Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Acknowledgments
Preface
About the Companion Website
Part I Introduction
Chapter 1 Microbial Infections of Animals
Some Attributes of Host–Parasite Relationships
Criteria of Pathogenicity – Koch’s Postulates
Elements in the Transmission and Production of Infectious Disease
Viral Infections
Mechanisms of Pathogenesis
Direct Damage
Immune-Mediated Damage
Viral Dissemination within the Infected Host
Reference
Further Reading
Chapter 2 Basic Bacteriology
Bacteria
Bacterial Anatomy: Structures and Functions
Structures of a Bacterial Cell
Cell Envelope
Cell Walls of Gram-Positive Bacteria
Cell Walls of Gram-Negative Bacteria
Bacteria that Lack Peptidoglycan
Bacteria with Complex Cell Wall
Cytoplasmic Structures
Surface Structures of Bacteria
Bacterial Physiology: Metabolism, Growth, and Nutrition
Metabolism
Growth and Nutrition
Physical and Chemical Requirements for Bacterial Growth
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Temperature
pH
Ionic Strength/Osmotic Pressure
Chemical Requirements for Growth
Chapter 3 Basic Mycology
General Characteristics of the Fungi
Commonly Used Mycologic Terms
Fungal Infections: General Considerations
Pathogenesis of Fungal Infections
Diagnosis of Fungal Infections
Immune Response to Fungal Infections
Treatment of Fungal Infection: General
Acknowledgment
Further Reading
Chapter 4 Basic Virology
Virus–Host Relationships
Modes of Dissemination of Viruses within the Hosts
Viral Tropism
Host Responses to Viral Infections
Interferon
Humoral and Cellular Immunity
Viral Immunosuppression
Persistent Viral Infection
Viral Shedding
Further Reading
Part II Bacteriology
Chapter 5 Family Enterobacteriaceae
Descriptive Features
Morphology and Staining
Cellular Structure and Composition
Cellular Products of Medical Interest
Growth Characteristics
Resistance
Variability
Laboratory Diagnosis
Morphology and Staining
Cultural Characteristics
Brilliant Green Agar
Cefsulodin–Irgasan™–Novobiocin (Yersinia Selective Agar)
Substrate. Lactose
Hektoen Enteric Agar
MacConkey Agar
Sorbitol MacConkey Agar
Sorbitol MacConkey Agar BCIG, cefixime, and potassium tellurite
Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate Agar
Enrichment Media
References
Further Reading
Chapter 6 Enterobacteriaceae: Escherichia
Descriptive Features
Cellular Structure and Composition
Cellular Products of Medical Interest
Enterotoxins
Other Toxins
Variability
Ecology
Reservoir and Transmission
Pathogenesis
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment, Control, and Prevention
Other Coliforms
Enterobacter and Citrobacter
References
Further Reading
Chapter 7 Enterobacteriaceae: Salmonella
Descriptive Features
Cellular Description and Composition
Cellular Products of Medical Interest
Ecology
Reservoir
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment, Control, and Prevention
Salmonellosis of Poultry
Reference
Further Reading
Chapter 8 Family Yersiniaceae
Descriptive Features
Morphology and Staining
Growth Characteristics
Yersinia pestis (Plague Bacillus)
Descriptive Features
Ecology
Pathogenesis
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Descriptive Features
Variability
Ecology
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Yersinia enterocolitica
Descriptive Features
Variability
Ecology
Pathogenesis
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Yersinia ruckeri
Further Reading
Chapter 9 Enterobacteriaceae: Shigella
Descriptive Features
Cellular Structure and Composition
Cellular Products of Medical Interest
Variability
Ecology
Reservoir
Transmission
Clinical Disease
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment, Control, and Prevention
References
Further Reading
Chapter 10 Pasteurellaceae: Avibacterium, Bibersteinia, Mannheimia, and Pasteurella
Descriptive Features
Morphology and Staining
Structure and Composition
Cellular Products of Medical Interest
Growth Characteristics
Resistance
Variability
Ecology
Reservoirs
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Mechanisms
Pathology
Disease Patterns
Immunity
Basis of Immunity
Vaccination
Laboratory Diagnosis
Isolation and Identification
Treatment and Control
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale
Acknowledgment
Reference
Further Reading
Chapter 11 Pasteurellaceae: Actinobacillus
Properties of Genus
Descriptive Features
Structure and Composition
Cell Products of Medical Interest
Adhesins
Capsule
Biofilm
Cell Envelope
Toxins
RTX-Type Toxins
Urease
Iron Acquisition
Miscellaneous Products
Antigenic Variability
Ecology
Reservoir
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Mechanisms
Pathology
Epidemiology
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Disease Patterns
Ruminants
Swine
Horses
Other Species
Acknowledgment
Further Reading
Chapter 12 Pasteurellaceae: Glaesserella, Haemophilus, and Histophilus
Descriptive Features
Morphology and Staining
Structure and Cellular Products of Medical Interest
Growth Characteristics
Resistance
Variability
Ecology
Reservoirs
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Disease Patterns
Immunity
Basis of Immunity
Vaccination
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Further Reading
Chapter 13 Bordetella
Descriptive Features
Morphology and Staining
Structure and Composition
Cellular Products of Medical Interest
Adhesins
Exotoxins
Tracheal Cytotoxin
Dermonecrotic Toxin (DNT)
Adenylyl Cyclase Toxin
Pertussis Toxin
Osteotoxin
Iron Acquisition
Type III Secretion System (T3SS)
Regulation of the Cellular Products of Medical Interest
Growth Characteristics
Biochemical Activities
Resistance
Variability
Ecology
Reservoir
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Pathology
Immunologic Aspects
Pathogenic Factors
Protective Role
