The bright colour of haemoglobin has, from the very beginning, played a significant role in both the investigation of this compound as well as in the study of blood oxygen transport. Numerous optical methods have been developed for measuring haemoglobin concentration, oxygen saturation, and the principal dyshaemoglobins in vitro as well as in vivo. Modern applications include pulse oximeters, fibre optic oximeters, multiwavelength haemoglobin photometers ('co-oximeters') and instruments for near infrared spectroscopy in vivo. Knowledge of the light absorption spectra of the common haemoglobin derivatives is a prerequisite for the development and understanding of these techniques.
In the 1960s a reference method based on the absorptivity of a single derivative (haemiglobincyanide; HiCN) at a single wavelength (540 nm) was established for measuring the total haemoglobin concentration. Thus an anchor value was provided on which the absorptivity spectra of all other haemoglobin derivatives could be based.
This monograph presents absorption spectra and absorptivity data in the wavelength range of 480 to 1000 nm of the major haemoglobin derivatives for human adult and foetal haemoglobin and for haemoglobin of several animals (cow, dog, horse, pig, rat, and adult and foetal sheep). A detailed description of the methods used to acquire these data has been included to allow future investigators to reproduce and expand on the data.
The second part of the monograph includes chapters on the principles and development, in historical perspective, of the principal methods for measuring total haemoglobin concentration for two, three, and multi-component analysis of haemoglobin derivatives, and for blood oxygen saturation measurement. Accurate quantitative data pertaining to haemoglobin in human blood are presented, together with a description of methods for measuring haemoglobin oxygen capacity and oxygen affinity. These chapters have been written with a view to foster
Author(s): Williem.G. Zijlstra, Anneke Buursma, O.W. van Assendelft
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2020
Language: English
Pages: 380
City: Boca Raton
Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Contents Page
Foreword Page
Preface Page
Chapter 1: Introduction
Visual spectrophotometry
Photoelectric spectrophotometry
Diode array spectrophotometry
Biomedical applications
Chapter 2: Definitions and terminology
Spectrophotometry
Haemoglobin and haemoglobin derivatives
Oxygen carrying properties of mammalian blood
Chapter 3: Spectrophotometry
The laws of absorption of radiant energy
Applications of Lambert-Beer's law
Instrumentation
Spectrophotometer performance
Chapter 4: Total haemoglobin concentration
Chapter 5: Absorptivity at 540 nm of haemiglobincyanide
Preparation of a haemoglobin stock solution
Determination of the iron concentration of the haemoglobin stock solution
Determination of the absorbance at 540 nm of the haemoglobin stock solution after conversion to HiCN
Calculation of the absorptivity at 540 nm of HiCN
εHicN(540) as found for human and animal haemoglobin
Chapter 6: Preparation of haemoglobin derivatives
Specimen procurement and handling
Tonometry, erythrolysis and filtration
Preparation of HHb, O2Hb, and COHb
Preparation of Hi, HiCN, and SHb
Chapter 7: Determination of absorption spectra
Lightpath length
Absorbance measurement
Measurement of total haemoglobin
Measurement of foetal haemoglobin
Absorptivity calculation
Influence of temperature and pH
Chapter 8: Absorption spectra of human HbA and HbF
Absorptivity of HbA: standard procedure
Absorptivity of HbA: SFH procedure
Absorptivity of HbF: standard procedure
Comments
Spectral characteristics of modified human haemoglobin
Chapter 9: Absorption spectra of dog haemoglobin
Chapter 10: Absorption spectra of rat haemoglobin
Chapter 11: Absorption spectra of bovine haemoglobin
Chapter 12: Absorption spectra of pig haemoglobin
Chapter 13: Absorption spectra of horse haemoglobin
Chapter 14: Absorption spectra of sheep haemoglobin
Absorptivity of adult haemoglobin
Absorptivity of foetal haemoglobin
Comments
Chapter 15: Comments on the determination of absorption spectra of haemoglobin
Chapter 16: Haemoglobinometry
A short history
The reference point of standardised haemoglobinometry
The haemiglobincyanide method
Haemiglobincyanide standards
Routine haemoglobinometry
Chapter 17: Multicomponent analysis of haemoglobin derivatives
The lengthy road to MCA
Selected two-wavelength methods for O2Hb and COHb
Multicomponent analysis
Multiwavelength haemoglobin photometers
MCA including Hi and HiCN
Current developments
Chapter 18: Oximetry and related techniques
Development of oximetry
Cuvette oximetry and densitometry
Syllectometry
Fibre optic oximetry
Pulse oximetry
Near infrared spectroscopy
Chapter 19: The oxygen binding capacity of human haemoglobin
Early determinations of the oxygen binding capacity of human haemoglobin
Reference method for total oxygen in blood
Redetermination of the oxygen binding capacity of human haemoglobin
Routine determination of the oxygen capacity of human blood
Chapter 20: The oxygen affinity of human haemoglobin
Instruments and procedures
The normal oxygen dissociation curve of human blood
Effect of temperature
The Bohr and Haldane effects
Effect of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate
Effect of dyshaemoglobins
Conclusions
References
Abbreviations and symbols
Index
