Using as, the GNU Assembler

Overview
Structure of this Manual
The GNU Assembler
Object File Formats
Command Line
Input Files
Output (Object) File
Error and Warning Messages
Command-Line Options
Enable Listings: -a[cdhlns]
-D
Work Faster: -f
.include Search Path: -I path
Difference Tables: -K
Include Local Labels: -L
Configuring listing output: --listing
Assemble in MRI Compatibility Mode: -M
Dependency Tracking: --MD
Name the Object File: -o
Join Data and Text Sections: -R
Display Assembly Statistics: --statistics
Compatible Output: --traditional-format
Announce Version: -v
Control Warnings: -W, --warn, --no-warn, --fatal-warnings
Generate Object File in Spite of Errors: -Z
Syntax
Preprocessing
Whitespace
Comments
Symbols
Statements
Constants
Character Constants
Strings
Characters
Number Constants
Integers
Bignums
Flonums
Sections and Relocation
Background
Linker Sections
Assembler Internal Sections
Sub-Sections
bss Section
Symbols
Labels
Giving Symbols Other Values
Symbol Names
The Special Dot Symbol
Symbol Attributes
Value
Type
Symbol Attributes: a.out
Descriptor
Other
Symbol Attributes for COFF
Primary Attributes
Auxiliary Attributes
Symbol Attributes for SOM
Expressions
Empty Expressions
Integer Expressions
Arguments
Operators
Prefix Operator
Infix Operators
Assembler Directives
.abort
.ABORT
.align abs-expr, abs-expr, abs-expr
.ascii "string"...{}
.asciz "string"...{}
.balign[wl] abs-expr, abs-expr, abs-expr
.byte expressions
.comm symbol , length
.data subsection
.def name
.desc symbol, abs-expression
.dim
.double flonums
.eject
.else
.elseif
.end
.endef
.endfunc
.endif
.equ symbol, expression
.equiv symbol, expression
.err
.exitm
.extern
.fail expression
.file string
.fill repeat , size , value
.float flonums
.func name[,label]
.global symbol, .globl symbol
.hidden names
.hword expressions
.ident
.if absolute expression
.incbin "file"[,skip[,count]]
.include "file"
.int expressions
.internal names
.irp symbol,values...{}
.irpc symbol,values...{}
.lcomm symbol , length
.lflags
.line line-number
.linkonce [type]
.ln line-number
.mri val
.list
.long expressions
.macro
.nolist
.octa bignums
.org new-lc , fill
.p2align[wl] abs-expr, abs-expr, abs-expr
.previous
.popsection
.print string
.protected names
.psize lines , columns
.purgem name
.pushsection name , subsection
.quad bignums
.rept count
.sbttl "subheading"
.scl class
.section name
.set symbol, expression
.short expressions
.single flonums
.size
.sleb128 expressions
.skip size , fill
.space size , fill
.stabd, .stabn, .stabs
.string "str"
.struct expression
.subsection name
.symver
.tag structname
.text subsection
.title "heading"
.type
.uleb128 expressions
.val addr
.version "string"
.vtable_entry table, offset
.vtable_inherit child, parent
.weak names
.word expressions
Deprecated Directives
Machine Dependent Features
AMD 29K Dependent Features
Options
Syntax
Macros
Special Characters
Register Names
Floating Point
AMD 29K Machine Directives
Opcodes
Alpha Dependent Features
Notes
Options
Syntax
Special Characters
Register Names
Relocations
Floating Point
Alpha Assembler Directives
Opcodes
ARC Dependent Features
Options
Syntax
Special Characters
Register Names
Floating Point
ARC Machine Directives
Opcodes
ARM Dependent Features
Options
Syntax
Special Characters
Register Names
Floating Point
ARM Machine Directives
Opcodes
CRIS Dependent Features
Command-line Options
Instruction expansion
Syntax
Special Characters
Symbols in position-independent code
Register names
Assembler Directives
D10V Dependent Features
D10V Options
Syntax
Size Modifiers
Sub-Instructions
Special Characters
Register Names
Addressing Modes
@WORD Modifier
Floating Point
Opcodes
D30V Dependent Features
D30V Options
Syntax
Size Modifiers
Sub-Instructions
Special Characters
Guarded Execution
Register Names
Addressing Modes
Floating Point
Opcodes
H8/300 Dependent Features
Options
Syntax
Special Characters
Register Names
Addressing Modes