Immunization
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Animal Disease Patterns
Swine
Dogs
Cats
Rabbits
Guinea Pigs
Poultry and Birds
Horses
Sheep and Goats
Laboratory and Wild Animals
Acknowledgment
Further Reading
Chapter 14 Brucella
Descriptive Features
Morphology and Staining
Cellular Structure and Composition
Cellular Products of Medical Interest
Growth Characteristics
Resistance
Diversity
Ecology
Zoologic and Geographic Reservoirs
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Characterization of Infection in Animal Populations
Immunologic Aspects
Immune Mechanisms in Pathogenesis
Mechanisms of Resistance and Recovery
Vaccination
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimens
Direct Examination
Isolation
Identification
Serologic Tests
Molecular Tests
Treatment
Control and Prevention
Control Methods for B. abortus, B. melitensis, and B. suis
Control Methods for Brucella ovis
Control Methods for Brucella canis
Chapter 15 Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei
Burkholderia mallei
Descriptive Features
Morphology and Staining
Structure and Composition
Cellular Products of Medical Interest
Growth Characteristics
Biochemical Characteristics
Resistance
Ecology
Reservoir
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Disease Patterns
Epidemiology
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Burkholderia pseudomallei
Descriptive Features
Morphology and Staining
Structure and Composition
Cellular Products of Medical Interest
Growth Characteristics
Biochemical Characteristics
Resistance
Ecology
Reservoir
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Disease Patterns
Epidemiology
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Further Reading
Chapter 16 Francisella tularensis
Introduction
Classification
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Pathogenesis
Immunology
Vaccination
Laboratory Diagnosis
Laboratory Response Network (LRN)
Serological Methods
Morphology and Staining
Culture Isolation
Preliminary Biochemical Reactions
Limitations of Culture
Antigen Detection Methods
Molecular Methods
Treatment
Safety Measures
F. tularensis as a Biological Weapon
Reference
Further Reading
Chapter 17 Moraxella
Descriptive Features
Morphology and Staining
Structure and Composition
Cellular Products of Medical Interest
Growth Characteristics
Biochemical Activities
Resistance
Variability
Ecology
Reservoir
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Disease Pattern and Pathology
IBK
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Epidemiology
Treatment
Prevention
Further Reading
Chapter 18 Pseudomonas
Microbiology
Growth Characteristics
Virulence Factors and Their Role in Different Stages of Infection
Epidemiology
Overview of the Pathogenic Mechanism
Clinical Diseases in Animals
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
Treatment
Antibiotics
Further Reading
Chapter 19 Taylorella
T. equigenitalis
Descriptive Features
Morphology and Staining
Structure and Composition
Growth Characteristics
Resistance
Variability
Ecology
Reservoir
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Immunologic Aspects
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
T. asinigenitalis
Acknowledgment
Further Reading
Chapter 20 Spirilla I: Borrelia
Classification
Borrelia Species
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control
Important Diseases
Avian Borreliosis or Fowl Spirochetosis
Relapsing Fever
Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever (TBRF)
Louse-Borne Relapsing Fever (LBRF)
Further Reading
Chapter 21 Spiral-Curved Organisms II: Brachyspira and Lawsonia
Brachyspira
Descriptive Features
Morphology and Staining
Cellular Morphology and Composition
Cellular Products of Medical Interest
Growth Characteristics
Variability
Ecology
Reservoir and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Clinical Signs
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Sample Collection
Direct Examination
Isolation
Identification
Treatment, Control, and Prevention
Lawsonia
Descriptive Features
Morphology and Cellular Anatomy
Cellular Products of Medical Interest
Growth Characteristics
Ecology
Reservoir
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features and Lesions
Epidemiology
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Sample Collection
Direct Examination
Isolation
Identification
Treatment
Acknowledgments
Further Reading
Chapter 22 Spiral-Curved Organisms III: Campylobacter and Arcobacter
Descriptive Features
Morphology and Staining
Campylobacter
Descriptive Features
Cellular Products of Medical Interest
Growth Characteristics
Variability
Ecology
Reservoir
Transmission
Pathogenesis and Clinical Signs
Epidemiology
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Sample Collection
Direct Examination
Isolation
Identification
Serodiagnosis
Treatment
Arcobacter
Descriptive Features
Cellular Products of Medical Interest
Growth Characteristics
Ecology
Reservoir
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Sample Collection
Direct Examination
Isolation
Identification
Treatment
Acknowledgments
Further Reading
Chapter 23 Spirilla IV: Helicobacter – the Spiral Microorganisms of the Gastrointestinal Tract and Liver
Descriptive Features
Morphology and Staining
Virulence Factors
Flagella
Periplasmic Fibrils
Urease
Adhesins
Lipopolysaccharide
cag Pathogenicity Island and CagA
Vacuolating Cytotoxin (Vac)
Cytolethal Distending Toxin
Growth Characteristics
Variability
Ecology
Reservoirs
Transmission
Zoonotic Potential
Pathogenesis
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Direct Examination
Isolation and Identification
Molecular Methods
Treatment and Control
Acknowledgment
Further Reading
Chapter 24 Spirochetes V: Leptospira
Introduction
