Wearable Systems and Antennas Technologies for 5G, IOT and Medical Systems

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Editor
List of Contributors
Chapter 1: Wearable Communication and IOT Systems Basics
Introduction
1.1 Generations of Mobile Networks
1.1.1 First Generation (1G)
1.1.1.1 1G Basic Features
1.1.1.2 Bits Per Second
1.1.1.3 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
1.1.2 Second Generation (2G)
1.1.2.1 SMS
1.1.2.2 MMS
1.1.2.3 Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)
1.1.2.4 2G Basic Features
1.1.2.5 2.5G and 2.75G
1.1.2.6 2.5G Basic Features
1.1.3 Third Generation (3G)
1.1.3.1 3G Basic Features
1.1.4 Fourth Generation (4G)
1.1.4.1 4G Basic Features
1.1.5 Fifth Generation (5G)
1.1.5.1 5G Basic Features
1.2 Receivers: Definitions and Features
1.2.1 Receivers: Definitions
1.3 Transmitters: Definitions and Features
1.3.1 Amplifier s
1.4 Basic Electromagnetic Wave Definitions
1.4.1 Free Space Propagation
1.5 Friis Transmission Formula
1.6 Communication Systems Link Budget
1.7 Path Loss
1.7.1 Free Space Path Loss
1.7.2 Hata Model
1.8 Receiver Sensitivity
1.8.1 Noise Sources
1.9.2 Basic Receiver Sensitivity Calculation
1.9 Internet of Things (IOT) Basics
1.9.1 IOT Benefits to Companies and Organizations
1.9.2 IOT Advantages
1.9.3 IOT Disadvantages
1.10 Logarithmic Relations
1.11 Wireless Communication System Link Budget, an Example
1.11.1 Mobile Phone Downlink
1.11.2 Mobile Phone Uplink
References
Chapter 2: Electromagnetics and Transmission Lines for Wearable Communication Systems
Introduction
2.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum
2.2 Electromagnetic Fields Theory for Medical and 5G Systems
2.3 Electromagnetic Waves Theory for Medical and 5G Systems
2.3.1 Maxwell’s Equations
2.3.2 Gauss’s Law for Electric Fields
2.3.3 Gauss’s Law for Magnetic Fields
2.3.4 Ampère’sm Law
2.3.5 Faraday’s Law
2.3.6 Wave Equations
2.4 Waves Propagation through Human Body
2.5 Materials
2.6 Transmission Lines Theory
2.6.1 Waves in Transmission Lines
2.7 Matching Techniques
2.7.1 Quarter-Wave Transformers
2.7.2 Wideband Matching – Multi-Section Transformers
2.7.3 Single Stub Matching
2.8 Coaxial Transmission Line
2.8.1 Cutoff Frequency, f c, and Wavelength of Coax Cables
2.9 Microstrip Line
2.9.1 Effective Dielectric Constant
2.9.2 Characteristic Impedance
2.9.3 Higher-Order Transmission Modes in Microstrip Line
2.9.4 Conductor Loss
2.9.5 Dielectric Loss
2.10 Waveguides
2.10.1 TE Waves
2.10.2 TM Waves
2.11 Circular Waveguide
2.11.1 TE Waves in Circular Waveguide
2.11.2 TM Waves in Circular Waveguide
References
Chapter 3: Antennas for Wearable 5G Communication and Medical Systems
3.1 Introduction to Antennas
3.2 Antenna: Definitions
3.2.1 Steerable Antennas
3.2.2 Types of Antennas
3.2.2.1 Small Antennas for Wearable Communication Systems
3.2.2.2 Aperture Antennas for Base Station Communication Systems
3.3 Dipole Antenna
3.3.1 Radiation from Small Dipole
3.3.1.1 Dipole Radiation Pattern
3.3.1.2 Dipole E Plane Radiation Pattern
3.3.1.3 Dipole H Plane Radiation Pattern
3.3.1.4 Antenna Radiation Pattern
3.3.1.5 Dipole Directivity
3.3.1.6 Antenna Impedance
3.3.1.7 Impedance of a Folded Dipole
3.4 Monopole Antenna for Wearable Communication Systems
3.5 Loop Antennas for Wireless Communication Systems