Floating Point
H8/300 Machine Directives
Opcodes
H8/500 Dependent Features
Options
Syntax
Special Characters
Register Names
Addressing Modes
Floating Point
H8/500 Machine Directives
Opcodes
HPPA Dependent Features
Notes
Options
Syntax
Floating Point
HPPA Assembler Directives
Opcodes
ESA/390 Dependent Features
Notes
Options
Syntax
Floating Point
ESA/390 Assembler Directives
Opcodes
80386 Dependent Features
Options
AT&T Syntax versus Intel Syntax
Instruction Naming
Register Naming
Instruction Prefixes
Memory References
Handling of Jump Instructions
Floating Point
Intel's MMX and AMD's 3DNow! SIMD Operations
Writing 16-bit Code
AT&T Syntax bugs
Specifying CPU Architecture
Notes
Intel i860 Dependent Features
i860 Notes
i860 Command-line Options
SVR4 compatibility options
Other options
i860 Machine Directives
i860 Opcodes
Other instruction support (pseudo-instructions)
Intel 80960 Dependent Features
i960 Command-line Options
Floating Point
i960 Machine Directives
i960 Opcodes
callj
Compare-and-Branch
IP2K Dependent Features
IP2K Options
M32R Dependent Features
M32R Options
M32R Warnings
M680x0 Dependent Features
M680x0 Options
Syntax
Motorola Syntax
Floating Point
680x0 Machine Directives
Opcodes
Branch Improvement
Special Characters
M68HC11 and M68HC12 Dependent Features
M68HC11 and M68HC12 Options
Syntax
Symbolic Operand Modifiers
Assembler Directives
Floating Point
Opcodes
Branch Improvement
Motorola M88K Dependent Features
M88K Machine Directives
MIPS Dependent Features
Assembler options
MIPS ECOFF object code
Directives for debugging information
Directives to override the ISA level
Directives for extending MIPS 16 bit instructions
Directive to mark data as an instruction
Directives to save and restore options
Directives to control generation of MIPS ASE instructions
MMIX Dependent Features
Command-line Options
Instruction expansion
Syntax
Special Characters
Symbols
Register names
Assembler Directives
Differences to mmixal
MSP 430 Dependent Features
Options
Syntax
Macros
Special Characters
Register Names
Assembler Extensions
Floating Point
MSP 430 Machine Directives
Opcodes
PDP-11 Dependent Features
Options
Code Generation Options
Instruction Set Extension Options
CPU Model Options
Machine Model Options
Assembler Directives
PDP-11 Assembly Language Syntax
Instruction Naming
Synthetic Instructions
picoJava Dependent Features
Options
PowerPC Dependent Features
Options
Renesas / SuperH SH Dependent Features
Options
Syntax
Special Characters
Register Names
Addressing Modes
Floating Point
SH Machine Directives
Opcodes
SuperH SH64 Dependent Features
Options
Syntax
Special Characters
Register Names
Addressing Modes
SH64 Machine Directives
Opcodes
SPARC Dependent Features
Options
Enforcing aligned data
Floating Point
Sparc Machine Directives
TIC54X Dependent Features
Options
Blocking
Environment Settings
Constants Syntax
String Substitution
Local Labels
Math Builtins
Extended Addressing
Directives
Macros
Memory-mapped Registers
Z8000 Dependent Features
Options
Syntax
Special Characters
Register Names
Addressing Modes
Assembler Directives for the Z8000
Opcodes
VAX Dependent Features
VAX Command-Line Options
VAX Floating Point
Vax Machine Directives
VAX Opcodes
VAX Branch Improvement
VAX Operands
Not Supported on VAX
v850 Dependent Features
Options
Syntax
Special Characters
Register Names
Floating Point
V850 Machine Directives
Opcodes
Xtensa Dependent Features
Command Line Options
Assembler Syntax
Opcode Names
Register Names
Xtensa Optimizations
Using Density Instructions
Automatic Instruction Alignment
Xtensa Relaxation
Conditional Branch Relaxation
Function Call Relaxation
Other Immediate Field Relaxation
Directives
density
relax
longcalls
generics
literal
literal_position
literal_prefix
freeregs
frame
Reporting Bugs
Have You Found a Bug?
How to Report Bugs
Acknowledgements
GNU Free Documentation License
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
Index