This book is a typological study of resemblance in formal verbal marking between two or more of the following seven clausal constructions: passives, antipassives, reflexives, reciprocals, anticausatives, causatives, and applicatives. Following Malchukov (2015; 2016; 2017), Creissels (2016), and Zúñiga & Kittilä (2019),
these constructions are called voices. In turn, their formal marking is called
voice marking, and any resemblance in voice marking is called voice syncretism. The latter term here denotes resemblance in formal marking regardless
of whether the marking in two or more voices is related semantically and/or diachronically (Zúñiga & Kittilä 2019: 233f.). Thus, the term refers strictly to the
polyfunctionality or coexpression of voice marking (Haspelmath 2019: 21). As
discussed in Chapter 2, voice itself has been a topic of much debate and innumerable definitions of the seven voices mentioned above have been proposed
in the literature. Many definitions rely on notions like an argument-adjunct distinction, transitivity, grammatical roles and/or an active voice that are intuitively
clear yet difficult to apply to different languages in a uniform manner. The sheer
amount of literature dedicated to capturing the essence of the individual notions
testifies to their elusive nature, and there does not seem to be any consensus
as to how they are best defined for use in cross-linguistic investigations (§2.1).
Rather than attempting to (re)define the notions once again, this book employs
alternative voice definitions that avoid the notions altogether. The definitions instead rely solely on i) a comparison of two clausal constructions, ii) the number
of semantic participants in the constructions, iii) the semantic roles of certain
semantic participants in the constructions, and iv) the formal verbal marking of
the constructions (§2.2). Observe that this book covers only voices that are formally marked on the verb, while periphrastic constructions of various kinds are
largely excluded from the discussion.
Author(s): Nicklas Bahrt
Series: Research on Comparative Grammar (1)
Publisher: Language Science Press
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 325+x
City: Berlin
Tags: Linguistics
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
1.1 Language sample
1.2 Sources and data
2 Defining voices
2.1 Voices revisited
2.1.1 Arguments and adjuncts
2.1.2 Transitivity and valency
2.1.3 Grammatical roles
2.1.4 Active voice
2.2 Voices redefined
2.2.1 Principles
2.2.2 Passives and antipassives
2.2.3 Reflexives and reciprocals
2.2.4 Causatives and anticausatives
2.2.5 Applicatives
2.2.6 Overview
3 Defining voice syncretism
3.1 Previous research
3.1.1 Middle voice and semantics
3.1.2 Families, clusters, and voice ambivalence
3.1.3 Geniušienė (1987) on reflexive syncretism
3.1.4 Haspelmath (1990) on passive syncretism
3.2 Resemblance in voice marking
3.2.1 Type 1a: full resemblance (unconditioned)
3.2.2 Type 1b: full resemblance (conditioned)
3.2.3 Type 2: partial resemblance
3.2.4 Type 3: reverse resemblance
4 Simplex voice syncretism
4.1 Middle syncretism
4.1.1 Reflexive-reciprocal
4.1.2 Reflexive-anticausative
4.1.3 Reciprocal-anticausative
4.1.4 Passive-reflexive
4.1.5 Passive-reciprocal
4.1.6 Passive-anticausative
4.2 Antipassive syncretism
4.2.1 Antipassive-reflexive
4.2.2 Antipassive-reciprocal
4.2.3 Antipassive-anticausative
4.2.4 Passive-antipassive
4.3 Causative syncretism
4.3.1 Causative-applicative
4.3.2 Causative-passive
4.3.3 Causative-antipassive
4.3.4 Causative-reflexive
4.3.5 Causative-reciprocal
4.3.6 Causative-anticausative
4.4 Applicative syncretism
4.4.1 Applicative-passive
4.4.2 Applicative-antipassive
4.4.3 Applicative-reflexive
4.4.4 Applicative-reciprocal
4.4.5 Applicative-anticausative
4.5 Overview
5 Complex voice syncretism
5.1 Middle syncretism
5.2 Antipassive syncretism
5.2.1 Passive-antipassive-*
5.2.2 Antipassive-reflexive-*
5.2.3 Applicative-antipassive-reciprocal
5.3 Causative syncretism
5.3.1 Causative-passive-*
5.3.2 Causative-reflexive-anticausative
5.3.3 Causative-applicative-passive
5.4 Permic and Slavic voice syncretism
5.5 Overview
6 Distribution of voice syncretism
6.1 Distribution of voices
6.2 Distribution of dedicated voice marking
6.3 Distribution of voice syncretism
6.3.1 By minimal syncretism
6.3.2 By maximal syncretism
6.4 Overview
7 Diachrony of voice syncretism
7.1 Reflexive origin
7.1.1 From reflexive to reciprocal
7.1.2 From reflexive to anticausative
7.1.3 From reflexive to passive
7.1.4 From reflexive to antipassive
7.2 Reciprocal origin
7.2.1 From reciprocal to reflexive
7.2.2 From reciprocal to anticausative
7.2.3 From reciprocal to passive
7.2.4 From reciprocal to antipassive
7.2.5 From reciprocal to causative
7.2.6 From reciprocal to applicative
7.3 Anticausative origin
7.3.1 From anticausative to reflexive
7.3.2 From anticausative to reciprocal
7.3.3 From anticausative to passive
7.3.4 From anticausative to antipassive
7.4 Passive origin
7.4.1 From passive to reflexive
7.4.2 From passive to reciprocal
7.4.3 From passive to anticausative
7.5 Causative origin
7.5.1 From causative to anticausative
7.5.2 From causative to passive
7.5.3 From causative to applicative
7.6 Applicative origin
7.6.1 From applicative to reciprocal
7.6.2 From applicative to antipassive
7.6.3 From applicative to causative
7.7 Overview
8 Conclusion
8.1 Summary and main findings
8.2 Prospects for further research
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
References
Index
Name index
Language index
Subject index
