Yoga in Transformation : Historical and Contemporary Perspectives

Karl Baier / Philipp A. Maas / Karin Preisendanz: Introduction
Body
1. Context, Scope and Structure of the Present Volume
2. Synopsis of Part A: “Yoga in South Asia and Tibet”
3. Synopsis of Part B: “Globalised Yoga”
4. Acknowledgements
Part A. Yoga in South Asia and Tibet
Chapter 1 Some Problematic Yoga Sūtra-s and Their Buddhist Background
Dominik Wujastyk: Chapter 1: Some Problematic Yoga Sūtra-s and Their Buddhist Background
1. Introduction
1.1. Émile Senart
1.2. Louis de La Vallée Poussin
1.3. Mircea Eliade
2. Three Sūtra-s Examined
2.1. Samādhipāda 11: anubhūtaviṣayāsaṃpramoṣaḥ smṛtiḥ
2.2. Sādhanapāda 46–47: sthirasukham āsanam prayatnaśaithilyānanta- samāpattibhyām
2.3. Kaivalyapāda 29: prasaṅkhyāne ’py akusīdasya sarvathāvivekakhyāter dharmameghaḥ samādhiḥ
3. Patañjali’s Use of Vibhāṣā Materials
4. Conclusions
References
Chapter 2 “Sthirasukham Āsanam”: Posture and Performance in Classical Yoga and Beyond
Philipp A. Maas: Chapter 2: “Sthirasukham Āsanam”: Posture and Performance in Classical Yoga and Beyond
1. Introduction
2. Posture as an Ancillary of Yoga
3. Patañjali's Posture Passage
3.1. Grammatical Analyses of the Compound Sthirasukha
3.2. The List of Postures in Pātañjalayogaśāstra 2.46
3.2.1. Patañjali's Posture Passage in Transformation
3.2.2. The Lotus Posture (Padmāsana)
3.2.3. The Good Fortune Posture (Bhadrāsana)
3.2.4. The Hero Posture (Vīrāsana)
3.2.5. The Lucky Mark Posture (Svastikāsana)
3.2.6. The Staff Posture (Daṇḍāsana)
3.2.7. The One with Support (Sopāśraya)
3.2.8. The Couch Posture (Paryaṅkāsana)
3.2.9. Sitting Like a Crane, Sitting Like an Elephant, and Sitting Like a Camel (Krauñcaniṣadana, Hastiniṣadana, and Uṣṭraniṣadana)
3.2.10. The Even Configuration (Samasaṃsthāna)
3.2.11. Steady Relaxation (Sthiraprasrabdhi)
3.2.12. As is Comfortable (Yathāsukha)
3.2.13. Additional Postures
3.3. The Two Means to Achieve Postures
3.3.1. The Slackening of Effort
3.3.2. Merging Meditatively into Infinity, or Meditating on the One who Supports the Earth
3.4. The Result of Posture Performance
4. Conclusions
Appendices
General Introduction to the Critically Edited Text Passages in Appendices 1, 2 and 3
Abbreviations Used in the Critically Edited Text Passages
Appendix 1: A Critical Edition of Patañjali’s Passage on Postures (PYŚ 2.46–48)
Appendix 2: A Critical Edition of the Posture Passage of the Pātañjalayogaśāstravivaraṇa (Vivaraṇa 2.46–48)
Appendix 3: A Critical Edition of the Posture Passage of the Tattvavaiśāradī (TVai 2.46–48)
References
Chapter 3 The Proliferation of Āsana-s in Late-Medieval Yoga Texts
Jason Birch: Chapter 3: The Proliferation of Āsana-s in Late-Medieval Yoga Texts
1. Introduction
2. The History of Āsana in Haṭha Yoga
3. Three Unpublished Manuscripts
3.1. The Ujjain Manuscript of the Yogacintāmaṇi
3.2. The Haṭhapradīpikā-Siddhāntamuktāvalī
3.3. The Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati
4. Chronology and Increments in the Number of Āsana-s in Medieval Yoga Texts
5. Connections between Medieval and Modern Āsana-s
6. Conclusion
Appendix 1: Descriptions of the Additional Āsana-s in the Ujjain Manuscript
Appendix 2: One Hundred and twelve Descriptions of Āsana-s in the Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati
Appendix 3: A Comparison of Medieval and Modern Āsana-s
Abbreviations (Primary Sources)
Other Abbreviations and Special Signs
References
Primary Sources
Secondary Sources
Chapter 4 Yoga and Sex: What is the Purpose of Vajrolīmudrā?
James Mallinson: Chapter 4: Yoga and Sex: What is the Purpose of Vajrolīmudrā?
