Waste Management and Resource Recycling in the Developing World

Front Cover
Waste Management and Resource Recycling in the Developing World
Copyright Page
Contents
List of contributors
1 Generation of waste: problem to possible solution in developing and under developing nations
1 Waste generation in Brazil: municipal, agricultural, and industrial wastes
Abbreviations
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Municipal solid waste
1.3 Agricultural waste
1.4 Industrial waste
1.5 Perspectives
References
2 Generation of waste: problem to possible solution in developing and underdeveloped nations
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Overview of waste generation scenario
2.3 Effect of waste
2.3.1 Effect of waste of electrical and electronic equipment
2.3.2 Effect of medical waste
2.3.3 Effect of industrial waste
2.3.4 Effect of municipal solid waste
2.4 Current status of waste management
2.4.1 Review of some high-income countries
2.4.1.1 Singapore
2.4.1.2 Malaysia
2.4.2 Upper-middle-income countries
2.4.2.1 Brazil
2.4.2.2 Cuba
2.4.3 Lower-middle-income countries
2.4.3.1 Kenya
2.4.3.2 Ghana
2.4.3.3 Nigeria
2.4.4 Low-income countries
2.4.4.1 Liberia
2.4.4.2 Afghanistan
2.5 Possible solution
2.5.1 Overview
2.5.2 Structuring waste management activities
2.5.3 Waste to energy and waste to products conversion
2.5.4 Landfilling
2.5.5 Circular material economy
2.5.6 Infrastructure development
2.5.7 Managing infectious waste
2.5.8 Composting
2.5.9 Sustainable recycling
2.5.10 Environmental sustainability
2.5.11 Public stewardship
2.5.12 Novel materials
2.5.13 Extended producer responsibility
2.6 Conclusion
2.7 Future recommendations
References
3 Use of participatory methodologies to improve the management of urban solid waste in Sal Island—Cape Verde
3.1 Introduction—issues faced by small island developing states
3.2 State of research of municipal solid waste management in small island developing states
3.2.1 Waste generation
3.2.2 Waste composition
3.2.3 Waste selection, transfer and transport
3.2.4 Waste management technologies
3.2.5 New trend in integrated municipal solid waste and future development
3.3 Methodology
3.4 Case study—municipal solid waste management in Sal Island
3.4.1 Characterization of Sal Island
3.4.2 Legal instruments for municipal solid waste management in Cape Verde
3.4.3 Benchmark status of municipal solid waste management in Sal Island (interviews with technical staff)
3.4.4 Validation of current situation by the focus group
3.4.5 Hierarchy of priority measures to be implemented in municipal solid waste management
3.5 Conclusions
References
4 Waste characterization in Brazil
Abbreviations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Municipal solid waste
4.2.1 Selective waste collection
4.2.2 Reverse logistics
4.3 Health service waste
4.4 Construction and demolition waste
4.5 Agricultural waste
4.6 Industrial waste
4.7 Treatment and final destination
4.8 Final considerations and perspectives
References
2 E-waste
5 E-waste: sources, management strategies, impacts, and consequences
5.1 Introduction
5.2 E-Waste—a global issue
5.3 Sources of e-waste
5.3.1 Toxic substances and their genesis
5.4 Generation of e-waste
5.5 E-waste recycling
5.5.1 Step-by-step process of e-waste recycling
5.5.2 Importance of recycling
5.5.3 Convenience of recycling
5.5.3.1 Reduce pollution
5.5.3.2 Protects the ecosystem
5.5.3.3 Minimizes global warming
5.5.3.4 Reduces environmental pressure
5.5.3.5 Reduces waste quantities
5.5.3.6 Contributes to the creation of jobs
5.5.3.7 Reduces energy consumption
5.5.4 Inconvenience of recycling
5.5.4.1 High investment
5.5.4.2 Recycling sites are always unhygienic, unsafe and unsightly
5.5.4.3 Less durability of the generating materials
5.6 E-Waste component’s reuse
5.6.1 Plastic
5.6.2 Metal
5.6.3 Glass
5.6.4 Hg-containing equipment
5.6.5 Hard drives
5.6.6 Batteries
5.7 Effects of e-waste in the environment
5.7.1 Air
5.7.2 Soil
5.7.3 Water
5.8 Effects of E-waste on human health
5.9 Impacts on agriculture
5.10 Management techniques of e-waste
5.11 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
6 Translational transport of e-waste and implications on human well beings and the environment
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Global e-waste generation