3.5.1 Duality Relationship between Dipole and Loop Antennas
3.5.2 Medical Applications of Printed Loop Antennas
3.6 Wearable Loop Antennas
3.6.1 Small Wearable Loop Antenna
3.6.2 Wearable Printed Loop Antenna
3.6.3 Wired Loop Antenna
3.7 Wearable Loop Antennas with Ground Plane
3.8 Radiation Pattern of a Loop Antenna near a Metal Sheet
3.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Wideband Wearable Antennas for 5G Communication Systems, IOT and Medical Systems
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Printed Wearable Antennas
4.2.1 Double-Layer Printed Wearable Dipole Antennas
4.2.2 Printed Wearable Dual Polarized Dipole Antennas
4.3 Printed Wearable Loop Antenna
4.4 Wearable Microstrip Antennas
4.4.1 Wearable Microstrip Antennas
4.4.2 Transmission Line Model of Microstrip Antennas
4.4.3 Higher-Order Transmission Modes in Microstrip Antennas
4.4.4 Effective Dielectric Constant
4.4.5 Losses in Microstrip Antennas
4.4.5.1 Conductor Loss
4.4.5.2 Dielectric Loss
4.4.6 Patch Radiation Pattern
4.5 Two-Layer Wearable Stacked Microstrip Antennas
4.6 Stacked Mono-Pulse Ku Band Patch Antenna
4.6.1 Rat-Race Coupler
4.7 Wearable PIFA
4.7.1 Grounded Quarter-Wavelength Patch Antenna
4.7.2 A Wearable Double-Layer PIFA
4.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Small Wearable Antennas: Experimental Case Studies
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Antenna on Helmet with High F/B Ratio
5.3 Wearable Antenna for High Power Cellular Jammer
5.4 RFID Reader UHF Antenna in the Pocket
5.5 Small Helical Antenna for a Personal Locator Beacon
5.6 VHF Antenna for Personal Communications
References
Chapter 6: Small Antennas Mounted near the Human Body: Experimental Case Studies
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Wearable UHF RFID Tag on the Neck
6.3 Short-Range Link through the Body at 2.4 GHz
6.4 Measurements of Body Parameters with EKG Pads
6.5 Cellular Antennas on a Phantom
6.6 Small Antenna Inserted into a Phantom
6.6.1 Coil
6.6.2 Monopole
References
Chapter 7: Wideband RF Technologies for Wearable Communication Systems
7.1 Introduction
7.2 MICs for 5G and Internet of Things Applications
7.3 K Band Compact Receiving Channel
7.3.1 Introduction
7.3.2 Receiving Channel Design
7.3.2.1 Receiving Channel Specifications
7.3.3 Description of the Receiving Channel
7.3.4 Development of the Receiving Channel
7.3.5 Measured Test Results of the Receiving Channel
7.4 MMICs
7.4.1 Features of MMIC Technologies
7.4.2 MMIC Components
7.4.3 Advantages of GaAs versus Silicon
7.4.4 Semiconductor Technology
7.4.5 MMIC Fabrication Process
7.4.5.1 MMIC Fabrication Process List
7.4.5.2 Etching versus Lift-off Removal Processes
7.4.6 Generation of Microwave Signals in Microwave and mm Wave
7.4.7 MMIC Circuit Examples and Applications
7.4.7.1 MMIC Applications
7.5 18–40 GHz Front End
7.5.1 18–40 GHz Front End Requirements
7.5.2 Front End Design
7.5.3 High Gain Front End Module
7.5.4 High Gain Front End Design
7.6 MEMS Technology
7.6.1 MEMS Technology Advantages
7.6.2 MEMS Technology Process
7.6.3 MEMS Components
7.7 W Band MEMS Detection Array
7.7.1 Detection Array Concept
7.7.2 The Array Principle of Operation
7.7.3 W Band Antenna Design
7.7.4 Resistor Design
7.7.5 Array Fabrication and Measurement
7.7.6 Mutual Coupling Effects between Pixels
7.8 MEMS Bowtie Dipole with Bolometer
