Atlas of Anatomy꞉ Head, Neck, and Neuroanatomy, Latin Nomenclature

Media Center Information......Page 2
Title Page......Page 3
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 10
Foreword by Lawrence M. Ross, Brian R. MacPherson, and Anne M. Gilroy......Page 22
Preface to the Second Edition......Page 23
Preface to the First Edition......Page 25
A Note on the Use of Latin Terminology......Page 26
Acknowledgments......Page 27
Head and Neck......Page 30
1.1 Regions and Palpable Bony Landmarks......Page 31
1.2 Head and Neck and Cervical Fasciae......Page 34
1.3 Clinical Anatomy......Page 39
1.4 Embryology of the Face......Page 45
1.5 Embryology of the Neck......Page 48
2.1 Skull, Lateral View......Page 55
2.2 Skull, Anterior View......Page 59
2.3 Skull, Posterior View and Cranial Sutures (Suturae Cranii)......Page 63
2.4 Exterior and Interior of the Calvarium......Page 68
2.5 Base of the Skull (Basis Cranii), External View......Page 73
2.6 Base of the Skull (Basis Cranii), Internal View......Page 77
2.7 Orbit (Orbita): Bones and Openings for Neurovascular Structures......Page 82
2.8 Orbita and Neighboring Structures......Page 87
2.9 Nose: Nasal Skeleton......Page 92
2.10 Nose: Paranasal Sinuses (Sinus Paranasales)......Page 95
2.11 Temporal Bone (Os Temporale)......Page 100
2.12 Sphenoid Bone (Os Sphenoidale)......Page 104
2.13 Occipital Bone (Os Occipitale) and Ethmoid Bone (Os Ethmoidale)......Page 107
2.14 Hard Palate (Palatum Durum)......Page 112
2.15 Mandible (Mandibula) and Hyoid Bone (Os Hyoideum)......Page 117
2.16 Teeth (Dentes) in situ......Page 120
2.17 Terminology, Dental Schema, and Dental Characteristics......Page 127
2.18 Position of Teeth in Permanent Dentition: Orientation of the Skull and Dental Occlusion......Page 133
2.19 Permanent Teeth (Dentes Permanentes) Morphology......Page 140
2.20 Periodontium......Page 144
2.21 Deciduous Teeth (Dentes Decidui)......Page 150
2.22 Tooth Development (Odontogenesis)......Page 155
2.23 Dental Radiology......Page 161
2.24 Dental Local Anesthesia......Page 167
2.25 Temporomandibular Joint (Articulatio Temporomandibularis)......Page 172
2.26 Biomechanics of the Temporomandibular Joint (Articulatio Temporomandibularis)......Page 177
2.27 The Cervical Spine......Page 181
2.28 Overview of the Ligaments of the Cervical Spine......Page 189
2.29 The Ligaments of the Upper Cervical Spine (Articulationes Atlantooccipitalis and Atlantoaxialis)......Page 194
2.30 The Uncovertebral Joints of the Cervical Spine......Page 197
3.1 Muscles of Facial Expression (Musculi Faciei): Overview......Page 202
3.2 Muscles of Facial Expression: Actions.......Page 205
3.3 Muscles of Mastication (Musculi Masticatorii): Overview and Superficial Muscles......Page 209
3.4 Muscles of Mastication (Musculi Masticatorii): Deep Muscles......Page 214
3.5 Muscles of the Head: Origins and Insertions......Page 216
3.6 Neck Muscles: Overview and Superficial Muscles......Page 218
3.7 Neck Muscles: Suprahyoid and Infrahyoid Muscles......Page 223
3.8 Neck Muscles: Prevertebral and Lateral (Deep) Muscles......Page 229
4.1 Classification of the Arteries Supplying the Head and Neck......Page 233
4.2 Arteria Carotis Interna and Classification of the Branches of the Arteria Carotis Externa......Page 240
4.3 Arteria Carotis Externa: Anterior, Medial, and Posterior Branches......Page 244
4.4 Arteria Carotis Externa: Terminal Branches......Page 250
4.5 Arteria Carotis Interna: Branches to Extracerebral Structures......Page 253
4.6 Veins of the Head and Neck: Superficial Veins......Page 258
4.7 Veins of the Head and Neck: Deep Veins......Page 261