6.3 Transboundary movement of e-waste
6.4 International regulations for the hazardous material transboundary movement
6.4.1 Basel convention
6.4.2 The rotterdam convention
6.4.3 The Stockholm convention
6.5 Human health
6.6 Environmental effect
6.7 Discussion
6.8 Conclusion and future perspective
References
7 Electronic (E-waste) conduct: chemical assessment and treatment methods
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Classification of hazardous components of e-waste
7.1.1.1 Primary contaminants
7.1.1.2 Secondary contaminants
7.1.1.3 Tertiary contaminants
7.2 Human and environmental effects
7.2.1 Impact on environment
7.2.2 Impact on human health
7.3 Current scenario of processing
7.3.1 Informal recycling techniques
7.3.2 Formal recycling techniques
7.4 Electronic waste legislations
7.4.1 Transboundary flow
7.4.2 Extended producer responsibility
7.5 Policy development in Asia for electronic waste
7.6 Analysis of e-waste management policies
7.7 Discussion
7.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
8 Biological methods for the treatment of e-waste
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Classification of e-waste
8.3 Global scenario of e-waste
8.4 Disposal methods of e-waste
8.4.1 Bioremediation of e-waste
8.4.1.1 Biosorption
8.4.1.2 Bioaccumulation
8.4.1.3 Biomineralization
8.4.2 Phytoremediation of e-waste
8.4.2.1 Phytostabilization
8.4.2.2 Rhizofiltration
8.4.2.3 Phytovolatilization
8.4.2.4 Phytodegradation
8.4.2.5 Use of mycorrhizal fungi and other soil organisms
8.4.3 Vermiremediation
8.5 Conclusion
References
Further reading
9 Chemical methods for the treatment of e-waste
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Identification of e-waste
9.3 Effects on air
9.3.1 Effects on soil
9.3.2 Effects on water
9.3.3 Effects on human health
9.4 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
9.5 Dioxin and furan-related health risks
9.6 Lead as a health deterrent on exposure
9.7 Beryllium exposure and its health damages
9.8 Cadmium as potent health deterrent
9.9 Exposure to mercury and its health damages
9.10 Flame retardants’ health damages
9.11 Land filling and its hazards
9.12 Hazards caused by landfilling
9.13 Incineration and its hazards
9.14 Damages and hazards of incineration process involve the following
9.15 Recycling of e-waste
9.16 Structure of printed circuit board
9.17 Techniques of chemical recycling
9.18 Chemical treatment by metallurgical processes
9.19 Chemical recycling techniques
9.20 Electrochemical process
9.21 Recycling by thermal methods
9.22 Pyrolysis process
9.23 Thermal treatment
9.24 Recycling of LCD panels to procure indium
9.25 Production of clean fuel from recycling e-waste
9.26 Conclusion
References
10 E-waste management using different cost-effective, eco-friendly biological techniques: an overview
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Overview of e-waste
10.1.2 E-waste trade and mechanism
10.1.3 E-waste flow model
10.1.4 Stakeholders
10.1.4.1 Manufacturers and retailers
10.1.4.2 Individual households
10.1.4.3 Business/government sector
10.1.4.4 Traders/scrap dealers/dissemblers/dismantlers
10.1.4.5 Recyclers
10.2 Statistics and e-waste management system in Asian countries
10.3 E-waste management system in India
10.4 Health hazards associated with e-waste
10.5 Consumer’s awareness
10.6 Economic benefit
10.7 E-waste management
10.8 Micro-remediation of e-waste
10.8.1 Bioleaching
10.8.2 Biosorption
10.8.3 Bioaccumulation
10.8.4 Microbial involvement in bioaccumulation process
10.8.5 Chemisorption of heavy metals by microorganism:  a method for the bioremediation of solutions
10.8.6 Biotransformation
10.8.7 Biomineralization
10.8.8 Microbially-enhanced chemisorption of metals
10.9 Recent trends in metal recovery methods from e-waste
10.10 Suggestion to control and manage e-waste in India
10.11 Ecological and environmental effects of e-wastes
10.11.1 Deleterious effects e-wastes on air
10.11.2 Deleterious effects of e-wastes on soil
10.11.3 Deleterious effects of e-wastes on water
10.12 Environmental and health issues
10.13 Recent research
10.14 Conclusion
Annexure I
Annexure II (https://cpcb.nic.in/e-waste-recyclers-dismantler)
Annexure III Description of UNU categories (Baldé, C. P., Wang, F., Kuehr, R., Huisman, J. 2015, The global e-waste monitor...