Descriptive Features
Epidemiology and Transmission and Zoonosis
Pathogenesis and Diseases
Laboratory Diagnosis
Direct Detection of Leptospira
Bacterial Culture
Serological Methods (Antibody Detection)
Treatment
Prevention/Control
Further Reading
Chapter 25 Staphylococcus
Descriptive Features
Coagulase-Positive and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci
Virulence Properties
Hemolytic Toxins
Leukocidins (Leukotoxins)
Phenol-Soluble Modulins (PSMs)
Exfoliative Toxins
Enterotoxins
Coagulase and Clumping Factors
Protein A
Capsule
Microbial Surface Components Recognizing Adhesive Matrix Molecules (MSCRAMMs)
Secreted Enzymes
Other Virulence Attributes
Regulation of Virulence
Pathology and Pathogenesis
Hosts and Diseases
Cattle
Horses
Swine
Poultry
Sheep
Goats
Dogs
Cats
Zoonotic Potential
Resistance and Antibiotic Treatment
Vaccines
References
Further Reading
Chapter 26 Streptococcus and Enterococcus
Streptococcus
Lancefield Grouping Scheme
Descriptive Features
Ecology
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Enterococcus
Descriptive Features
Ecology
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Abiotrophia and Granulicatella (Nutritionally Variant Streptococci)
Further Reading
Chapter 27 Trueperella
Trueperella pyogenes
Morphology, Growth Characteristics, and Biochemical Activities
Virulence Factors
Mode of Infection and Transmission
Pathogenesis
Mechanisms
Pathology
Trueperella pyogenes Infections in Animals
Cattle
Metritis and Endometritis in Dairy Cows
Liver Abscesses in Feedlot Cattle
Mastitis in Cows and Heifers
Foot Rot in Feedlot Cattle and Dairy Cows
Swine
Sheep and Goats
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Other Species of Trueperella
Further Reading
Chapter 28 Bacillus
Bacillus anthracis
Descriptive Features
Ecology
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment, Prevention, and Control
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Further Reading
Chapter 29 Corynebacterium
C. pseudotuberculosis
Morphology, Growth Characteristics, and Biochemical Activities
Biotypes
Virulence Factors
Ecology
Pathogenesis
Disease Patterns
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
C. renale Group
Morphology, Growth Characteristics, and Biochemical Activities
Virulence Factors
Ecology
Pathogenesis
Pathology
Disease Patterns
Epidemiology
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Other Species of Corynebacterium
Corynebacterium ulcerans
Corynebacterium auriscanis
Corynebacterium rouxii
Actinobaculum suis
Morphology, Growth Characteristics, and Biochemical Activities
Virulence Factors
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Disease Patterns
Further Reading
Chapter 30 Erysipelothrix
Descriptive Features
Morphology and Staining
Structure and Composition
Cellular Products of Medical Interest
Growth Characteristics
Resistance
Variability
Ecology
Reservoir
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Mechanisms
Pathology
Disease Patterns
Swine
Birds
Sheep
Miscellaneous Species
Epidemiology
Immunologic Aspects
Immune Mechanisms in Pathogenesis
Mechanisms of Resistance and Recovery
Artificial Immunization
Passive Immunity
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimens
Direct Examination
Culture and Isolation
Serology
Molecular Identification and Characterization
Treatment, Control, and Prevention
Further Reading
Chapter 31 Listeria
Descriptive Features
Morphology and Staining
Structure and Composition
Cellular Products of Medical Interest
Growth Characteristics
Variability
Ecology
Reservoir
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Disease Patterns
Epidemiology
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimens
Direct Examination
Isolation
Identification
Immunodiagnosis
Treatment, Control, and Prevention
Further Reading
Chapter 32 Rhodococcus
Rhodococcus equi
Descriptive Features
Ecology
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Further Reading
Chapter 33 Gram-Negative, Non-Spore-Forming Anaerobes
Virulence Factors and Virulence Mechanisms
Capsule
Cell Wall
Fimbriae
Extracellular Products
Mode of Infection
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Sample Collection
Direct Examination
Isolation
Identification
Treatment, Control, and Prevention
Dichelobacter nodosus
Morphology, Growth Characteristics, and Biochemical Activities
Virulence Factors
Variations in Virulence
Mode of Infection, Transmission, and Pathogenesis
Disease Patterns
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Morphology, Growth Characteristics, and Biochemical Activities
Virulence Factors
Ecology
Pathogenesis
Fusobacterium Infections in Animals
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
F. necrophorum Infections in Humans
Fusobacterium equinum
Fusobacterium gastrosuis
Bacteroides
Enterotoxigenic B. fragilis
Prevotella and Porphyromonas
Diseases
Further Reading
Chapter 34 Clostridium
Descriptive Features of the Genus Clostridium
Morphology and Staining
Structure and Composition
Growth Characteristics
Biochemical Activities
Resistance
Enterotoxic Clostridia
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium piliforme (Bacillus piliformis)
Clostridium spiroforme
Other Clostridia Causing Enteric Disease
Histotoxic Clostridia
Clostridium chauvoei
Clostridium haemolyticum
Clostridium novyi
Clostridium septicum
Paeniclostridium sordellii
Neurotoxic Clostridia
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium tetani
References
Further Reading
Chapter 35 Filamentous Bacteria: Actinomyces, Nocardia, Dermatophilus, and Streptobacillus
Actinomyces Species
Descriptive Features
Morphology and Staining
Structure and Composition
Growth Characteristics
Resistance
Ecology
Reservoir
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Disease Patterns
