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Victimology: A Comprehensive Approach to Forensic, Psychosocial and Legal Perspectives

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The term victim refers to a person harmed, injured, or killed as a result of a crime, accident, or other event or action. Victimology focuses on the victimization in terms of psychological effects, impact on criminal justice system and new policies and it is a major aspect in the area of forensic field. Victimization can occur due to abuse, assault, maltreatment, war, terrorism, crimes and it can happen in different settings like home, school, and public. In the past, more emphasis was given to perpetrators and various theories tried explain the behavior of perpetrator and their offences. Recently, researchers started focusing different aspects of victimology and explored risk factors for becoming victim, reasons for repeated victimization, and forensic, psychological and social dimensions of victims and consequences of victimization. But there is a need for new theories and researches to have more thorough understanding of victimization.

The field of criminology dealt with crimes and various theories has developed to explain why crime occurs and more focused on perpetrators. A crime involves perpetrator and victim and not much attention has been given to the victim until recently. What happens to a victim, what are the psychological and social consequences of a harmful act to a victim, vulnerabilities to become a victim are getting serious attention now a days and started influencing the criminal justice system. The psychological and social impacts of victimization may be a short or long duration but the impacts cannot be ignored. The legal remedies and psychological healings are important aspects of victimization. While considering these factors, the book would be focusing on origin and scope of victimology, different types of victimization such as sexual abuse, domestic violence, maltreatment, cyber crimes, war and terrorism, natural calamities, victimization at school and work place, human trafficking, crime against persons, crime against property, white collar crime, elder abuse, victim with disabilities, secondary victim and re-victimization and its psychological impacts and related issues. The book would also focus on victimology and forensic factors and its influence on criminal justice system in addition to the psychological management of victimization.

Author(s): Rejani Thudalikunnil Gopalan
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022