7.9 LTCC and High-Temperature Co-Fired Ceramic (HTCC) Technology
7.9.1 LTCC and HTCC Technology Process
7.9.2 Advantages of LTCC
7.9.3 Design of High Pass LTCC Filters
7.9.3.1 High Pass Filter Specification
7.10 Comparison of Single-Layer and Multi-Layer Printed Circuits
7.11 A Compact Integrated Transceiver
7.11.1 Introduction
7.11.2 Description of the Receiving Channel
7.11.2.1 Receiving Channel Specifications
7.11.3 Receiving Channel Design and Fabrication
7.11.4 Description of the Transmitting Channel
7.11.4.1 Transmitting Channel Specifications
7.11.4.2 Diplexer Specifications
7.11.5 Transmitting Channel Fabrication
7.11.6 RF Controller
7.12 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8: Wearable Metamaterial Antennas for Communication, IOT and Medical Systems
8.1 Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN)
8.2 Wearable Antennas
8.3 Materials for Wearable Antennas
8.3.1 Textile
8.3.2 Polymer
8.4 Metamaterials
8.4.1 Artificial Dielectric
8.4.2 FSS
8.4.3 EBG
8.4.4 Negative Index Material
8.4.5 AMC
8.5 Wearable Metamaterial-Based Antennas
8.5.1 Multiband Textile Antennas with Metasurface
8.5.2 Broad/Wideband Textile Antennas with Metasurface
8.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Wearable Technologies for 5G, Medical and Sport Applications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Wearable Technology
9.3 Wearable Medical Systems
9.3.1 Applications of Wearable Medical Systems
9.4 Physiological Parameters Measured by Wearable Medical Systems
9.4.1 Measurement of Blood Pressure
9.4.2 Measurement of Heart Rate
9.4.3 Measurement of Respiration Rate
9.4.4 Measurement of Human Body Temperature
9.4.5 Measurement of Sweat Rate
9.4.6 Measurement of Human Gait
9.4.7 Wearable Devices Tracking and Monitoring Doctors and Patients inside Hospitals
9.5 WBANs
9.6 Wearable WBAN (WWBAN)
9.7 Wearable RFID Technology and Antennas
9.7.1 Introduction
9.7.2 RFID Technology
9.7.3 RFID Standards
9.8 Wearable Dual Polarized 13.5 MHz Compact Printed Antenna
9.9 Varying the Antenna Feed Network
9.10 Wearable Loop Antennas for RFID Applications
9.11 Wearable RFID Antenna Applications
9.12 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10: Wearable Textile Systems and Antennas for IOT and Medical Applications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Textile Materials
10.3 Textile Systems and Antennas for IOT and Medical Applications
10.4 Textile Systems and Antennas for Sensing
10.5 Textile Systems and Antennas for Location Tracking
10.6 Textile Rectenna Systems for Energy Harvesting
10.7 Summary
References
Chapter 11: Development of Wearable Body Area Networks for 5G and Medical Communication Systems
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Cloud Storage and Computing Services for WBANs
11.2.1 Advantages of Cloud Storage
11.2.2 Disadvantages of Cloud Storage
11.2.3 Cloud Computing
11.3 Receiving Channel for Communication and Medical Applications
11.4 Development Process of Wearable Medical and IOT Systems
11.4.1 Steps in System Engineering Process
11.4.1.1 Requirements Analysis
11.4.1.2 System Analysis Control
11.4.1.3 Functional Analysis
11.4.1.4 Design Synthesis
11.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Efficient Wearable Metamaterial Antennas for Wireless Communication, IOT, 5G and Medical Systems