4.8 Veins of the Neck......Page 266
4.9 Lymph Nodes (Nodi Lymphoidei) and Lymphatic Drainage of the Head and Neck......Page 272
4.10 Overview of the Nervi Craniales......Page 277
4.11 Cranial Nerves: Brainstem (Truncus Encephali) Nuclei and Peripheral Ganglia......Page 281
4.12 Nervi Craniales: Nervus Olfactorius (CN I) and Nervus Opticus (CN II)......Page 288
4.13 Nervi Craniales of the Extraocular Muscles: Nervus Oculomotorius (CN III), Nervus Trochlearis (CN IV), and Nervus Abducens (CN VI)......Page 291
4.14 Nervi Craniales: Nervus Trigeminus (CN V), Nuclei and Distribution.......Page 297
4.15 Nervi Craniales: Nervus Trigeminus (CN V), Divisions......Page 302
4.16 Nervi Craniales: Nervus Facialis (CN VII), Nuclei and Distribution......Page 307
4.17 Nervi Craniales: Nervus Facialis (CN VII), Branches......Page 313
4.18 Nervi Craniales: Nervus Vestibulocochlearis (CN VIII)......Page 318
4.19 Nervi Craniales: Nervus Glossopharyngeus (CN IX)......Page 323
4.20 Nervi Craniales: Nervus Vagus (CN X)......Page 328
4.21 Nervi Craniales: Nervus Accessorius (CN XI) and Nervus Hypoglossus (CN XII)......Page 333
4.22 Neurovascular Pathways through the Base of the Skull, Synopsis......Page 340
4.23 Overview of the Nervous System in the Neck and the Distribution of Spinal Nerve Branches......Page 343
4.24 Nervi Craniales and Autonomic Nervous System in the Neck......Page 349
5.1 Ear (Auris): Overview and Supply to the External Ear (Auris Externa)......Page 354
5.2 External Ear: Auricula, Auditory Canal (Meatus Acusticus Externus) and Tympanic Membrane (Membrana Tympanica)......Page 359
5.3 Middle Ear (Auris Media): Tympanic Cavity (Cavitas Tympani) and Pharyngotympanic Tube (Tuba Auditiva)......Page 364
5.4 Middle Ear: Auditory Ossicles (Ossicula Auditoria) and Tympanic Cavity (Cavitas Tympani)......Page 368
5.5 Inner Ear (Auris Interna): Overview......Page 375
5.6 Ear: Auditory Apparatus......Page 381
5.7 Inner Ear: Vestibular Apparatus......Page 385
5.8 Ear: Blood Supply......Page 392
5.9 Eye: Orbital Region, Eyelids, and Conjunctiva......Page 395
5.10 Eye: Lacrimal Apparatus (Apparatus Lacrimalis)......Page 399
5.11 Eyeball (Bulbus Oculi)......Page 404
5.12 Eye: Lens and Cornea......Page 410
5.13 Eye: Iris and Ocular Chambers......Page 415
5.14 Eye: Retina......Page 421
5.15 Eye: Blood Supply......Page 425
5.16 Orbita: Extraocular Muscles (Musculi Externi Bulbi Oculi)......Page 429
5.17 Orbita: Subdivisions and Neurovascular Structures......Page 434
5.18 Orbit: Topographical Anatomy......Page 438
5.19 Nose: Overview......Page 442
5.20 Nasal Cavity (Cavitas Nasi): Neurovascular Supply......Page 446
5.21 Nose and Paranasal Sinuses (Sinus Paranasales): Histology and Clinical Anatomy......Page 450
5.22 Oral Cavity (Cavitas Oris): Overview......Page 458
5.23 Tongue (Lingua): Muscles and Mucosa......Page 463
5.24 Tongue: Neurovascular Structures and Lymphatic Drainage......Page 468
5.25 Oral Floor......Page 471
5.26 Oral Cavity: Pharynx and Tonsils (Tonsillae)......Page 475
5.27 Pharynx: Muscles......Page 479
5.28 Pharynx: Surface Anatomy of the Mucosa and its Connections with the Skull Base......Page 483
5.29 Pharynx: Topographical Anatomy and Innervation......Page 487
5.30 Pharynx: The Parapharyngeal Space and its Clinical Significance......Page 491
5.31 Pharynx: Neurovascular Structures in the Parapharyngeal Space (Superficial Layer)......Page 495
5.32 Pharynx: Neurovascular Structures in the Parapharyngeal Space (Deep Layer)......Page 499
5.33 Salivary Glands (Glandulae Salivariae)......Page 504