Language: English
Pages: 475
City: Cham

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Recent Updates on Victimology and Its Influence on Criminal Justice System
Introduction
Definition of Victim
Definition of Victimology as It Evolves and History
History of Victimology in Legal and Social Perspectives
Theories of Victimization
Victim Precipitation Theory
Lifestyle and Exposure Theory
Routine Activity Theory
Deviant Place Theory
Social Learning Theory
Control Balance Theory
General Theory of Crime
Risk Factors/Biopsychosocial Factors Associated with Victimization
Genetic
Neurotransmitters
Mental Disorders
Alcohol
Social Factors
Neighbourhood
Peer Group/Spending Time with Delinquent/Personal Interaction
Family Factors
Immigration
Cultural and Feminist View Points on Victimology Theories
Influence of Criminal Justice System and Related Disciplines
Future Directions
References
Chapter 2: Working with Victims: Psychological Assessment of Victims and Mental Health of Professionals
Introduction
Types of Victims
Needs of Victims
Assessment
Professionals Working in Trauma Settings
References
Additional Reading
Chapter 3: Sexual Abuse
Introduction
Sexual Abuse Stages
Risk Factors
Impact of Sexual Abuse
Assessment
Forensic Evaluation
Management
References
Chapter 4: Adult Molested as Child
Introduction
Effects on Physiological Markers
Overall Risk Factors Associated with CSA
Gastroenterology and Gynaecological Difficulties Associated with Childhood Abuse
Orthopaedic and Neurology-Related Issues in Early Onset Trauma
Obesity and Body Mass Index (BMI) Problems in Adults with Abuse History
Mental Health Concerns
Neuropsychological Findings (Structural and Functional Changes)
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Adults with Sexual Abuse Trauma
Attachment-Related Findings with People with Early Onset Trauma
Personality Pathology Among Adults with Sexual Abuse History
Interpersonal Relationships
Behavioural and Personality-Related Concerns
Socioeconomic/Environmental Context
Social Issues of CSA Disclosure
Forensic and Legal Aspects of Sexual Abuse
Management of CSA
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Intimate Partner Violence and Victims
Introduction
Types of Intimate Partner Violence
Prevalence
Risk Factors for IPV
Individual Factors
Gender
Cultural Factors
Social Factors
Theories of IPV
Feminist Theory
Attachment Theory
Cycle of Violence
Exchange Theory
Identity Theory
Social Learning Theory
Victim-Blaming Theory
Causes of IPV
Consequences of IPV
Forensic Assessment and Investigations
Prevention
Intervention
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Child Maltreatment and Forensic Interview Room in Turkey
Introduction
Forensic Interview
Repeated Interviewing of Children
Cognitive Interview (CI)
Memory
The Importance of Interviewer
Forensic Examination of the Child
Interview Protocols
Memorandum of Good Practice
Achieving Best Evidence (ABE)
NICHD Protocol
RATAC Protocol
Child Sexual Abuse in Turkish Penal Code
How Safe to Take the Child to Courthouse
Child Forensic Interview Centres in Turkey
Child Protection Unit
Child Monitoring Centres
Child-Friendly Forensic Interview Room
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Cyberbullying
Introduction
Background
Cyberbullying in Canada
Cyberbullying in Europe
Cyberbullying in Asia
Cross-Cultural Differences in Cyberbullying Involvement
Youths’ Characteristics and Risk Factors for Cyberbullying
Parents as Risk Factors
Schools as Risk Factors
Negative Psychosocial and Academic Outcomes Associated with Youths’ Involvement in Cyberbullying
Theoretical Frameworks
Solutions and Recommendations
Future Research Directions
Summary and Conclusion
References
Key Terms & Definitions
Additional Reading
Chapter 8: Victims of War and Terrorism
Consequences of War
Population Displacement
Limited Access to Healthcare Facilities
Women and Children
Mental Health
Prevention Strategies for War
Terrorism
Types of Terrorism
Causes of Terrorism
Psychological Perspective
Ideological Perspective
Strategic Approach
Psychosocial Risk Factors Associated with Terrorism
Theories of Terrorism
Psychoanalytic Views of Terrorism
Identity Theory
Narcissism Theory
Paranoia Theory
Absolutist/Apocalyptic Theory
Psychopathological Theory of Terrorism
Sociological Theories of Terrorism
Rational Choice Theory
Social Learning Theory
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
Theory of Relative Deprivation
Oppression Theory
National Cultural Theory
Humiliation-Revenge Theory
Cognitive Theories of Terrorism
Group Process Theory
Psychological Processes of Victims of Terrorism
Identifying Vulnerable Populations at Risk
Secondary and Community Consequences of Terrorism
Prevention Strategies for Terrorism
Psychological Rehabilitation of Victims of War and Terrorism
Rehabilitation of a Terrorist
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Trauma-Informed Psychological Supports When Natural Disasters Come
Introduction
Natural Disasters
Best Practices in Crisis Intervention
Victims and Emotional Stages
School and Community Interventions
The Role of Counselors During Disaster
Psychological First Aid and the Counselor’s Role
Victimization During and After Calamities
Alexithymia
Trauma-Informed Counseling Strategies
Resilience Post Disaster
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Natural Disaster
Forensic Aspects of Natural Disaster
Treatment for Victims
The Stages of TF-CBT
Traumatic Memory and TF-CBT
Challenges for Psychologists and Clinicians
Compassion Fatigue and Burnout
Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) and Vicarious Trauma
Secondary Stress and Burnout Interventions and Recommendations
Summary
References
Chapter 10: Victimization at School and Workplace
Introduction
Prevalence Rates
Causes
Consequences
Consequences of School Victimization
Interventions
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Human Trafficking: Vulnerability, Impact, and Action
Introduction
Defining Human Trafficking
Forms of Human Trafficking
Sexual Exploitation
Forced Labour
Forced Marriage
Forced Removal of Organs
Methods of Coercing Victims of Trafficking
Factors of Vulnerability for Human Trafficking
Victims of Trafficking as Vulnerable Subjects
Children
Gender
Poverty
Social and Cultural Exclusion
Limited Access to Education
Political Instability, War and Conflict
Demand
Family and Community-Based Factors
Personality Factors
Theories on Human Trafficking