References
11 Life cycle assessment of e-waste management: current practices and future research agenda towards sustainability
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Aim and motivation of the study
11.3 Overview on life cycle assessment and its development
11.3.1 Life cycle assessment as environmental assessment tool
11.3.2 Role of life cycle impact assessment methodologies and its recent development
11.3.3 Transition of life cycle assessment towards sustainability assessment tool
11.4 Overview on application of life cycle assessment in e-waste management
11.5 Lessons learned and discussion
11.5.1 Life cycle assessment: current transition towards sustainability assessment tool and its application in e-waste mana...
11.5.2 Future multidisciplinary research and agenda
11.6 Conclusions and outlooks
Acknowledgements
References
12 E-waste: policies and legislations for a sustainable green growth
12.1 E-waste: current scenario
12.2 E-waste: generation and distribution
12.3 WEEE laws and enforcements: status
12.3.1 Indian legislations for e-waste
12.3.1.1 Basal convention
12.3.2 Market-based initiatives
12.3.2.1 Extended producer responsibility policies
12.3.2.2 Tax credits and virgin material taxes
12.3.2.3 Advance recycling fees and advanced disposal fee
12.3.2.4 Pay as you throw
12.3.2.5 Deposit-refund system
12.4 Policy challenges
12.4.1 Consumer attitude towards recycling
12.5 Policy implications
12.6 Forward logistics versus reverse logistics life-cycle assessment of electronic products
12.7 SWOT analysis of e-waste policy trends
12.8 Discussion and conclusion
References
13 E-waste policies and implementation: a global perspective
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The global e-waste generation
13.2.1 Quantifying e-waste generation
13.3 E-waste laws and regulations
13.3.1 North America
13.3.1.1 USA
13.3.2 Latin America
13.3.2.1 Colombia
13.3.2.2 Brazil
13.3.3 Europe
13.3.3.1 The current situation of European Union Member States
13.3.3.1.1 Italy
13.3.3.2 UK
13.3.4 Asia and Oceania
13.3.4.1 China
13.3.4.2 Japan
13.3.4.3 Australia
13.3.5 Africa
13.3.5.1 South Africa
13.3.5.2 Rwanda
13.4 Conclusions and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
14 The future of e-waste in the circular economy of Ghana; implications for urban planning, environmental and human health ...