5.34 Larynx: Location, Shape, and Laryngeal Cartilages......Page 510
5.35 Larynx: Internal Features and Neurovascular Structures......Page 517
5.36 Larynx: Muscles......Page 522
5.37 Larynx: Topographical and Clinical Anatomy......Page 528
5.38 Endotracheal Intubation......Page 534
5.39 Thyroid Gland (Glandula Thyroidea) and Parathyroid Glands (Glandulae Parathyroideae)......Page 537
5.40 Topography and Imaging of the Glandula Thyroidea......Page 541
6.1 Face: Nerves and Vessels......Page 547
6.2 Neck, Ventral View: Superficial Layers......Page 551
6.3 Neck, Ventral View: Deep Layers......Page 554
6.4 Head, Lateral View: Superficial Layer......Page 556
6.5 Head, Lateral View: Middle and Deep Layers......Page 561
6.6 Infratemporal Fossa (Fossa Infratemporalis)......Page 563
6.7 Pterygopalatine Fossa (Fossa Pterygopalatina)......Page 569
6.8 Posterior Cervical Triangle (Trigonum Cervicale Posterius)......Page 572
6.9 Deep Lateral Cervical Region, Carotid Triangle (Trigonum Caroticum), and Thoracic Inlet (Apertura Thoracis Superior)......Page 576
6.10 Posterior Cervical and Occipital Regions (Regiones Cervicalis Posterior and Occipitalis)......Page 581
7.1 Coronal Sections: Anterior Orbital Margin and Retrobulbar Space......Page 585
7.2 Coronal Sections: Orbital Apex and Hypophysis.......Page 588
7.3 Transverse Sections: Orbits (Orbitae) and Optic Nerve (Nervus Opticus)......Page 590
7.4 Transverse Sections: Sphenoid Sinus (Sinus Sphenoidalis) and Middle Nasal Concha (Concha Nasalis Media)......Page 593
7.5 Transverse Sections: Nasopharynx (Pars Nasalis Pharyngis) and Median Atlantoaxial Joint (Articulatio Atlantoaxialis Mediana)......Page 595
7.6 Transverse Sections: C5–C6......Page 598
7.7 Transverse Sections: Anatomy of the Neck from the T1/T2 to C6/C7 Levels......Page 599
7.8 Midsagittal Sections: Nasal Septum (Septum Nasi) and Medial Orbital Wall......Page 602
7.9 Sagittal Sections: Inner Third and Center of the Orbit......Page 605
Neuroanatomy......Page 609
8.1 Organization and Basic Functions of the Nervous System......Page 611
8.2 Cells, Signal Transmission, and Morphological Structure of the Nervous System......Page 615
8.3 Overview of the Entire Nervous System: Morphology and Spatial Orientation......Page 620
8.4 Embryological Development of the Nervous System......Page 624
8.5 Nervous System in situ......Page 630
8.6 Overview of the Brain: Telencephalon and Diencephalon......Page 635
8.7 Overview of the Brain: Brainstem (Truncus Encephali) and Cerebellum.......Page 641
8.8 Overview of the Spinal Cord (Medulla Spinalis)......Page 649
8.9 Blood Supply of the Brain and Spinal Cord......Page 656
8.10 Somatic Sensation......Page 664
8.11 Somatomotor Function......Page 669
8.12 Sensory Organs......Page 674
8.13 Principles of the Neurological Examination......Page 680
9.1 Neurons......Page 686
9.2 Neuroglia and Myelination......Page 691
10.1 Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems, Organization......Page 696
10.2 Autonomic Nervous System, Actions and Regulation......Page 701
10.3 Parasympathetic Nervous System, Overview and Connections......Page 704
10.4 Autonomic Nervous System: Pain Conduction......Page 708
10.5 Enteric Nervous System (Plexus Entericus)......Page 712
11.1 Brain and Meninges in situ......Page 717
11.2 Meninges and Dural Septa......Page 719
11.3 Meninges of the Brain and Spinal Cord......Page 723
12.1 Ventricular System, Overview......Page 729
12.2 Cerebrospinal Fluid (Liquor Cerebrospinalis), Circulation and Cisternae......Page 733
12.3 Circumventricular Organs and Tissue Barriers in the Brain......Page 738
