This book provides a comprehensive, global exploration of the scale, scope, threats, and drivers of wildlife trafficking from a criminological perspective. Building on the first edition, it takes into account the significant changes in the international context surrounding these issues since 2013. It provides new examples, updated statistics, and discusses the potential changes arising as a result of COVID-19 and the IPBES 2019 report. It also discusses the shift in trafficking ‘hotspots’ and the recent projects that have challenged responses to wildlife trafficking. It undertakes a distinctive exploration of who the victims and offenders of wildlife trafficking are as well as analysing the stakeholders who are involved in collaborative efforts to end this devastating green crime. It unpacks the security implications of wildlife trade and trafficking and possible responses and ways to combat it. It provides useful and timely information for social and environmental/life scientists, law enforcement, NGOs, and policy makers.
Author(s): Tanya Wyatt
Series: Critical Criminological Perspectives
Edition: 2
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 290
City: Cham
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Acronyms
List of Figures
1 Introduction
Definitions
Scale and Scope
The Dark Figure of Wildlife Trafficking
The Green Criminological Underpinning
The Layout
References
2 Contemporary Patterns
Global Patterns
The Demand
Processed Commodities
Collectors’ Items
Traditional Medicines
Food
Factors Affecting the Demand
The Supply
Conclusion
References
3 Significance
Environmental Impacts
Loss of Biodiversity
Invasive Species
Disease Transmission
Economic Impacts
Government
Business and Industry
Human Impacts
Livelihoods
Health
National Security Impacts
Corruption
Organised Crime Groups
Terrorism and Insurgency
Conclusion
References
4 Construction of Harm and Victimhood
The Construction of Harm
Anthropocentrism
Biocentrism
Ecocentrism
Who Are the Victims of the Illegal Wildlife Trade?
People
States
Non-Human Animals
Plants
The Environment
The Hierarchy of Victimhood
Humans
The State
Non-Human Animals
Plants
The Environment
Summary
The Victimisation Continues
Euthanasia
Rehabilitation and Life in Captivity
Reintroduction
The Moral Obligation
References
5 Construction of Blame and Offending
What Wildlife Offenders Say Are Their Motivations
The Capturers
Subsistence Poachers/Harvesters
Opportunistic Poachers/Harvesters
Specialist Poachers/Harvesters
The Smugglers
Individuals
The Intermediary
The Networks
Disorganised Crime
Organised Crime Groups
Other ‘Organised’ Crime
The Sellers, Processors, and Storers
The Buyers
Accidental
Denial
Committed
The Hierarchy of Offending
Punishment
References
6 The Fight Against Wildlife Trafficking
How to Combat Wildlife Trafficking
Criminalisation
Regulation
Compliance
CITES
Law Enforcement
Environmental Law Enforcement
Wildlife Law Enforcement
Forensics
Customs and Border Protection
Prosecution, the Judiciary and the Jury
Conservation
Scientists
Non-Governmental Organisations
Citizens
The Economy
Governments
Corporations
Individuals
Analysis
References
7 Transnational Collaborations
The Species Collaborations
GRASP
Species Survival Network (SSN)
The Regional Collaborations
The Industry Collaborations
Financial Taskforce
Transport Taskforce
Coalition to End Wildlife Trafficking Online
The Global Collaborations
United for Wildlife
Global Conferences
ICCWC
INTERPOL
Environmental Crime at INTERPOL
The Enforcement Teams/Working Groups
Projects
LEAF
Predator and Wisdom
Operations
Analysis
References
8 Reflecting on Wildlife Trafficking
The Big Picture
The Impacts
The Victims
The Offenders
The Fight
The Connections
The Future
References
References
Index
