Utilization of Thermal Potential of Abandoned Wells: Fundamentals, Applications and Research

Front Cover
Utilization of Thermal Potential of Abandoned Wells: Fundamentals, Applications and Research
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I: Introduction to geothermal energy
Chapter 1: Historical overview of geothermal energy
1. Introduction
2. First traces of usage of geothermal energy
3. Geothermal energy and ancient Mediterranean civilizations
4. Etruscans and developments in geothermal energy
5. Geothermal energy and Roman period
6. Up to 1000CE
7. Middle ages of geothermal energy (from 1000CE)
8. Developments of technology of chemical productions in 18th century
9. Geothermal energy in 19th century
10. Modernization period
11. Summary
References
Chapter 2: Fundamentals of geothermal energy extraction
1. Introduction
2. Geophysics of the Earths regions
2.1. Core
2.2. Crust
2.3. Mantle
2.4. Mesosphere
2.5. Asthenosphere
2.6. Lithosphere
2.7. Troposphere
2.8. Stratosphere
2.9. Mesosphere
2.10. Thermosphere
2.11. Exosphere
2.12. Ionosphere
3. Sources of Earths internal energy
4. Classes of global geothermal regions
5. Harvesting the geothermal heat
5.1. Heat extracted from dry rock
5.2. Heat extracted from the hot aquifer
6. Geothermal heat extraction techniques
7. Applications of geothermal energy
7.1. Geothermal power generation
7.2. Geothermal direct heating
7.2.1. Greenhouse heating
7.2.2. Space and district heating
7.2.3. Ground source heating and cooling
7.2.4. Crop drying
7.2.5. Snow melting
7.2.6. Aquacultural heating
7.2.7. Industrial process heat
7.2.8. Other uses
8. Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Optimal simulation of design and operation of geothermal systems
1. Introduction
2. Mathematical model and numerical algorithm
3. Numerical simulation of GCS exploitation
4. Different seasonal regimes
5. Multiple productive well systems
6. Two injection well systems
7. Multiple injection well systems
8. Future prospects
9. Conclusions
Conflicts of interest
References
Part II: Abandoned wells and its global thermal potential
Chapter 4: Harvesting geothermal energy from mature oil reservoirs using downhole thermoelectric generation technology
1. Executive summary
2. Review of geothermal energy development in oil fields
3. Introduction of thermoelectric technology
4. Downhole power generation in oil wells
4.1. Design for a vertical well
4.2. Design for a horizontal well
5. Summary
References
Chapter 5: A brief survey on case studies in geothermal energy extraction from abandoned wells
1. Introduction
2. Features of the stored geothermal energy in oil fields
3. Utilizations of the stored geothermal energy in oil fields
3.1. Direct utilizations
3.2. Indirect utilization method and power generation
4. Methods of harnessing geothermal energy from oil fields
4.1. Converting oil wells (active and abandoned) to borehole heat exchangers
4.2. Geothermal energy extraction from the coproduced water
5. Further studies
6. Opportunities and challenges
7. Conclusions
References
Part III: Energy Extraction from abandoned wells
Chapter 6: Energy Extraction from abandoned wells
1. Introduction
2. Stimulation of abandoned geothermal wells
2.1. Hydraulic fracturing
2.2. Acidizing
2.2.1. Matrix acidizing
2.2.2. Acid fracturing
2.3. Thermal fracturing
2.4. Casing perforation
2.5. High-energy gas fracturing (HEGF) or explosive stimulation
2.6. Acoustic stimulation (active cavitation and ultrasonic)
2.7. Electric stimulation
2.8. Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) using CO2 as a working fluid
3. Lessons for the reclamation of abandoned geothermal wells from reclamation of petroleum wells
4. Potential environmental impacts of reclamation of abandoned geothermal wells
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 7: Productivity evaluation of geothermal energy production system based on abandoned oil and gas wells
1. Introduction
2. Mathematical model
2.1. Model assumption
2.2. Governing equations
2.3. Coupling process
2.4. Models with different wells
3. Capacity analysis
4. Parameter analysis
4.1. Effect of rock mass parameters
4.1.1. Thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of rock mass
4.1.2. Rock mass permeability
4.1.3. Rock mass porosity
4.2. Effect of fracture parameters
4.2.1. Fracture permeability
4.2.2. Fracture aperture
4.2.3. Fracture thermal conductivity
4.3. Effect of injection temperature
5. Conclusions
References
Chapter 8: Simulation and thermodynamic modeling of heat extraction from abandoned wells
1. Introduction
2. Definition of modeling
3. The ways for modeling different parameters
3.1. Well temperature
3.2. Properties of materials
3.3. Temperature distribution in the wellbore
3.4. Continuity (mass conversion) equations
3.4.1. Case #1: Ahwaz oil field in southern Iran
3.4.2. Case #2: South Texas oil wells in the United States
3.5. Momentum equation
3.5.1. Case #1: Ahwaz oil field in southern Iran
3.5.2. Case #2: South Texas oil wells in the United States