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Environmental and health risks associated with informal e-waste recycling
14.3 Towards understanding the circular economy philosophy
14.3.1 Circular economy-environmental and waste management nexus and criticisms
14.4 The future of e-waste and the circular economy of Ghana: urban planning, environmental, and health risk implications
14.4.1 Ghana’s e-waste recycling enterprise
14.4.2 Urban planning, circular economy, and opportunities for efficient e-waste recycling in Africa: a focus on Ghana
14.5 Way forward and conclusion
References
15 The role of the informal sector on e-waste management: a case study from Brazil
List of symbols and acronyms
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Contextualization
15.2.1 EEE and WEEE in numbers
15.2.2 Brazilian WEEE legislation
15.2.3 The role of waste pickers on waste management in Brazil
15.2.4 The involvement of WPO on WEEE management in Brazil
15.3 Methodology
15.3.1 The region under study
15.3.2 Study design
15.4 Results
15.4.1 The profile of the waste picker organizations
15.4.2 The perspective of waste pickers: WEEE management
15.4.3 The perspective of waste pickers: WPO, the environment and the society
15.5 Discussion
15.5.1 SWOT analysis
15.5.2 Waste picker organizations and the sustainable development goals
15.6 Conclusions and perspectives
References
3 Industrial waste
16 Recent perspectives of nanoparticles in industrial waste management—an overview
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Current situation and problems
16.1.2 Why nanotechnology
16.2 Types of synthesis
16.2.1 Conventional methods
16.2.2 Green synthesis
16.3 Nanoparticles in waste management
16.3.1 nZVI (nanoscale zero-valent iron)
16.3.2 Carbon nanotubes
16.3.3 Titanium dioxide nanoparticles
16.3.4 Zinc oxide nanoparticles
16.4 Nanoparticles in ex-situ and in-situ waste management
16.5 Mechanistic approach towards the waste management through nanoparticles
16.6 Conclusion
References
17 Advances in industrial waste management
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Types of wastes
17.3 Techniques for removal of organic/inorganic waste and heavy metals
17.3.1 Chemical precipitation
17.3.2 Chemical coagulation/flocculation
17.3.3 Chemical stabilization or lime stabilization
17.3.4 Ion exchange
17.3.4.1 Types of organic resins
17.3.5 Membrane filtration
17.3.5.1 Pressure driven membrane processes
17.3.5.1.1 Microfiltration
17.3.5.1.2 Ultrafiltration
17.3.5.1.3 Nanofiltration
17.3.5.1.4 Reverse osmosis
17.3.5.2 Nonpressure driven
17.3.5.2.1 Forward osmosis
17.3.5.3 Nonpressure and electrical driven process
17.3.5.3.1 Electrodialysis
17.3.5.4 Hybrid membrane processes
17.3.6 Brine technologies
17.3.6.1 Deep well injection treatment
17.3.6.2 Thermal treatment systems
17.3.6.3 Brine incineration
17.3.6.4 High efficiency reverse osmosis
17.3.6.5 MAX H2O desalter
17.3.7 Phytoremediation
17.3.7.1 Phytoextraction
17.3.7.2 Phytostabilization
17.3.7.3 Phytodegradation
17.3.7.4 Phytovolatilization
17.3.7.5 Rhizofiltration/phytofiltration
17.3.7.5.1 Factors affecting the phytoremediation process
17.3.8 Advanced oxidation processes
17.3.8.1 Photolysis
17.3.8.2 Photocatalysis
17.3.8.3 Ozonation
17.3.8.4 Sulfate-free radical-based advanced oxidation processes
17.3.9 Adsorption
17.3.9.1 Types of adsorbents
17.3.9.1.1 Oxygen containing compounds
17.3.9.1.2 Carbon-based compounds
17.3.9.1.3 Agricultural/plant based adsorbents
17.3.9.1.4 Polymer-based compounds
17.3.9.2 Adsorption isotherm
17.4 Management of industrial solid wastes
17.4.1 Landfill or dump
17.4.1.1 Sanitary/controlled landfills
17.4.2 Incineration
17.4.3 Composting
17.4.3.1 Factors affecting composting
17.4.3.2 Phases of composting
17.4.3.3 Types of composting
17.4.3.3.1 Aerobic composting
17.4.3.3.2 Anaerobic composting
17.4.3.3.3 Vermicomposting
17.5 Waste to energy technologies