Ruminants
Horses
Dogs and Cats
Swine
Epidemiology
Immunologic Factors
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Nocardia Species
Descriptive Features
Morphology and Staining
Structure and Composition
Growth Characteristics
Resistance
Ecology
Reservoir
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Disease Patterns
Ruminants
Horses
Dogs and Cats
Swine
Other Species
Epidemiology
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Dermatophilus
Descriptive Features
Morphology and Composition
Growth Characteristics
Ecology
Reservoir
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Streptobacillus
Descriptive Features
Ecology
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Acknowledgments
Further Reading
Chapter 36 Mycobacteria
Amended Taxonomical Classification
Morphology and Staining
Structure and Composition
Overview of Pathogenic Species, Epidemiology, and Microbial Evolution
Host-Adapted Strains
Environmentally Adapted Strains
Primary Interaction with Phagocytic Cells and Disease Onset
Immune Response to Mycobacterial Infections
Tuberculous Infections, an Overview of Disease Patterns in Veterinary Medicine
Birds
Cattle
Cervidae
Dogs and Cats
Horses
Primates
Sheep and Goats
Swine
Wildlife and Infection Reservoirs
Effects of Age, Breed, and Sex
Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections
Laboratory Diagnosis
Sample Collection
Direct Examination
Culture, Molecular Detection, and Identification
Immunodiagnosis
Treatment and Control
M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, the Agent of Johne’s Disease
Feline Leprosy Syndrome
Canine Leproid Granuloma Syndrome
Ulcerative Dermatitis of Cats and Dogs due to Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria
References
Further Reading
Chapter 37 Chlamydiaceae: Chlamydia
Descriptive Features
Morphology and Staining
Life Cycle and Growth Characteristics
Diagnosis, Immunity, and Control
Pathogenicity and Toxins
Diseases Caused by Chlamydiales
C. psittaci/C. abortus Infections
C. pecorum Infections
Chlamydiosis: A Zoonotic Disease
C. psittaci
C. trachomatis
C. pneumoniae
Further Reading
Chapter 38 Mollicutes
Introduction
Descriptive Features
Morphology and Staining
Structure and Composition
Nonhemotrophic Mollicutes
Growth Characteristics
Ecology
Reservoir and Environmental Stability
Transmission and Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and Immunity
Disease Patterns and Pathology
Mycoplasma Infections in Animals
Avian
Bovine
Canine
Caprine
Ovine
Equine
Feline
Murine
Porcine
Laboratory Diagnosis
Sample Collection
Direct Examination
Microbial Culture Isolation
Microbial Culture Identification
Serological Detection and Identification
Molecular Diagnostics
Conventional PCR
Real-Time PCR
Isolate Typing
Whole Genome Sequencing
Treatment, Control, and Prevention
Hemotrophic Mollicutes
Acknowledgment
Further Reading
Chapter 39 Rickettsiaceae and Coxiellaceae: Rickettsia and Coxiella
Descriptive Features
Rickettsia rickettsii
Ecology
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Epidemic Typhus Fever
Coxiella burnetii
Ecology
Pathogenesis
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Further Reading
Chapter 40 Anaplasmataceae: Anaplasma
Descriptive Features
A. marginale
Descriptive Features
Ecology
Reservoir and Transmission
Pathogenesis
Immunologic Factors
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Descriptive Features
Ecology, Reservoir, and Transmission
Pathogenesis
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Further Reading
Chapter 41 Anaplasmataceae: Ehrlichia and Neorickettsia
Descriptive Features
Ecology
Reservoir and Transmission
Pathogenesis
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
N. risticii
Ecology
Reservoir, Transmission, and Pathogenesis
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
N. helminthoeca
Descriptive Features
Ecology
Reservoir and Transmission
Pathogenesis
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Further Reading
Chapter 42 Bartonellaceae
Descriptive Features
Morphology and Staining
Cellular Composition
Growth Characteristics
Ecology
Reservoir, Transmission, and Geographic Distribution
Pathogenesis
Mechanisms
Disease Patterns and Epidemiology
Human Patients
Cat Scratch Disease
Endocarditis
Bacillary Angiomatosis
Cats
Dogs
Rodents
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Acknowledgments
References
Further Reading
Part III Fungi
Chapter 43 Yeasts: Cryptococcus, Malassezia, and Candida
Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii
Descriptive Features
Morphology
Cellular Products of Medical Interest
Growth Characteristics
Biochemical Reactions
Resistance
Variability
Ecology
Reservoir
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Disease Patterns
Epidemiology
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Direct Examination
Culture
Serology and Molecular Diagnostics
Treatment and Control
Malassezia pachydermatis
Descriptive Features
Morphology and Composition
Growth Characteristics
Biochemical Reactions
Resistance
Variability
Ecology
Reservoir
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Direct Examination
Molecular Techniques
Culture
Treatment and Control
Candida albicans
Descriptive Features
Cell Morphology and Composition
Cellular Products of Medical Interest
Growth Characteristics
Reservoir
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Disease Patterns
Epidemiology
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment, Control, and Prevention
Other Yeasts
Geotrichum candidum
Trichosporon beigelii
Acknowledgments
Further Reading
Chapter 44 Dermatophytes
Descriptive Features
Morphology
Growth Characteristics
Resistance
Variability
Ecology
Pathogenesis
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Acknowledgment