3.6. Energy equations
3.6.1. Case #1: Ahwaz oil field in southern Iran
3.6.2. Case #2: South Texas oil wells in the United States
3.7. Turbulence intensity
4. Different possibilities for used mesh in numerical simulation
5. Literature review
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Part IV: Feasibility, economic, and environmental analysis
Chapter 9: The main utilization forms and current developmental status of geothermal energy for building cooling/heating i
1. Introduction
2. Literature review and categories of geothermal energy utilization
2.1. Literature review on geothermal energy development for building cooling/heating in the developing countries
2.2. Categories of geothermal energy utilization for building cooling/heating
3. Common utilization of the GSHP system and its current application and development
3.1. GCHP system
3.2. GWHP system
4. Common utilization of the UDS system and its current application and development
4.1. Horizontal UDS system
4.2. Vertical UDS system
4.3. UDS-PCM system
4.4. UDS-advanced energy-saving technology system
5. Common utilization of the abandoned wells energy system and its current application and development
5.1. Application of the AWE system
5.1.1. Geothermal heat pump system
5.1.2. Geothermal power generation system (GPGS)
5.1.3. Desalinating produced water system
5.2. Influential of geothermal utilization efficiency
6. The existing issues and in-depth analysis on the practical application of geothermal energy for building cooling/heating
References
Chapter 10: Desalination design using geothermal energy of abandoned oil wells
1. Introduction
1.1. Desalination using renewable energies
1.2. Geothermal energy and desalination
1.3. Desalination and abandoned Wells
2. Multistep desalination method
3. Methods and materials
4. Results
4.1. Scenario 1: Conventional multistage geothermal desalination process
4.2. Scenario 2: Multistage geothermal desalination process with secondary preheating
4.3. Scenario 3: Geothermal desalination process with secondary preheating and external flash box
4.4. Scenario 4: Geothermal desalination process with secondary preheating, external flash box, and internal flash box
4.5. Conventional multistep desalination process simulation results (Scenario 1)
4.6. Multistage desalination simulation results with secondary preheating (Scenario 2)
4.7. Multistage desalination simulation results with secondary preheating and external flash box (Scenario 3)
4.8. Multistage desalination simulation results with secondary preheating, external flash box, and internal flash box (Sc ...
5. Economic analysis
6. Conclusion
References
Part V: Applications and case studies
Chapter 11: Electricity generation using heat extracted from abandoned wells
1. Introduction
2. Geothermal energy resources
2.1. Vapor-dominated resources
2.2. Liquid/hot water resources
2.3. Geo-pressurized resources
2.4. Hot dry rock resources
2.5. Magma resources or molten rock
2.6. Radiogenic resources
3. Electricity generation
3.1. Dry steam power plant
3.2. Flashed-steam power plants
3.2.1. Single flash steam plants
3.2.2. Double flash steam plants
3.3. Binary cycle power plant
3.4. Combined cycle or hybrid plants
4. Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Thermodynamic modeling of an ORC power plant for abandoned geothermal well
1. Introduction
2. System description
3. Case study: Abandoned geothermal well (NWS3) in the Sabalan field
4. Numerical modeling of a geothermal well
4.1. Model validation
5. Geothermal power plant modeling
5.1. Energy analysis
6. Simulation results
7. Remarks
References
Chapter 13: Application of abandoned wells integrated with renewables
1. Introduction
2. Systematic literature review of abandoned wells for thermal and power generations
2.1. Abandoned wells for thermal energy generation
2.2. Abandoned wells for power generation
2.3. System assessment criteria
3. Renewable integrations with abandoned wells for district heating
3.1. Solar-geothermal energy system integration
3.2. Abandoned wells with waste heat recovery
3.3. Abandoned wells and renewable systems for district heating
4. Strategies for performance enhancement
4.1. Optimal system design
4.2. Smart system operation
5. Applications, challenges, and future prospects
5.1. Techno-economic and environmental performance analysis
5.2. Geothermal integrated energy systems
5.3. Potential assessment of abandoned wells for carbon-neutrality transition
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 14: Integration of heat extraction from abandoned wells with renewables
1. Introduction
2. Different ways for integration of heat extraction from abandoned wells with renewables
2.1. Solar and geothermal
2.2. Biomass and geothermal
2.3. Wind and geothermal
2.4. Poly-generation
3. Literature review
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 15: A Kalina cycle for low and medium enthalpy abandoned oil and gas reservoirs incorporated with solar technolog ...
