"The overall well-being of a society depends on access to uncontaminated drinking water. However, the treatment of the water supply is made more complex by the presence of difficult-to-remove contaminants, such as perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, which pose threats to human health. This volume includes five chapters that discuss water purification from several perspectives, including strategies for improving drinking water infrastructure and point-of-use water treatment applications. Chapter one provides a review of current knowledge of copper and silver ions, free chlorine, and N-chloramines in point-of-use drinking water treatment applications, including kinetics and mechanisms of inactivation of pathogens, toxicity, and synergistic effects produced by combinations of these chemical disinfectants. Chapter two addresses the adsorptive removal of water pollutants such as organic dyes, heavy metal ions, oil, and pharmaceutical products by carbonaceous adsorbents such as activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon aerogels, and biochars in detail. Chapter three includes information on recent advancements in bio-based polymer membranes for water purification, as well as various modification techniques, limitations, and future remarks.Chapter four deals with the emerging green technology of solar-driven water purification, reviewing current challenges and future perspectives of commercializing such technologies. Finally, Chapter Five covers the processes and units involved in the dairy industry, characteristics and composition of the dairy effluent and its effect on health, the environment, and the water supply if discharged without treatment"--
Author(s): Paul Leblanc
Series: Water Resource Planning, Development and Management
Publisher: Nova Science Publishers
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 254
City: New York
Preface
Chapter 1
Inactivation of Waterborne Pathogens by Copper and Silver Ions, Free Chlorine, and N-chloramines in Point-of-Use Technology: A Review
Abstract
Introduction
Water Chemical Disinfectants
Chlorine-Based Disinfectants
Free Chlorine
Water Chlorination in Field Studies
Water Chlorination in Laboratory Studies
N-Chloramines
Water Disinfection with N-Chloramines in Laboratory Studies
Monochloramine
Metals
Copper
Water Disinfection with Copper in Laboratory Studies
Silver
Water Disinfection with Silver in Laboratory and Field Studies
Inactivation Kinetics of Waterborne Pathogens
Inactivation Kinetics with Free Chlorine
Inactivation Kinetics with Copper
Bacterial Kinetics
Viral Kinetics
Inactivation Kinetics with Silver
Inactivation Mechanisms of Waterborne Pathogens
Bacterial Species Inactivation Mechanisms
Mechanisms of Bacterial Inactivation with Chlorine-Based Disinfectants
Mechanisms of Bacterial Inactivation with Silver
Mechanisms of Bacterial Inactivation with Copper
Viral Species Inactivation Mechanisms
Mechanisms of Viral Inactivation with Chlorine-Based Disinfectants
Mechanisms of Viral Inactivation with Silver
Mechanisms of Viral Inactivation with Copper
Toxicity
Copper Toxicity
Silver Toxicity
Harmful Water Chlorination Byproducts
Synergistic Inactivation of Waterborne Pathogens with Chemical Disinfectants
Copper and Silver Combinations for Water Disinfection
Other Combinations of Chemicals for Water Disinfection
Conclusion
References
Appendix
Chapter 2
Carbonaceous Adsorbents for the Removal of Water Pollutants
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Major Inorganic and Organic Water Pollutants
2.1. Inorganic Water Pollutants
2.2. Organic Water Pollutants
2.2.1. Phenolics
2.2.2. Dyes
2.2.3. Oil Pollutants
2.2.4. Pharmaceutical Wastes
3. Adsorption: An Economical and Viable Technology for Water Purification
3.1. Carbonaeous Adsorbents for the Removal of Water Pollutants
4. Role of Carbon Based Materials for the Adsorption and Removal of Organic Dyes
4.1. Dye Adsorption Using Activated Carbon
4.2. Carbon Nanotube Based Dye Adsorbents
4.3. Role of Graphene in Dye Adsorption and Removal
4.4. Carbon Aerogels as an Efficient Adsorbent for Dye Removal
4.5. Other Carbonaceous Adsorbents for Organic Dyes
5. Carbonaceous Materials for the Adsorption and Removal of Heavy Metals
5.1. Activated Carbon /Biochar Based Adsorbents for Heavy Metals
5.2. Carbon Nanotube Based Adsorbents for Heavy Metals
5.3. Graphene Based Adsorbents for Heavy Metals
5.4. Carbon Aerogels as Efficient Adsorbent for Heavy Metals
6. Carbon-Based Adsorbents for Antibiotics/Pharmaceuticals from Effluents
7. Role of Carbonaceous Materials for the Adsorption and Removal of Oil Contaminants
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3
Biodegradable Polymer Membranes for Water Purification
Abstract
Introduction
Membrane Separation Process
Classification of Membranes
Bio-Based Biodegradable Polymer Membranes
Cellulose - Based Membranes
Chitin /Chitosan - Based Membranes
Starch and Composite Membranes
Alginates Based Membranes
Pectin Based Membranes
Polylactic Acid (PLA) Based Membranes
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) Based Membranes
Petroleum Based Biodegradable Polymer Membranes
Polybutylene Succinate (PBS) Based Membranes
Poly ε-Caprolactone (PCL) Based Membranes
Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Based Membrane
Challenges and Future
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4
2D Semiconductors for Photocatalytic Water Treatment: Advances and Future
Abstract
Introduction
Fundamentals of 2D Semiconductor Photocatalysis
Engineering 2D Semiconductors for Visible Light Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Doping with Metals and Non-Metals
Surface Engineering
Heterostructure Formation
Chemical Functionalization
Photocatalytic Reactors for Water Purification
Photocatalytic Membranes
Microreactor Foams and Aerogels
Microfluidic Reactors
Photocatalytic Optical Fibres
Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 5
Dairy Effluents: Characteristics, Effects and Treatment Methods
Abstract
Introduction
Products of Dairy Industries
Determination of Adulterations in Milk
Dairy Effluents
Effect on Health and Environment
Methods Available for the Treatment of Dairy Effluents
Aerobic Processes
Anaerobic Processes
Advanced Treatment Technologies
Electrocoagulation
Adsorption
Membrane Separation
Advanced Aerobic Treatment
Advanced Anaerobic Treatment
Reuse and Recycle Option
Conclusion
References
Index
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