Introduction
12.1 Wearable Small Metamaterial Antennas for Wireless Communication and Medical Applications
12.1.1 Introduction
12.1.2 Printed Wearable Dipole Antennas with SRRs
12.1.3 Folded Dipole Metamaterial Antenna with SRR
12.2 Stacked Patch Antenna Loaded with SRR
12.3 Patch Antenna Loaded with SRRs
12.4 Metamaterial Antenna Characteristics in Vicinity to the Human Body
12.5 Metamaterial Wearable Antennas
12.6 Wideband Stacked Patch with SRR
12.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Wearable Compact Fractal Antennas for 5G and Medical Systems
Introduction
13.1 Introduction to Fractal Printed Antennas
13.1.1 Fractal Structures
13.1.2 Fractal Antennas
13.2 Anti-Radar Fractals and/or Multilevel Chaff Dispersers
13.2.1 Geometry of Dispersers
13.3 Definition of Multilevel Fractal Structure
13.4 Advanced Antenna System
13.4.1 Comparison between Euclidean Antennas and Fractal Antenna
13.4.2 Multilevel and Space-Filling Ground Planes for Miniature Antennas
13.4.3 Multilevel Geometry
13.4.4 SFC
13.5 Wearable Fractal Antennas for 5G and IOT Applications
13.5.1 A Wearable 2.5 GHz Fractal Antenna for Wireless Communication
13.5.2 New Stacked Patch 2.5 GHz Fractal Printed Antennas
13.6 X-Band Wearable Fractal Printed Antennas for 5G and IOT Applications
13.7 Wearable Stacked Patch 7.4 GHz Fractal Antenna
13.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Reconfigurable Wearable Antennas
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Example Antennas
14.3 Providing Diversity for Off-Body Links
14.3.1 The Design of a Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna Suitable for Smart Glasses
14.3.2 A Wrist Wearable Dual Port Dual Band Stacked Patch Antenna for Wireless Information and Power Transmission
14.4 Switching between On-Body and Off-Body Links
14.4.1 Pattern Diversity Antenna for On-Body and Off-Body Wireless BAN (WBAN) Links
14.4.2 A Radiation Pattern Diversity Antenna Operating at the 2.4 GHz ISM Band
14.5 Switching between In-Body and Off-Body Links
14.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Active Wearable Antennas for 5G and Medical Applications
Introduction
15.1 Tunable Wearable Printed Antennas for Wireless Communication Systems
15.2 Varactors Basic Theory
15.2.1 Varactor Diode Basics
15.2.2 Types of Varactors
15.3 Dual Polarized Tunable Dipole Antenna
15.4 Wearable Tunable Antennas for 5G, Internet of Things (IOT) and Medical Applications
15.5 Varactors’ Electrical Characteristics
15.6 Measurements of Wearable Tunable Antennas
15.7 Folded Dual Polarized Tunable Antenna for IOT and Medical Applications
15.8 Medical Applications for Wearable Tunable Antennas
15.9 Active Wearable Antennas for 5G, IOT and Medical Applications
15.9.1 Basic Concept of Active Antennas (AAs)
15.9.2 Active Wearable Receiving Loop Antenna
15.9.3 Compact Dual Polarized Receiving AA
15.10 Active Transmitting Antenna
15.10.1 Compact Dual Polarized Active Transmitting Antenna
15.10.2 Active Transmitting Loop Antenna
15.11 Conclusions
References
Chapter 16: New Wideband Passive and Active Wearable Slot and Notch Antennas for Wireless and Medical 5G Communication Systems
Introduction
16.1 Slot Antennas Basic Theory
16.2 Slot Radiation Pattern
16.2.1 Slot E Plane Radiation Pattern
16.2.2 Slot H Plane Radiation Pattern
