 Raising
The Demonstrative
The Quantifier
The Numeral
The Null Category
Conclusion
References
24 Two Waves of Berber Influence on Moroccan Arabic
Introduction
In the Beginning
Thereafter
Hereafter
References
25 Conjugated Adjectives and Participles in Senhaja Berber (Northwestern Morocco)
Introduction
Adjectives and Participles in Senhaja
Adjectives as a Distinct Morphological Class
Conjugation of Adjectives and Participles in Senhaja
Introduction
Conjugated Berber Adjectives
Arabic Adjectives and Participles
Reference to the Future and Past
Negation of (Conjugated) Adjectives and Participles
Negation of (Conjugated) Adjectives and Participles in the Present
Negation of (Conjugated) Adjectives and Participles in the Future and Past
Relative Forms of Berber Adjectives, Arabic Adjectives, and Participles
Introduction
Berber Adjectives in Relative Constructions
Arabic Adjectives and Participles in Relative Constructions
Summary and Conclusion
References
26 The Use of the Bare Aorist in Figuig Berber (Eastern Morocco)
Introduction
Basics of the Figuig Berber System of Mood and Aspect
The Aorist
Framed Aorists
After mi ``when´´ and daj mi ``every time that´´
After i ``when´´
Other Aspectual Framings
Chained Aorists
Introduction
Bare Aorists in Chains Without a Clear Initial Verb
What Does the Chained Aorist Express?
The Chained Aorist in Orders
The Chained Aorist Continuing a Perfective
Conclusion
Transcription and Abbreviations
References
27 Numeral Reduplication in Taqbaylit
Introduction
Numerals and Distributivity
Numeral Reduplication and Pluractionality
Syntactic Distribution of NumRed
Participant-Distribution Is Reducible to Spatial-Distribution
Atomicity and Exhaustivity
Plurality Requirement
Analysis
Theoretical Background
Semantics of Red
Conclusion
References
28 Diatopic Variation in Kabyle Berber
Introduction
Some Characteristics of the External Plural in Kabyle (Dialect of At Mangelat)
Uniform Plural Template in the Dialect of Dallet (At Mengelat Dialect)
CVCV Framework
Virtual Length and the Phonetic-Phonology Interface
The Initial Vowel of Nouns in Kabyle
Derivation of Kabyle Plural
Analysis of Diatopic Variation
Absence of Gemination in the Singular
Conclusion
References
29 The Functions of Independent Personal Pronouns in Berber
Introduction
Typology of Independent Personal Pronouns: Forms and Functions
Independent Personal Pronouns in Berber
Forms of Independent Personal Pronouns
Functions of Independent Personal Pronouns in Berber
Independent Personal Pronouns in Siwi
Morphology and Syntax of Independent Pronouns
Information Structure Functions
Independent Pronouns and Word Order
Contrastive Focus and Contrastive Topic
Focus Particles
Conclusions
References
30 Action Nouns in Zenaga Berber of Mauritania
Introduction
Vowel Patterns of Action Nouns
Bisyllabic ANs in ``Non-a´´
Masculine ANs
Feminine ANs
Bisyllabic ANs in ``a´´
Masculine ANs
Feminine ANs
AN in ``a-Non-a´´
Masculine ANs
Feminine ANs
AN in ``Non-a-a´´
Masculine ANs
Feminine ANs
Plurisyllabic AN in ``Non-a´´
Masculine ANs
Feminine ANs
Plurisyllabic AN in ``a´´
Masculine ANs
Feminine ANs
AN in ``a-a-Non-a´´
Masculine ANs
Feminine ANs
AN in ``a-Non-a-Non-a[-Non-a]´´
Masculine ANs
Feminine ANs
Other Cases
Monosyllabic in ``Non-a´´
Monosyllabic AN in ``a´´
ANs in ``Non-a-a-Non-a´´
ANs in ``a-Non-a[-Non-a]-a´´
ANs in ``Non-a-a-a´´
ANs in ``Non-a-Non-a[-Non-a]-a´´
Borrowings from Arabic
Summary Table of the Main Patterns
Analysis and Comments
From the Point of View of the Root
Degemination
Gemination
Velars
Glottal Stop
Other Cases
From a Morphological Point of View
Negative Perfective (NP) Patterns
IA Patterns
Identical Imperative and Aorist Patterns
FAN Endings
Conclusion
Bibliography
Section V: Lexicology and Onomastics
31 A Preliminary Account of Hypocoristics in Moroccan Amazigh
Introduction
Review of the Literature
Hypocoristics in Moroccan Amazigh
Deriving Hypocoristics in MAm: A Preliminary Account
Pattern I
Pattern II
Root-Based Hypocoristic Patterns
Variation as Reflective of a Socio-pragmatic Function
Conclusion
Appendix
Hypocoristics in MAm
References
32 Comparaison et reconstruction en berbère
Structuration et organisation du lexique
Quelques données berbères
Comparer pour reconstruire
Exemple de la base R et la notion de ``dureté, sécheresse´´
Lieu sec et pierreux, endroit dur, terrain rocailleux et aride,
azaar, tazaart, pl. izuar
akeku, takekut
Sécheresse, plage et aire à battre les céréales
Lexique géographique berbère: une diversité de désignations et une unité de signification
Références bibliographiques
33 Le vocabulaire berbère des plantes. Profondeur historique, conservation et permanence
Introduction
Les sources
Les difficultés spécifiques aux sources anciennes et modernes
Les sources contemporaines
La sémantique du vocabulaire des plantes
Être humain
Références Religieuses
Mythologie
Noms d´animaux
Aspects phonétiques
Structures composées
Composés avec bu + X
Composés avec substantif+substantif
Verbe +Substantif
Composés avec tif/tuf/f/af
Composés avec eilal ``herbe´´
Composés avec mer-
Composés avec wa-
Composés avec -enni,-enna, -emmi
Archéologie linguistique et récupération-reconstruction lexicale
Les emprunts
De l´amazigh vers le latin?
Les emprunts d´origine punique (suffixe - im)
Conclusion
Bibliographie consultée
Index