12.4 In Situ Projection of the Ventricular and Dural Venous Sinus Systems in the Cranial Cavity......Page 745
13.1 Telencephalon, Development and External Structure......Page 747
13.2 Gyri and Sulci of the Telencephalon: Convex Surface of the Cerebral Hemispheres and Base of the Brain......Page 752
13.3 Gyri and Sulci of the Telencephalon: Medial Surface and Insula......Page 755
13.4 Cortex Cerebri, Histological Structure and Functional Organization......Page 758
13.5 Neocortex, Cortical Areas......Page 763
13.6 Allocortex, Overview......Page 766
13.7 Allocortex: Hippocampus and Amygdala......Page 770
13.8 The White Matter (Substantia Alba)......Page 775
13.9 Basal Nuclei (Nuclei Basales)......Page 781
14.1 Diencephalon, Overview and Development......Page 786
14.2 Diencephalon, External Structure......Page 791
14.3 Diencephalon, Internal Structure......Page 795
14.4 Thalamus: Thalamic Nuclei......Page 797
14.5 Thalamus: Projections of the Thalamic Nuclei......Page 804
14.6 Hypothalamus......Page 809
14.7 Glandula Pituitaria (Hypophysis)......Page 813
14.8 Epithalamus and Subthalamus......Page 818
15.1 Brainstem (Truncus Encephali), Organization and External Structure......Page 825
15.2 Truncus Encephali: Nuclei Nervi Craniales, Nucleus Ruber, and Substantia Nigra......Page 829
15.3 Truncus Encephali: Reticular Formation (Formatio Reticularis)......Page 835
15.4 Truncus Encephali: Descending and Ascending Tracts......Page 840
15.5 Mesencephalon and Pons, Transverse Section......Page 847
15.6 Medulla Oblongata, Transverse Section......Page 851
16.1 Cerebellum, External Structure......Page 856
16.2 Cerebellum, Internal Structure......Page 860
16.3 Cerebellar Peduncles and Tracts......Page 865
16.4 Cerebellum, Simplified Functional Anatomy and Lesions......Page 869
17.1 Arteries of the Brain: Blood Supply and the Circle of Willis......Page 873
17.2 Arteries of the Cerebrum......Page 878
17.3 Arteries of the Cerebrum, Distribution......Page 882
17.4 Arteries of the Truncus Encephali and Cerebellum......Page 885
17.5 Dural Sinuses (Sinus Durae Matris), Overview......Page 890
17.6 Sinus Durae Matris: Tributaries and Accessory Draining Vessels......Page 893
17.7 Veins of the Brain: Superficial and Deep Veins......Page 895
17.8 Veins of the Truncus Encephali and Cerebellum: Deep Veins......Page 899
17.9 Blood Vessels of the Brain: Intracranial Hemorrhage......Page 904
17.10 Blood Vessels of the Brain: Cerebrovascular Disease......Page 909
18.1 Spinal Cord (Medulla Spinalis): Segmental Organization......Page 915
18.2 Medulla Spinalis: Organization of Medulla Spinalis Segments......Page 921
18.3 Medulla Spinalis: Internal Divisions of the Substantia Grisea......Page 925
18.4 Medulla Spinalis: Reflex Arcs and Intrinsic Circuits......Page 929
18.5 Ascending Tracts of the Medulla Spinalis: Tractus Spinothalamici......Page 933
18.6 Ascending Tracts of the Medulla Spinalis: Fasciculus Gracilis and Fasciculus Cuneatus......Page 937
18.7 Ascending Tracts of the Medulla Spinalis: Tractus Spinocerebellares......Page 942
18.8 Descending Tracts of the Spinal Cord: Tractus Pyramidales (Corticospinales)......Page 945
18.9 Descending Tracts of the Medulla Spinalis: Extrapyramidal and Autonomic Tracts......Page 950
18.10 Tracts of the Medulla Spinalis, Overview......Page 954
18.11 Blood Vessels of the Medulla Spinalis: Arteries......Page 957
18.12 Blood Vessels of the Medulla Spinalis: Veins......Page 961
18.13 Medulla Spinalis, Topography......Page 967
19.1 Coronal Sections: I and II (Frontal)......Page 973
19.2 Coronal Sections: III and IV......Page 976