17.5.1 Combustion
17.5.2 Anaerobic digestion
17.5.3 Fermentation
17.5.4 Gasification
17.5.5 Pyrolysis
17.6 Conclusion
17.7 Future perspective
References
18 Nano- and microplastics in the environment: a potential threat to in-situ bioremediation of wastewaters
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Implication of different microbes in bioremediation of wastewaters
18.2.1 Implication of bacteria in bioremediation
18.2.2 Use of fungi in bioremediation
18.2.3 Utility of microalgae in phytoremediation
18.3 Effect of microplastics on bioremedial potential of microbes
18.3.1 Microplastics
18.3.2 Intrusion of microplastics in the environment
18.3.3 Impact of microplastics on microbial communities
18.3.4 Effect of microplastics on microbes carrying out in-situ bioremediation of industrial wastewaters
18.3.4.1 Effect of microplastics on bioremedial potential of bacteria
18.3.4.2 Effect of microplastics on bioremedial potential of microalgae
18.4 Conclusions and recommendations
References
19 Biological methods for the treatment of industrial waste
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 Aerobic and anaerobic treatment of wastewater
19.2 Waste water treatment from food industry
19.2.1 Characteristics of dairy wastewater and its harmful effects on environment
19.2.1.1 Biological treatment of dairy waste water
19.3 Treatment of effluents of dye industry
19.3.1 Aerobic treatment of dyes
19.3.2 Anaerobic treatment of dyes
19.3.3 Treatment in combined aerobic-anaerobic system
19.4 Waste water treatment from pharmaceutical industry
19.4.1 Aerobic technique
19.4.2 Aerobic technique
19.4.3 Anaerobic technique
19.5 Conclusion
References
20 Adsorptive removal of hazardous dyes from industrial waste using activated carbon: an appraisal
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Methodological design and methods of dye removal
20.2.1 Biological dye removal methods
20.2.2 Chemical dye removal methods
20.2.3 Physical dye removal methods
20.2.3.1 Dye removal through adsorption
20.2.4 Factors affecting adsorption
20.3 Adsorption on activated carbon
20.3.1 Definition of activated carbon
20.3.2 Porous structure and surface area
20.3.3 Chemical structure
20.3.4 Activated carbon preparation from various sources
20.3.5 Classification
20.3.6 Properties of activated carbon
20.3.7 Applications of activated carbon
20.4 Dye removal by activated carbon
20.4.1 Combination of techniques for dye removal
20.5 Conclusions
References
4 Biomedical/hazardous waste
21 Hazardous waste management: lessons from developed countries
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Challenges faced by developing countries
21.3 Open dumping
21.4 Open burning
21.5 Examples of waste management in various developed countries
21.5.1 United States
21.5.2 Japan
21.5.3 Singapore
21.5.4 Germany
21.5.5 The Netherlands
21.5.6 Hong Kong
21.5.7 Norway
21.6 Brief comparison between waste management practices in developing and developed countries
21.7 Conclusion
References
22 Hazardous biomedical waste management scenario in developing countries
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Sources of biomedical wastes in developing countries
22.2.1 Biomedical waste classification in developing countries
22.3 Management of biomedical waste in developing nations
22.4 Treatment of infectious medical waste
22.4.1 Treatment technologies used in developing countries
22.4.1.1 Medical waste incineration
22.4.1.2 Autoclaving
22.4.1.3 Microwave treatment
22.4.1.4 Plasma gasification
22.5 Conclusion
References
23 Chemical methods for the treatment of biomedical hazardous waste
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Biomedical hazardous waste
23.2.1 Type of biomedical waste
23.2.2 Sources of biomedical hazardous waste
23.3 Chemical routes for the management of biomedical waste
23.3.1 Supercritical water oxidation technique
23.3.2 Ion exchange process