Further Reading
Chapter 45 Agents of Subcutaneous Mycoses
Sporothrix schenckii
Descriptive Features
Morphology and Staining
Cellular Constituents and Products
Cellular Products of Medical Interest
Growth Characteristics
Variability
Ecology
Reservoir
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum
Descriptive Features
Morphology and Staining
Growth Characteristics
Resistance
Ecology
Reservoir
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Immunologic Factors
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Cutaneous Pythiosis (Swamp Cancer – Florida Horse Leeches)
Chromoblastomycosis and Phaeohyphomycosis
Eumycotic Mycetoma
Rhinosporidiosis
Further Reading
Chapter 46 Agents of Systemic Mycoses
Coccidioides
Descriptive Features
Morphology, Structure, and Composition
Cellular Products of Medical Interest
Growth Characteristics
Ecology
Reservoir
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Disease Patterns
Epidemiology
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Direct Examination of Specimens
Culture
Serology
Molecular Methods
Treatment and Control
Histoplasma capsulatum
Descriptive Features
Morphology, Structure, and Composition
Cellular Products of Medical Interest
Growth Characteristics
Variability
Ecology
Reservoir
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Direct Examination
Culture
Serology
Molecular Techniques
Treatment and Control
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Descriptive Features
Morphology, Structure, and Composition
Cellular Products of Medical Interest
Growth Characteristics
Variability
Ecology
Reservoir
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Direct Examination
Culture
Serology
Molecular Methods
Treatment and Control
Aspergillus spp.
Descriptive Features
Morphology and Composition
Cellular Products of Medical Interest
Growth Characteristics
Ecology
Reservoir
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Disease Patterns
Epidemiology
Immunologic Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Direct Examination
Isolation and Identification
Serology
Molecular Methods
Treatment, Control, and Prevention
Other Saprophytic/Opportunistic Fungal Pathogens
Pneumocystis
Protothecosis
Acknowledgments
Further Reading
Part IV Viruses
Chapter 47 Parvoviridae
Feline Panleukopenia
Disease
Etiologic Agent
Host–Virus Relationship
Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Host Responses to Infection
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Canine Parvovirus
Disease
Etiologic Agent
Host–Virus Relationship
Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Host Response to Infection
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Porcine Parvovirus
Disease
Etiologic Agent
Host–Virus Relationship
Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Host Responses to Infection
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Additional Porcine Parvoviruses
Aleutian Disease in Mink
Disease
Etiologic Agent
Host–Virus Relationship
Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Host Responses to Infection
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Rodent Parvoviruses
Disease
Etiologic Agent
Host–Virus Relationship
Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Host Responses to Infection
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Avian Parvoviruses
Disease
Etiologic Agent
Host–Virus Relationship
Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Host Responses to Infection
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Additional Avian Parvoviruses
Equine Parvovirus
Further Reading
Chapter 48 Circoviridae
Family Circoviridae
Physical and Biological Properties of Circoviruses
Avian Circoviruses
Beak and Feather Disease
Etiologic Agent
Host–Virus Relationship
Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission
Host Response to Infection
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Porcine Circoviruses
Etiologic Agent
Host–Virus Relationship
Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission
Host Response to Infection
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Canine Circovirus
Further Reading
Chapter 49 Asfarviridae and Iridoviridae
Asfarviridae
ASFV
Disease
Etiologic Agent
Host–Virus Relationship
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Host Responses to Infection
Diagnosis and Control
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Iridoviridae
Further Reading
Chapter 50 Papillomaviridae and Polyomaviridae
Papillomaviridae
Bovine Papillomaviruses
Equine Papillomavirus and Equine Sarcoids
Canine Oral Papillomavirus
Feline Papillomavirus
Polyomaviridae
References
Further Reading
Chapter 51 Adenoviridae
Physical and Chemical Properties of Adenoviruses
Treatment
Infectious Canine Hepatitis
Disease
Etiologic Agent
Host–Virus Relationship
Canine Adenovirus Type 2 Infection
Bovine Adenovirus Infection
Equine Adenovirus Infection
Porcine Adenovirus Infection
Avian Adenovirus Infection
Egg Drop Syndrome ’76
Turkey Siadenovirus A Infections in Poultry
Fowl Aviadenovirus Infections in Poultry
Adenovirus Infection in Psittacine
Ovine Adenovirus Infection
Adenovirus Hemorrhagic Disease of Deer
Further Reading
Chapter 52 Herpesviridae
Equid Herpesviruses
EHV1
EHV2
EHV3
EHV4
EHV5
Ruminant Herpesviruses
Bovine Herpesviruses
AlHV1 and OvHV2
CpHV1
SuHV1
CaHV1
FeHV1
Avian Herpesviruses
GaHV1
GaHV2
EEHV
References
Further Reading
Chapter 53 Poxviridae
General Characteristics of Poxviruses
Virus Structure
Viral Genes and Virus Replication
Classification
Poxviruses and Skin Disease
Transmission
Physical, Chemical, and Antigen Properties
Orthopoxviruses
Cowpox
Vaccinia
Camelpox
Mousepox
Leporipoxviruses
Myxomatosis and Rabbit Fibroma
Parapoxviruses
Contagious Ecthyma (Orf)