1. Introduction
2. The Mechanics of Vajrolī
3. Vajrolī in Texts
3.1. Vajrolī and Haṭha Yoga
3.2. Vajrolī and Rāja Yoga
3.3. Vajrolī and Tantra
4. Conclusion
Appendix 1: Text Passages Which Teach or Mention Vajrolīmudrā
Appendix 2: Editions and Translations of the Descriptions of Vajrolīmudrā in the Bṛhatkhecarīprakāśa and the Vajroliyoga
References
Primary Sources
Secondary Sources
Chapter 5 Yoga in the Daily Routine of the Pāñcarātrins
Marion Rastelli: Chapter 5: Yoga in the Daily Routine of the Pāñcarātrins
1. Introduction
2. The Time for Practising Yoga
3. The Nature of Yoga in the Context of the Five Time Periods
3.1. Mental Visualisation of God
3.2. Identifying Meditation
4. Yogāṅga-s
5. Tattva Yoga
6. Veṅkaṭanātha
7. Conclusion
References
Primary Sources
Secondary Sources
Chapter 6 The Transformation of Yoga in Medieval Maharashtra
Catharina Kiehnle: Chapter 6: The Transformation of Yoga in Medieval Maharashtra
1. The Songs
2. The God of the Jñāndev Gāthā
3. The Aim of the Devotees
4. The Means to Reach God
5. The Decline of Nāth Yoga
6. Bhakti Yoga
7. Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 On al-Bīrūnīʼs Kitāb Pātanğal and the Pātañjalayogaśāstra
Philipp A. Maas / Noémie Verdon: Chapter 7: On al-Bīrūnīʼs Kitāb Pātanğal and the Pātañjalayogaśāstra
1. Introduction
1.1. The Life and Work of al-Bīrūnī
1.2. The Kitāb Pātanğal in its Socio-Historical Context
1.3. Al-Bīrūnīʼs Hermeneutic Approach to South Asian Religion and Philosophy
1.4. The Reception History of the Kitāb Pātanğal
2. The Search for the Sanskrit Source of the Kitāb Pātanğal
2.1. Carl Edward Sachau: A Quest in Vain
2.2. Surendra Nath Dasgupta: A Third Patañjali
2.3. Richard Garbe: The Rājamārtaṇḍa of King Bhoja
2.3.1. The Agricultural Example
2.3.2. The Mythological Example
2.4. Jean Filliozat: Al-Bīrūnīʼs Creativity
2.5. Shlomo Pines and Tuvia Gelblum: The Yogasūtra with an Unknown Commentary
2.5.1. The Medical Excursion
2.5.2. The Cosmographical Excursion
2.6. A New Hypothesis: The Pātañjalayogaśāstra
3. The Pātañjalayogaśāstra in Transformation
3.1. Explicitly Mentioned Transformations
3.1.1. Combining Different Layers of Text
3.1.2. Creating a Dialogue
3.1.3. Omitting Linguistic Explanations
3.2. Translational Strategies
3.2.1. Borrowing
3.2.2. Defining the Elements of Culture
3.2.3. Literal Translation
3.2.4. Substitution
3.2.5. Lexical Creation
3.2.6. Omission
3.2.7. Addition
3.3. Results
4. Conclusion
References
Sanskrit Manuscripts
Primary Sources
Secondary Sources
Chapter 8 Tibetan Yoga: Somatic Practice in Vajrayāna Buddhism and Dzogchen
Ian A. Baker: Chapter 8: Tibetan Yoga: Somatic Practice in Vajrayāna Buddhism and Dzogchen
1. Vajrayāna Buddhism
2. Tsa Uma: The Axis of Awareness
3. Trulkhor: Yoga of Breath and Movement
4. Nyingthik: Heart Essence of Tibetan Yoga
5. Korde Rushen: Yoga of Spontaneous Presence
6. Tögal: Yoga of Active Perception
7. Conclusion
List of Figures
References
Part B. Globalised Yoga
Chapter 9 Yoga within Viennese Occultism: Carl Kellner and Co.
Karl Baier: Chapter 9: Yoga within Viennese Occultism: Carl Kellner and Co.