23.3.3 Incineration
23.3.4 Autoclaving
23.3.5 Microwaving
23.3.6 Shredding
23.4 Importance of biomedical waste management
23.5 Conclusion
References
24 Advances in biomedical waste management technologies
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Categories, sources and fate of biomedical waste
24.3 Need for biomedical waste management
24.4 Conventional ways for managing biomedical waste
24.4.1 Thermochemical methods
24.4.2 Chemical treatment
24.5 State of the art treatment of biomedical wastes
24.5.1 Bioremediation of biomedical waste
24.5.2 Plant bioremediation
24.5.3 Membrane technology
24.6 Conclusion and future prospects
References
5 Sustainable waste management
25 Biological treatment of pharmaceutical wastes
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Types of pharmaceutical waste
25.2.1 Hazardous waste
25.2.1.1 P-listed
25.2.1.2 U-listed
25.2.2 Non-hazardous pharmaceutical waste
25.2.3 Chemo waste
25.2.3.1 Bulk chemotherapy waste
25.2.3.2 Trace chemotherapy waste
25.2.4 Controlled substances
25.2.5 Chemical wastes
25.2.6 Potentially infectious wastes
25.2.7 Liquid waste
25.2.8 Ampoules
25.2.9 Solid waste
25.3 Sources of pharmaceuticals in the environment
25.3.1 Sources of pharmaceutical in marine water
25.3.1.1 Sewage
25.3.1.2 Waste disposal
25.3.1.3 Animal husbandry and horticulture
25.3.1.4 Aquaculture
25.3.2 Environmental fate of pharmaceuticals in marine water
25.3.3 Sources of industrial pharmaceutical waste
25.3.3.1 Synthetic organic chemical plants
25.3.3.2 Fermentation plants
25.3.3.3 Fermentation/synthetic organic chemical plants
25.3.3.4 Biological production plants
25.3.3.5 Drug mixing, formulation and preparation plants
25.3.4 General sources of pharmaceutical wastes
25.3.4.1 Wastewater treatment plants
25.3.4.2 Pharmaceutical waste treatment plants
25.3.4.3 Animals and humans
25.3.4.4 Healthcare institutions
25.3.4.5 Unused drug
25.3.4.6 Personal care products
25.3.4.7 Food growing homes and farms
25.4 Biological pretreatment methods for the valorization of pharmaceutical wastes
25.4.1 Anaerobic methodologies
25.4.1.1 Acidogens (hydrolytic bacteria)
25.4.1.2 Acetogens (obligate H2 generating bacteria)
25.4.1.3 Methanogens (obligate anaerobic bacteria)
25.4.2 Aerobic methodologies
25.4.2.1 Sequence batch reactor
25.4.2.2 Membrane bioreactor
25.4.2.3 Integrated fixed-film sludge bioreactor
25.4.2.4 Aquatech-enhanced membrane bioreactor
25.5 Practices of effective management of pharmaceutical/healthcare wastes
References
26 A review on municipal solid wastes and their associated problems and solutions (waste-to-energy recovery and nano-treatm...
Acronyms
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Waste generation in India
26.3 Waste management practices in India to address the problem of municipal solid waste
26.4 Challenges faced while addressing the municipal solid waste management
26.4.1 Segregation at source
26.4.2 Lack of funding to address the municipal solid waste problem
26.4.3 Failure of waste-to-energy recovery
26.4.4 Communication gap between center and State government
26.4.5 Implementation of rules and regulations
26.4.6 Research and development for new technological practices
26.5 Energy recovery from municipal solid waste
26.6 Direct waste-to-energy processes
26.6.1 Indirect waste-to-energy processes
26.6.1.1 Thermal conversion
26.6.1.2 Incineration
26.6.1.3 Pyrolysis
26.6.1.4 Gasification
26.6.1.5 Biogas from landfills (landfill gas)
26.6.1.6 Composting
26.7 Nanotechnology and waste management
26.7.1 Nanoparticles and their use in treating leachate of municipal solid waste landfills
26.7.1.1 Leachate treatment by nanoparticles
26.7.2 The impact of nanoparticles on the composting of municipal solid waste
26.8 Conclusion
References
Further reading
27 Applications of waste-to-economy practices in the urban wastewater sector: implications for ecosystem, human health and ...