Bovine Papular Stomatitis
Pseudocowpox
Capripoxviruses
Sheeppox and Goatpox
Lumpy Skin Disease
Avipoxviruses
Fowlpox
Poxviral Diseases in Other Bird Species
Avipoxviruses as Vaccine Vectors in Veterinary Medicine
Swinepox
Poxvirus Infections of Horses
Poxvirus Infections of Fish
Further Reading
Chapter 54 Picornaviridae
Introduction
Virion Structure, Genome Characteristics, and Replication
Viral Replication
Genus Aphthovirus
Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
Etiologic Agent
Host–Virus Relationship
Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Molecular Pathogenesis
Host Responses and Viral Interference with the Host Immune Response
Control and Recovery
Vaccination
Other Members of Genus Aphthovirus
Genus Erbovirus
Genus Enterovirus
Genus Sapelovirus
Genus Kobuvirus
Genus Teschovirus
Genus Tremovirus
Genus Avihepatovirus
Genus Cardiovirus
Genus Senecavirus
Further Reading
Chapter 55 Caliciviridae
General Properties
Vesiviruses
Vesicular Exanthema of Swine
Etiologic Agent
Physical, Chemical, and Antigenic Properties
Resistance to Physical and Chemical Agents
Infectivity for Other Species or Culture Systems
Host–Virus Relationship
Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Host Response to Infection
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Feline Calicivirus
Etiologic Agent
Physical, Chemical, and Antigenic Properties
Resistance to Physical and Chemical Agents
Infectivity for Other Species and Culture Systems
Host–Virus Relationship
Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Host Response to Infection
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Lagoviruses
Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease and European Brown Hare Syndrome
Etiologic Agent
Physical, Chemical and Antigenic Properties
Infectivity for Other Species and Culture Systems
Host–Virus Relationship
Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Noroviruses
Unassigned Caliciviruses
Acknowledgment
Further Reading
Chapter 56 Togaviridae and Flaviviridae
Introduction
Togaviridae
Alphavirus
Other Medically Important Alphaviruses
Flaviviridae
Flavivirus
Pestivirus
Acknowledgments
Further Reading
References
Chapter 57 Orthomyxoviridae
Influenza viruses
Classification
Morphology
Viral Genome
Viral Proteins
Hemagglutinin
Neuraminidase
Hemagglutinin-Esterase Fusion
Nucleoprotein
Matrix Protein
Nonstructural Protein and Nuclear Export Protein
Polymerase Proteins
Avian Influenza
Disease
Host–Virus Relationship
Geographic Distribution, Reservoir, and Mode of Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Swine Influenza
Disease
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Equine Influenza
Disease
Etiologic Agent
Resistance to Physical and Chemical Agents
Infectivity for Other Species and Culture Systems
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Zoonotic Significance of Animal Influenzas
Bat Influenza
Isavirus
Thogotovirus
Quaranjavirus
Further Reading
References
Chapter 58 Bunyavirales
Bunyavirales
General Order Properties
Family Peribunyaviridae, Genus Orthobunyavirus – Akabane, Aino, Schmallenberg, and Cache Valley Viruses
Family Phenuiviridae, Genus Phlebovirus – Rift Valley Fever
Physical, Chemical, and Antigenic Properties
Distribution, Reservoirs, and Transmission
Pathogenesis
Host Response
Diagnosis
Control
Family Nairoviridae, Genus Orthonairovirus – Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever and Nairobi Sheep Disease
Family Hantaviridae, Genus Orthohantavirus
Further Reading
Chapter 59 Paramyxoviridae, Pneumoviridae, Filoviridae, and Bornaviridae
Resistance to Physical and Chemical Agents
Paramyxoviridae
Vaccination
Avulavirinae
Newcastle Disease
Host–Virus Relationship
Geographic Distribution and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Host Response to Infection
Laboratory Diagnosis
Control and Prevention
Orthoparamyxovirinae
Henipaviruses
Morbilliviruses
Canine Distemper Virus
Disease
Host–Virus Relationship
Host Range, Geographic Distribution, and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Host Response to Infection
Laboratory Diagnosis
Control and Prevention
Feline Morbillivirus
Morbilliviruses of Aquatic Mammals (Phocine Distemper and Cetacean Morbilliviruses)
Rinderpest
Host–Virus Relationship
Geographic Distribution and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Eradication
Peste des Petits Ruminants
Host–Virus Relationship
Geographic Distribution and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Laboratory Diagnosis
Control and Prevention
Respiroviruses
Bovine Parainfluenza Virus Type 3
Host–Virus Relationship
Geographic Distribution and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Laboratory Diagnosis
Control and Prevention
Rubulavirinae
Parainfluenza Virus Type 5 (Canine Parainfluenza Virus)
Pneumoviridae
Metapneumoviruses
Avian Metapneumoviruses
Host–Virus Relationship
Geographic Distribution and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Laboratory Diagnosis
Control and Prevention
Orthopneumoviruses
Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Disease
Host–Virus Relationship
Geographic Distribution and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Laboratory Diagnosis
Control and Prevention
Filoviridae
Bornaviridae
Avian Bornavirus
Borna Disease Virus
Further Reading
Chapter 60 Rhabdoviridae
Rabies
Disease
Etiologic Agent
Resistance to Physical and Chemical Agents
Infectivity to Other Species or Culture Systems
Host–Virus Relationship
Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Host Response to Infection
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Vesicular Stomatitis
Etiologic Agent
Resistance to Physical and Chemical Agents
Infectivity to Other Species or Culture Systems
Host–Virus Relationship
Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Host Response to Infection
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Bovine Ephemeral Disease
Etiologic Agent
Resistance to Physical and Chemical Agents
Infectivity to Other Species or Culture Systems
Host–Virus Relationship
Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Host Response to Infection
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Diseases of Fish Caused by Rhabdoviruses
Spring Viremia of Carp
Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis
Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus
Further Reading
Chapter 61 Coronaviridae and Tobaniviridae
Introduction and Classification
Alphacoronaviruses
Betacoronaviruses
Gammacoronaviruses
Deltacoronaviruses
Other Suborders of the Order Nidovirales
Virion Properties and Virus Replication
Coronaviruses
Toroviruses
Animal Diseases Caused by Members of the Genus Alphacoronavirus
Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus and Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus
Host–Virus Relationship
Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus
Swine Enteric Alphacoronavirus
Canine Enteric Coronavirus
Host–Virus Relationship
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Feline Enteric Coronavirus and Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus
Etiologic Agent
Host–Virus Relationship
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Ferret Coronavirus
Rabbit Coronavirus
Animal Diseases Caused by Members of the Genus Betacoronavirus
Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus
Host–Virus Relationship
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Bovine Coronavirus
Etiologic Agent
Host–Virus Relationship
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Canine Respiratory Coronavirus
Equine Coronavirus
Mouse Hepatitis Virus
Rat Coronaviruses
SARS Coronavirus and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
SARS Coronavirus-2
Etiologic Agent and Disease
Experimental Infections
Experimental Animal Models
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Animal Diseases Caused by Members of the Genus Gammacoronavirus
Avian IBV
Etiologic Agent
Host–Virus Relationship
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Turkey Coronavirus
Etiologic Agent
Host–Virus Relationship
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Animal Diseases Caused by Members of the Genus Deltacoronavirus
Porcine Deltacoronavirus
Etiologic Agent
Host–Virus Relationship
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Animal Diseases Caused by Members of the Genus Torovirus
Equine Torovirus (EToV)
Bovine Torovirus (BToV)
Porcine ToV (PToV)
Reference
Further Reading
Chapter 62 Arteriviridae and Roniviridae
Introduction and Classification
Virion Properties and Virus Replication
Family Arteriviridae
Arteriviruses
Equine Arteritis Virus
Etiologic Agent
Antigenic Properties
Resistance to Physical and Chemical Agents
Infectivity for Other Species and Culture Systems
Host–Virus Relationship
Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Host Response to Infection
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Disease
Etiologic Agent
Antigenic Properties
Resistance to Physical and Chemical Agents
Infectivity for Other Species and Culture Systems
Host–Virus Relationship
Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Host Response to Infection
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Lactate Dehydrogenase Elevating Virus
Simian Hemorrhagic Fever Virus
Wobbly Possum Disease Virus
Roniviruses
Yellow-Head Virus and Gill-Associated Virus
Further Reading
Chapter 63 Reoviridae
Orthoreoviruses
Mammalian Orthoreoviruses
Avian Orthoreoviruses
Orbiviruses
Bluetongue Virus
Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease and Ibaraki Viruses
African Horse Sickness Virus
Equine Encephalosis Virus
Palyam Virus
Culicoides Biting Midge Orbivirus Vectors
Rotaviruses
Disease
Etiologic Agent
Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Host Response to Infection
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Aquareoviruses
Further Reading
Chapter 64 Birnaviridae
Infectious Bursal Disease
Disease
Etiologic Agent
Host–Virus Relationship
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Birnavirus Infections of Fish
Further Reading
Chapter 65 Retroviridae
Classification
General Features of Retroviruses
Morphology
Physicochemical and Physical Properties
Genome Organization and Replication
Oncogenesis by Retroviruses
Avian Sarcoma/Leukosis Virus – Alpharetrovirus Genus
Disease
Etiologic Agent
Classification
Host–Virus Relationship
Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Host Response to Infection
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus – Betaretrovirus Genus
Disease
Etiologic Agent
Host–Virus Relationship
Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Host Response to Infection
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Mason-Pfizer Monkey Virus – Betaretrovirus Genus
Disease
Etiologic Agent
Host–Virus Relationship
Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Host Response to Infection
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Feline Leukemia/Sarcoma Virus – Gammaretrovirus Genus
Disease
Etiologic Agent
Host–Virus Relationship
Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Bovine Leukemia Virus – Deltaretrovirus Genus
Disease
Etiologic Agent
Host–Virus Relationship
Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Walleye Dermal Sarcoma Virus – Epsilonretrovirus Genus
Disease
Etiologic Agent
Host–Virus Relationship
Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Host Response to Infection