1. Occultism: A Neglected Dimension of Viennese Modernity
2. Kellner's Bourgeois Secular World
3. Theosophy, Rosicrucianism, and High-degree Freemasonry: Kellner's Bourgeois Occult World
4. Occult Philosophy of Nature: Hartmann, Vivekananda, and Kellner on Ether and Life Force, Ākāśa and Prāṇa
5. Kellner's Encounter with South Asian Yogis and His Essay on Yoga
6. Yoga and Ritual Sex within the Inner Occult Circle and the Early O.T.O.
7. A Mystical Ascension within the Pleasure Gardens: The Manuscript “Reincarnation”
8. Coda: Herbert Silberer's Theory of Mysticism
References
Chapter 10 Yoga, Nature Cure and “Perfect” Health: The Purity of the Fluid Body in an Impure World
Joseph S. Alter: Chapter 10: Yoga, Nature Cure and “Perfect” Health: The Purity of the Fluid Body in an Impure World
1. Introduction
2. Yoga: The Problem of Consciousness and Perfection
3. Nature Cure: Purification and the Perfectibility of Health
4. Healing and Consciousness in Rishikesh: From the Unity of Disease to the Yoga of Synthesis
References
Chapter 11 Sāṃkhya in Transcultural Interpretation: Shri Anirvan (Śrī Anirvāṇa) and Lizelle Reymond
Maya Burger: Chapter 11: Sāṃkhya in Transcultural Interpretation: Shri Anirvan (Śrī Anirvāṇa) and Lizelle Reymond
1. Introduction
2. Two Biographies or Where Two Worldviews Meet
3. Shri Anirvan’s Sāṃkhya Interpretation
4. Prakṛti, Puruṣa and the Void
4.1. Prakṛti
4.2. Puruṣa
4.3. The Void
5. Conclusion
References
Works by Shri Anirvan
Works by Lizelle Reymond
Secondary Sources
Chapter 12 Christian Responses to Yoga in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century
Anand Amaladass: Chapter 12: Christian Responses to Yoga in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century
1. Introduction
2. Diversity of Views on the Relationship Between Yoga and Christianity
2.1. Reservations about the Western Reception of Yoga in General
2.2. Reservations Based on Theological Arguments
3. Positive Responses to Yoga
4. The Impact of Yoga on the Christian World
5. Can Yoga Enrich Non-Asian Religious Practices?
6. Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 Following the Transcultural Circulation of Bodily Practices: Modern Yoga and the Corporeality of Mantras
Beatrix Hauser: Chapter 13: Following the Transcultural Circulation of Bodily Practices: Modern Yoga and the Corporeality of Mantras
1. Introduction
2. Models of Dissemination
3. Fragments of the Anthropology of Globalisation
4. The Contingency of the Body
5. Mantras and Vokalatmung
6. Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Living4giving: Politics of Affect and Emotional Regimes in Global Yoga
Anne Koch: Chapter 14: Living4giving: Politics of Affect and Emotional Regimes in Global Yoga
1. Introduction
2. Framing Conditions: Eventisation, Charitisation, Mediatisation
3. The Particular Configuration of “Global Yoga”
4. The Emotional Complex of Yoga Aid
4.1. Theoretical Considerations
4.2. The Obligation to Give Back in a Moral Global Economy
4.2.1. Owing – Being Indebted
4.2.2. The Feeling of Meaningfulness: Living4giving
4.2.3. Gratitude
4.2.4. Competing
4.2.5. Connectedness
4.2.6. Self-Empowerment
5. Conclusion: The Cosmopolitan Mood of Living4giving
References
Chapter 15 Spaces of Yoga: Towards a Non-Essentialist Understanding of Yoga
Suzanne Newcombe: Chapter 15: Spaces of Yoga: Towards a Non-Essentialist Understanding of Yoga
1. Introduction
2. The Stage and Yoga Performance
3. Yoga in Schools: Encinitas School District Yoga
4. Mappings of Space: Maps and the Spatial Theory
5. Private Space and the Imagined Yoga Tradition
6. The Studio Space
7. Conclusions
References
Chapter 16 Nāga, Siddha and Sage: Visions of Patañjali as an Authority on Yoga
Gudrun Bühnemann: Chapter 16: Nāga, Siddha and Sage: Visions of Patañjali as an Authority on Yoga
1. Introduction
2. Two-armed Representations of Patañjali in the Tradition of the Naṭarāja Temple at Cidambaram
3. Patañjali as a Four-armed Figure in the Tradition of T. Krishnamacharya
4. Patañjali as a Meditating Sage in the South Indian Siddha Tradition
5. Patañjali Associated with the Syllable Oṃ
6. A Brief Look at Recent Innovative Representations of Patañjali
References
Primary Sources
Secondary Sources
Figures
Contributors
Joseph S. Alter
Anand Amaladass
Karl Baier
Ian A. Baker
Jason Birch
Gudrun Bühnemann
Maya Burger
Beatrix Hauser
Catharina Kiehnle
Anne Koch
Philipp A. Maas
James Mallinson
Suzanne Newcombe
Marion Rastelli
Noémie Verdon
Dominik Wujastyk