1. Introduction
2. Related works
3. Theory and working principle
4. Comparison of Kalina cycle with other cycles
5. Proposed idea
6. Challenges and future scope
7. Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Abandoned oil and gas wells for geothermal energy: Prospects for Pakistan
1. Introduction
2. Geothermal play types
3. Geothermal reservoir characterization
3.1. Porosity/permeability
3.2. Thermal gradient
3.3. Lithofacies
3.4. Fault/fractures
4. Geothermal energy extraction through AOGW
5. Geothermal energy potential of Pakistan
5.1. Upper Indus Basin
5.2. Central Indus Basin
5.3. Lower Indus Basin
6. Conclusions
References
Chapter 17: Mandaree, North Dakota: A case study on oil and gas well conversion to geothermal district heating systems for
1. Geothermal district heating for the oil patch
2. Innovations in district heating
3. Description of the study site
4. Characterizing Mandaree energy demand
5. Classifying the geothermal resource
6. Geological setting of the Williston Basin
7. Using thermostratigraphy to assess aquifer temperatures
8. Aquifer access through existing wells
9. Decarbonizing Mandarees heat demand with geothermal energy
10. Refining the heat network service area
11. Downhole pump flow rates
12. Production test case
13. Determining industrial heat loads
14. Peak heating source sizing and load allocations
15. Geothermal well energy utilization factor
16. Changing patterns of energy use
17. Economics
18. Hedging against the uncertainty with contingency planning
19. Available funding vehicles for Mandaree geothermal
20. Recompletion and heat network costs
21. Fluid chemistry and maintenance considerations
22. Regulatory conditions
23. Completed design, production costs, tariffs, and payback periods
24. Limitations and future work
25. Conclusions
References
Chapter 18: Geothermal energy from abandoned oil and gas wells in India
1. Introduction
2. Indian petroliferous basins and scope for utilization of abandoned wells for geothermal energy
2.1. Cambay basin
2.2. Krishna-Godavari basin
2.3. Cauvery basin
2.4. Assam-Arakan basin
3. Implementation methodologies adopted by other countries for geothermal energy extraction
3.1. Heat exchange from a single well
3.2. Doublet well system
3.3. Coaxial wellbore heat exchanger (WHE) in abandoned oil and gas wells
3.4. Simulation studies on Earth energy designer model
3.5. Thermal impact graph
3.6. In situ combustion
4. Heat recovery methodologies for Indian AOGWs
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Part VI: Revitalization of abandoned oil and gas wells
Chapter 19: Pragmatic steps to the revitalization of abandoned oil and gas wells for geothermal applications
1. Introduction
2. Prefeasibility features favoring geothermal exploitation of abandoned oil and gas wells
3. Main components of thorough feasibility studies
3.1. Thermodynamic feasibility of the project
3.2. Economic feasibility of the project
3.3. Environmental feasibility
4. Viable conversion technologies for power generation
5. Short review of practical case studies
6. Summary
References
Chapter 20: Exploration techniques for the identification of thermal potential zones
1. Introduction
2. Remote sensing techniques
3. Geochemical study
4. Geophysical techniques
4.1. Micrometer survey method (MSM)
4.2. Seismic methods
4.2.1. Acquisition
4.2.2. Interpretation: Velocity and layer thickness calculations
4.3. Gravity methods
4.3.1. Bouguer gravity anomalies
4.3.2. Regional and residual gravity fields
4.3.3. Derivatives of the gravity field
4.3.4. Upward and downward continuation
4.4. Resistivity and magnetotellurics
4.5. Magnetics
References
Chapter 21: Comparative analysis and evaluation of the geothermal system potential to recover thermal resources of&spi
1. Introduction
2. Review of geothermal system application at mining sites
3. Methods
4. Geological and geothermal conditions of the Donetsk coal-mining area
5. Results and discussion
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Index
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