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Role and need of the waste-to-economy approach in the urban wastewater sector
27.3 Applications of waste-to-economy practices in the urban wastewater sector
27.3.1 Recovery of value-added products
27.3.2 Biofuels production
27.3.3 Biopolymers production
27.3.4 Biopesticides production
27.3.5 Biosurfactants and bioflocculant production
27.4 Environmental implications
27.4.1 Impact of wastewater reuse on soil parameters
27.4.2 Impact of wastewater reuse on micro-and macro-fauna
27.4.3 Impact of wastewater reuse on climate change and greenhouse gases
27.5 Human health implications
27.5.1 Pathogens
27.5.2 Heavy metals
27.5.3 Antibiotic resistance
27.5.4 Emerging contaminants
27.6 Challenges to waste-to-economy concept in the urban wastewater sector
27.7 Conclusion and future recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
28 Cost-benefit analysis act as a tool for evaluation of agricultural waste to the economy: a synthesis
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Agricultural waste to the economy/energy
28.2.1 Composting
28.2.2 Biochar
28.2.3 Biogas power generation
28.2.3.1 Biogas policies and their status in India
28.2.4 Biomass fuel
28.3 Some key projects of waste-to-energy in India and their challenges
28.4 Conclusion and recommendations
References
29 Conversion of waste materials into different by-products of economic value
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Production of bio-organic fertilizers
29.3 Production of enzymes from organic wastes
29.3.1 Amylase
29.3.2 Pectinase
29.3.3 Polygalacturonase
29.3.4 Cellulases and xylanase
29.3.5 Proteases
29.3.6 Lipases
29.4 Production of biofuel
29.4.1 Bio-ethanol
29.4.2 Hydrogen
29.4.3 Biogas or methane
29.4.4 Biodiesel
29.5 Production of bio-materials
29.5.1 Biodegradable plastics
29.5.2 Bio-nanocomposite
29.5.3 Other biomaterials
29.5.4 Lipomyces starkeyi
29.6 Adsorbent and biomass for bioremediation
29.7 Flavors and fragrances
29.8 Organic acids
29.8.1 Acetic acid
29.8.2 Citric acid
29.8.3 Fumaric acid
29.8.4 Lactic acid
29.8.5 Propionic acid
29.8.6 Gluconic acid
29.9 Pigments
29.10 Pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals
29.11 Polysaccharides
29.12 Dietary fiber production
29.13 Natural colorant
29.14 pH indicator films
29.15 Single-cell protein
29.16 Conclusion
References
30 Vermicomposting—the sustainable solid waste management
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Classification
30.2.1 Gaseous waste
30.2.2 Liquid waste
30.2.3 Solid waste
30.2.3.1 Inorganic waste
30.2.3.1.1 Household solid waste
30.2.3.1.2 Industrial waste
30.2.3.1.3 Clinical waste
30.2.3.2 Organic waste
30.2.3.2.1 Household waste
30.2.3.2.2 Industrial waste
30.2.3.2.3 Agricultural waste
30.2.3.2.4 Pharmaceutical waste
30.3 Management of waste: reduce, reuse and recycle
30.3.1 Different methods of solid waste management
30.3.1.1 Recycling
30.3.1.2 Bioremediation
30.3.1.3 Landfilling
30.3.1.3.1 Open landfills
30.3.1.3.2 Semi-controlled landfills
30.3.1.3.3 Sanitary landfills
30.3.1.4 Incineration
30.3.1.5 Waste to energy
30.3.1.6 Land application
30.3.1.7 Composting
30.4 Different kinds of composting
30.4.1 Vessel composting
30.4.2 Windrow composting
30.4.3 Static composting
30.4.4 Sheet composting
30.4.5 Berkley rapid composting
30.4.6 Indian composting
30.4.7 Vermicomposting
30.4.7.1 Organisms for vermicomposting
30.4.7.1.1 Eisenia fetida
30.4.7.1.2 Eisenia andrei
30.4.7.1.3 Lumbricus rubellas
30.4.7.1.4 Perionyx excavates
30.4.7.2 Substrate for vermicomposting
30.4.7.3 General procedure
30.4.7.3.1 Cement ring
30.4.7.4 Precautions
30.4.7.5 Nutrient Analysis
30.4.7.6 Use of vermicompost
30.4.7.7 Future prospect for vermicomposting
30.4.7.8 Challenges and barriers for vermicomposting