16.3 Slot Antenna Impedance
16.4 A Wideband Wearable Slot Antenna for Medical and Internet of Things (IOT) Applications
16.5 A Wideband Compact T Shape Wearable Printed Slot Antenna
16.6 Wideband Wearable Notch Antenna for 5G and IOT Communication Systems
16.6.1 Wideband Notch Antenna 2.1–7.8 GHz
16.7 Wearable Tunable Slot Antennas for 5G and IOT Communication Systems
16.8 A Wideband T Shape Tunable Wearable Printed Slot Antenna
16.9 Wearable Active Slot Antennas for 5G Communication and IOT Systems
16.10 Wearable Active T Shape Slot Antennas for 5G Communication Systems
16.11 New Fractal Compact Ultra-Wideband, 1–6 GHz, Notch Antenna
16.12 New Compact Ultra-Wideband Notch Antenna 1.3–3.9 GHz
16.13 New Compact Ultra-Wideband Notch Antenna 5.8–18 GHz
16.14 New Fractal Active Compact Ultra-Wideband, 0.5–3 GHz, Notch Antenna
16.15 New Compact Ultra-Wideband Active Notch Antenna 0.4–3 GHz
16.16 Conclusions
References
Chapter 17: Design and Measurements Process of Wearable Communication, Medical and IOT Systems
17.1 Introduction
17.2 CAD commercial software
17.2.1 High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) Software
17.2.1.1 High-Frequency EM Solvers
17.2.1.2 Ansys RF Option
17.2.1.3 RF Option Features
17.2.1.4 Circuit Analyses
17.2.2 Advanced Design System (ADS)
17.2.2.1 ADS Features
17.2.2.2 ADS Functionality
17.2.2.3 Simulators
17.2.2.4 Model Sets
17.2.2.5 Design Guides
17.2.2.6 FEM Simulator
17.2.3 CST Software
17.2.3.1 CST Solvers
17.2.3.2 CST Applications
17.2.4 Microwave Office, AWR
17.2.4.1 Microwave Office for MMIC Design
17.2.4.2 System Simulation and Frequency Planning (with VSS)
17.2.4.3 Microwave Office for Module Design
17.2.4.4 ACE Technology
17.3 Modeling and Representation of Wearable Systems with N ports
17.4 Scattering Matrix
17.5 S Parameters Measurements
17.5.1 Types of S Parameters Measurements
17.6 Transmission Measurements
17.7 Output Power and Linearity Measurements
17.8 Power Input Protection Measurement
17.9 Non-Harmonic Spurious Measurements
17.10 Switching Time Measurements
17.11 IP2 Measurements
17.12 IP3 Measurements
17.13 Noise Figure Measurements
17.14 Antenna Measurements
17.14.1 Radiation Pattern Measurements
17.14.2 Directivity and Antenna Effective Area (Aeff)
17.14.3 Radiation Efficiency (α)
17.14.4 Typical Antenna Radiation Pattern
17.14.5 Gain Measurements
17.15 Antenna Range Setup
17.16 Conclusions
References
Chapter 18: Wearable Antennas in Vicinity of Human Body for 5G, IOT and Medical Applications
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Analysis of Wearable Antennas in Vicinity of Human Body
18.3 Design of Wearable Antennas in Presence of Human Body
18.4 Wearable Antenna Arrays for Medical and 5G Applications
18.5 Small Wide Band Dual Polarized Wearable Printed Antenna
18.6 Wearable Helix Antenna Performance on Human Body
18.7 Wearable Antenna Measurements in Vicinity of Human Body
18.8 Phantom Configuration
18.9 Measurement of Wearable Antennas by Using a Phantom
18.10 Measurement Results of Wearable Antennas
18.10.1 Measurements of Antenna Array 1
18.10.2 Measurements of Antenna Array 2
18.10.3 Measurements of Antenna Array 3
18.10.4 Measurements of Antenna Array 4 in a Thinner Belt
18.10.5 Measurements of Antenna Array 5
18.11 Fabrication of the Sensor Belt Array
18.12 Conclusions
References
Index