19.3 Coronal Sections: V and VI.......Page 980
19.4 Coronal Sections: VII and VIII.......Page 984
19.5 Coronal Sections: IX and X......Page 988
19.6 Coronal Sections: XI and XII (Occipital)......Page 990
19.7 Transverse Sections: I and II (Cranial)......Page 994
19.8 Transverse Sections: III and IV......Page 998
19.9 Transverse Sections: V and VI (Caudal)......Page 1001
19.10 Sagittal Sections: I–III (Lateral)......Page 1005
19.11 Sagittal Sections: IV–VI......Page 1007
19.12 Sagittal Sections: VII and VIII (Medial)......Page 1010
20.1 Somatosensory System: Synopsis of the Pathways......Page 1014
20.2 Somatosensory System: Stimulus Processing......Page 1016
20.3 Somatosensory System: Lesions......Page 1021
20.4 Somatosensory System: Pain Conduction.......Page 1025
20.5 Somatosensory System: Pain Pathways in the Head and the Central Analgesic System......Page 1028
20.6 Motor System, Overview......Page 1033
20.7 Motor System: Tractus Pyramidalis (Corticospinalis)......Page 1038
20.8 Motor System: Motor Nuclei......Page 1042
20.9 Motor System: Extrapyramidal Motor System and Lesions......Page 1045
20.10 Radicular Lesions: Sensory Deficits......Page 1049
20.11 Radicular Lesions: Motor Deficits......Page 1055
20.12 Lesions of the Plexus Brachialis......Page 1059
20.13 Lesions of the Plexus Lumbosacralis......Page 1063
20.14 Lesions of the Medulla Spinalis and Peripheral Nerves: Sensory Deficits......Page 1069
20.15 Lesions of the Medulla Spinalis and Peripheral Nerves: Motor Deficits......Page 1074
20.16 Lesions of the Medulla Spinalis, Assessment......Page 1077
20.17 Visual System: Overview and Geniculate Part......Page 1082
20.18 Visual System: Lesions and Nongeniculate Part......Page 1088
20.19 Visual System: Reflexes......Page 1092
20.20 Visual System: Coordination of Eye Movement......Page 1097
20.21 Auditory Pathway......Page 1101
20.22 Vestibular System......Page 1104
20.23 Gustatory System (Taste)......Page 1109
20.24 Olfactory System (Smell)......Page 1114
20.25 Limbic System......Page 1118
20.26 Brain: Functional Organization......Page 1123
20.27 Brain: Hemispheric Dominance......Page 1126
20.28 Brain: Clinical Findings......Page 1129
CNS: Glossary and Synopsis......Page 1135
21.1 Substantia Grisea (Gray Matter)......Page 1136
21.2 Substantia Alba (White Matter)......Page 1140
21.3 Sensory and Motor Functions; Overview of the Medulla Spinalis and Tracts in the Medulla Spinalis......Page 1147
22.1 Sensory Tracts of the Medulla Spinalis......Page 1151
22.2 Motor Tracts of the Medulla Spinalis......Page 1155
22.3 Sensory Trigeminal Pathway......Page 1160
22.4 Auditory Pathway......Page 1164
22.5 Gustatory Pathway......Page 1168
22.6 Olfactory Pathway......Page 1170
22.7 Control of Motor Nuclei of Nervi Craniales......Page 1173
22.8 Ocular Motor Control......Page 1177
22.9 Truncus Encephali Pathways......Page 1180
22.10 Retinal Projections......Page 1183
22.11 Autonomic and Sensory Ganglia of the Head......Page 1187
22.12 Motor System Connectivity......Page 1190
22.13 Cerebellar Connectivity......Page 1193
22.14 Functional Cortical Areas......Page 1197
22.15 Association and Projection Pathways......Page 1200
22.16 Nuclei Olivares Superior and Inferior as well as the Four Lemnisci......Page 1203
22.17 Left to Right Connections in the CNS: Commissures and Decussations......Page 1208
22.18 Diencephalic Nuclei and Thalamic Nuclear Regions......Page 1210
22.19 Nuclei of Nervi Craniales and Autonomic Nuclei......Page 1212
Appendix......Page 1215
References......Page 1216
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