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model
Conflict Theory and Structural-Functional Theory
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Labelling Theory
Impact of Trafficking on Victims
Physical Impact
HIV/AIDS
Mental Health Impact
Impact on Child Victims
Substance Use
Behavioural Impact
Stigma
Economic and Societal Impact
Gender Equity and Human Rights
Identifying Signs of Human Trafficking
Red Flags of Trafficking
Profile of a Trafficker
Preventing Human Trafficking
Principles of Prevention
Psychological Interventions for Trafficking-Related Trauma
PTSD Treatment Among Victims of Human Trafficking
Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT)
Prolonged Exposure Therapy (PE)
Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (TF-CBT)
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
Cognitive Analytic Therapy (CAT)
Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET)
Somatic Experiencing (SE)
Alternative Treatment Approaches
Forensic Medical Evaluation of Human Trafficking Victims
Forensic Psychiatric Evaluation of Human Trafficking Victims
Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Crimes Against Persons
Introduction
Types of Crimes
Definitions and Categories of Crimes
Crimes Against Persons
Crime Against Persons: Why Would Anyone Do It?
Crimes Against Persons: Theories that Attempt to Explain Why a Human Hurts Another Human
Victims of Crime: Who Are They?
Risk Factors for Victimization: What Makes an Individual Vulnerable to Being a Victim of Crime
Interventions for Victims and Perpetrators of Personal Crime
Interventions for Victims of Crime
Interventions for Perpetrators of Crime
Associated Methods of Investigation Used in the Forensic Investigations of Personal Crime
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Psychological Factors in Property Crimes: Theories, Traits, and Treatment
Causes and Risk Factors of Criminal Behavior
Low Birth Weight
Human Nature, Mental Health, and Crime
Crime and Personality
Personality and Personality Traits
Big Five and Criminal Behavior
Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Neuroticism Factors and Criminal Behavior
Influence of Self-Control
Aggression: Core Emotion in Crime
Influence of Cognitive Distortion
Mental Health of Victims
The Psychological Impact of Victimization
Forensic Procedures After Property Crime and Its Legal Aspects
The Prevention Methods and Interventions for Victims at the Individual Level and Society at Large
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Elder Abuse and Victims with Disabilities
Elder Abuse
Physical Abuse
Sexual Abuse/Assault
Psychological/Emotional Abuse
Financial Abuse/Material Exploitation
Neglect
Abandonment
Self-neglect
Older Victims with Disabilities
Forensic Assessment and Procedures: Legal Concerns and Beyond
How Do We Deal with Crimes Among Elderly Population?
From Alpha to Omega: What Is Still Missing in Elder Abuse?
References
Chapter 15: Secondary Victimization of Sexually Assaulted Women
Introduction
Women Victimization
Consequences of Victimization
Trauma After Rape
Secondary Victimization After Rape
Primary and Secondary Victimization at Social Networks
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Revictimization: Towards a New Theoretical Concept
Introduction
Prevalence of Revictimization
Revictimization Theories
Re-enactment Theory
Underdeveloped Detection of Danger as Reason for Revictimization
Ecological System Theory
Revictimization in Sexual Violence and Intimate Partner Violence
Revictimization in Sexual Violence
Childhood Sexual Abuse and Revictimization
Adolescence Sexual Victimization and Revictimization
Childhood Physical Abuse and Sexual Revictimization
Relation Between Sexual and Physical Abuses and Revictimization
Intimate Partner Violence and Revictimization
Common Factors for Sexual Abuse and Intimate Partner Violence
Towards a New Theoretical Concept
References
Chapter 17: Early Childhood Violence Exposure and Subsequent Antisocial Behavior: Canadian Indigenous Young Offenders Case Study
Introduction
Characteristics of Psychiatric Disorders
Background
Factors Associated with Juvenile Delinquency
Juvenile Delinquency
Violent Behavior
Canadian Aboriginal Young Offenders’ Perspective
Criminogenic Hypothetical Analysis
Intergenerational Trauma in Aboriginal Young Generation
The Genesis of Emotional Dysregulation
IRS and Intergenerational Violence Among Indigenous Youth
Psychopathological Analysis of Conduct Disorder and Violence
Origin of Canadian Indigenous Youth’s Violence
Family Dynamic, Parenting Style, and CD
Hypothetical Psychopathology Pathways
Conduct Disorder in Youth and Violent Behavior
Etiology
Brain Structure and CD
Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Chapter 18: Understanding Adolescent Behavior and Victimization of Special Populations Through Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory
Introduction
Developmental Victimology
Bronfenbrenner and the Bioecological Theory
Adolescents and Child Development
Parental Influences as Social Cultural Factor on Adolescent Development and Behavior
Brain-Based Activity and Deviant Behavior
Bronfenbrenner and Social Cultural Factors
Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: Working with Victims: Psychological Assessment of Victims
Introduction
Trauma
Trauma, Stress and Diagnosistic Framework
Victim Assessment
Psychological Tests
References
Chapter 20: Forensic Investigations and Victims
Medical Analysis and Investigations
Criminal Profiling
Psychological Autopsy
Fingerprint Matching
Ballistic Analysis
Report Writing of Forensic Investigations and Court Proceedings
Guidelines and Policies for Sexual Abuse Investigation
References
Chapter 21: Medical and Psychological Management of Victimization
Types of Crime and Victimization
Impact of Victimization
Mental Health Consequences of Victimization
General Guidelines for Working with Victims of Violent Crimes
Mental Health Interventions for Victims of Violent Crime
The Immediate Aftermath of Victimization
Psychological Debriefing
Psychological First Aid
Psychological Approaches to Trauma
Cognitive Behavioural Approaches
Prolonged Exposure Therapy
Cognitive Processing Therapy
Trauma-Focused CBT
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy (EMDR)
Other Therapies
Pharmacological Intervention for Trauma
Research Evidence and Treatment Guidelines
Conclusion
References
Index