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (Visna/Maedi/Progressive Pneumonia Viruses and Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus) – Lentivirus Genus
Disease
Etiologic Agent
Classification
Physical, Chemical, and Antigenic Properties
Resistance to Physical and Chemical Agents
Infectivity for Other Species and Culture Systems
Host–Virus Relationship
Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Host Response to Infection
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Equine Infectious Anemia Virus – Lentivirus Genus
Disease
Etiologic Agent
Host–Virus Relationship
Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus – Lentivirus Genus
Disease
Etiologic Agent
Host–Virus Relationship
Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Jembrana Disease Virus – Lentivirus Genus
Disease
Etiologic Agent
Host–Virus Relationship
Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Host Response to Infection
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus – Lentivirus Genus
Disease
Etiologic Agent
Host–Virus Relationship
Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus – Lentivirus Genus
Disease
Etiologic Agent
Host–Virus Relationship
Distribution, Reservoir, and Transmission
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Host Response to Infection
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Further Reading
Chapter 66 Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
Etiologic Agent
Origin of the Prion Protein, its Biochemistry, Structure, and Strains
Scrapie of Sheep and Goats
Etiologic Agent
Pathogenesis
Transmission
Diagnosis
Management and Prevention
CWD of Cervids
Etiologic Agent
Pathogenesis
Transmission
Diagnosis
Prevention and Management
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
Etiologic Agent
Pathogenesis
Transmission
Prevention and Management
Other Notable Prion Diseases
Camel Prion Disease
Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy
Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy
Prion Disinfection
Summary and Conclusions
Further Reading
Part V Control of Infectious Diseases
Chapter 67 Immune Responses to Infectious Agents
Introduction
Innate Immunity
Additional Innate Immune Defenses: Antiviral Molecules
Effector Cells of the Innate Immune System
The Neutrophil
The Macrophage
Innate Lymphoid Cells
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
Gamma Delta T Cells
Anatomical and Physiological Aspects of Innate Resistance to Infection
Adaptive Immunity
T Lymphocyte Subsets
CD8+ T Lymphocytes
Humoral Immunity (the Antibody Response)
Cell-Mediated Immunity
Evaluation of Immune Responses to Infectious Agents
Antibody-Based Serology
Cell-Mediated Immunity-Based Diagnostics
Recent Innovations in Vaccinology
Summary
Further Reading
Chapter 68 Laboratory Diagnosis
Detection and Identification of Microbial Pathogens
Bacteria and Fungi
Specimen Collection
Transport of Specimens
Demonstration of an Infectious Agent
Virus Detection and Identification
General Considerations
Isolation of Virus from Clinical Specimens
Identification of Viruses or Viral Antigens in Clinical Specimens
Next-Generation Sequencing
Serological Detection of Viruses
Further Reading
Chapter 69 Antimicrobial Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Resistance
Introduction
Classifying Antimicrobials
Spectrum
Bactericidal versus Bacteriostatic
Pharmacodynamics
Mechanism of Action
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis
Beta Lactams: Penicillins
Beta Lactams: Cephalosporins
Beta Lactams: Monobactams
Beta Lactams: Carbapenems
Bacitracin
Glycopeptides
Damage to Cell Membrane Function
Polymyxins
Ionophores
Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Function
Nitroimidazoles
Nitrofurans
Fluoroquinolones
Rifamycins: Rifampin and Ansamycins
Sulfonamides and Diaminopyrimidines
Sulfonamides
Diaminopyrimidine–Sulfonamide Combinations
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
Tetracyclines
Additional Effects beyond Antibacterial Activity
Phenicols: Chloramphenicol and Florfenicol
Aminoglycosides
Aminocyclitols
Macrolides
Additional Effects beyond Antibacterial Activity
Lincosamides
Pleuromutilins (Diterpenes)
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
Factors Considered in the Clinical Use of Antimicrobials
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Other Antimicrobial Regimen Considerations
Duration of Therapy
Use of Antibacterial Combinations
Antifungal Chemotherapy
Antifungal Agents for Systemic Use
Antifungal Agents for Topical Use
Resistance to Antibacterial Drugs
Constitutive Resistance
Acquired Resistance
Mutation to Resistance
Horizontal Drug Resistance Transfer
Other Genetic Elements Associated with Resistance
Integrons
Genomic Resistance Islands
Clinical Importance of Antimicrobial Drug Resistance
Intestinal E. coli
Hospital-Acquired Resistant Infections
Public Health Aspects of Antimicrobial Resistance in Animal Pathogens
Addressing Antimicrobial Resistance through Antimicrobial Stewardship
Further Reading
Chapter 70 Vaccines
Introduction
How Vaccines Work
Adjuvants
Vaccine Administration Routes
Viral Vaccines
Live-Attenuated Viral Vaccines
Inactivated Virus Vaccines
Nucleic Acid Vaccines
Toxoids, Bacterins, and Bacterial Vaccines
Toxoids
Bacterins
Bacterial Vaccines
Special Considerations for Agricultural Uses of Vaccines
Summary
Further Reading
Chapter 71 Disinfection and Sterilization
Sterilization
Physical Methods
Boiling
Steam under Pressure (Autoclaving)
Chemical Agents
Additional Disinfectants
Acknowledgment
Further Reading
Chapter 72 Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases
Introduction
Development of Disease
Modes of Disease Transmission
Describing Patterns of Disease
Understanding Infection Dynamics
Modeling Infectious Disease Transmission
Further Reading
Index
EULA