30.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
31 Sustainability of biorefineries for waste management
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Biorefinery
31.2.1 Concept of biorefinery
31.2.2 Goals to be achieved through biorefineries
31.2.3 Classification of biorefinery
31.2.3.1 Feedstocks
31.2.3.2 Platforms
31.2.3.3 Processes
31.2.3.4 Products
31.2.4 Feedstock for biorefinery
31.2.5 Criteria for biorefinery
31.2.6 Critical aspects to be considered for successful biorefinery
31.2.7 Bioeconomy and biorefinery
31.3 Waste biorefinery
31.3.1 Concept of waste biorefinery
31.3.2 Classification of waste biorefinery
31.4 Biorefinery technologies
31.4.1 Pretreatment
31.4.2 Enzymatic hydrolysis
31.4.3 Fermentation
31.4.4 Fast pyrolysis
31.4.5 Hydrothermal conversion
31.4.6 Anaerobic digestion/fermentation
31.4.7 Dark fermentation
31.4.8 Electro-fermentation
31.4.9 Photo-fermentation
31.5 Types of waste biorefinery
31.5.1 Agricultural waste biorefineries
31.5.2 Algae based biorefinery
31.5.3 Animal waste biorefinery
31.5.4 Bakery waste
31.5.5 Cereals industry waste biorefinery
31.5.6 Coffee industry waste biorefinery
31.5.7 Dairy waste biorefineries
31.5.8 Eggs industry waste biorefineries
31.5.9 Fish industry waste
31.5.10 Food waste biorefineries
31.5.11 Forestry waste biorefinery
31.5.12 Fruit industry waste biorefinery
31.5.13 Industrial waste biorefinery
31.5.14 Meat industry waste
31.5.15 Municipal solid waste biorefineries
31.5.16 Oil crops waste based biorefinery
31.5.17 Oily waste biorefineries
31.5.18 Plastic waste biorefinery
31.5.19 Sea water biorefineries
31.5.20 Starchy waste biorefineries
31.5.21 Sugar-crops and tubers waste biorefinery
31.5.22 Vegetable industry waste biorefinery
31.5.23 Wastewater biorefinery
31.6 Perspective & conclusion
References
32 Municipal solid waste management in Brazil: overview and trade-offs between different treatment technologies
Abbreviations
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Technologies for treatment and final disposal of municipal solid waste
32.2.1 Incineration
32.2.2 Anaerobic digestion
32.2.2.1 Anaerobic digesters
32.2.2.2 Biogas plants
32.2.2.3 Valorization and uses of biogas
32.2.2.4 Biofertilizers
32.2.3 Sanitary landfill
32.2.4 Minimization of municipal solid waste
32.2.5 Reuse and recycling
32.2.6 Composting
32.3 Trade-off between waste treatment/final disposal technologies
32.3.1 Landfill versus incineration
32.3.2 Incineration versus recycling/composting
32.3.3 Landfill versus recycling/composting/anaerobic digestion
32.4 Final considerations and perspectives
References
33 Waste management practices in the developing nations: challenges and opportunities
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Global trends of municipal solid waste management in the developing countries
33.2.1 Comparison of waste production in developed and developing countries
33.2.2 Non-technical variables influencing sustainable waste management
33.3 Characterization of waste and different processes of waste management
33.3.1 MSW disposal processes
33.4 Challenges of solid waste management
33.5 Approaches for solid waste management
33.6 Opportunities for the solid waste management
33.6.1 Collection and transport
33.6.2 Segregation and sorting
33.6.3 Recycling
33.6.4 Processing
33.6.5 Energy recovery
33.6.6 Disposal
33.7 Possible changes
33.7.1 Changes at the highest level of waste management hierarchy
33.7.2 Changes regarding perspective towards the role of stakeholders in municipal solid waste management
33.8 Solution
33.8.1 Integrated solid waste management
33.8.2 A seven-step approach towards municipal solid waste management plan
33.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Index
Back Cover