University Physics for the Life Sciences

Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
To the Student
To the Instructor
Detailed Contents
Part I: Force And Motion
Overview: The Science of Physics
1 Physics for the Life
Sciences
1.1 Why Physics?
1.2 Models And Modeling
1.3 Case Study: Modeling Diffusion
1.4 Proportional Reasoning: Scaling Laws In Biology
1.5 Where Do We Go From Here?
Summary
Questions and Problems
2 Describing Motion
2.1 Motion Diagrams
2.2 Position, Time, And Displacement
2.3 Velocity
2.4 Acceleration
2.5 Motion Along A Straight Line
2.6 Units And Significant Figures
Summary
Questions and Problems
3 Motion Along a Line
3.1 Uniform Motion
3.2 Instantaneous Velocity
3.3 Finding Position From Velocity
3.4 Constant Acceleration
3.5 Solving Kinematics Problems
3.6 Free Fall
3.7 Projectile Motion
3.8 Modeling A Changing Acceleration
Summary
Questions and Problems
4 Force and Motion
4.1 on And Forces: Newton’s First Law
4.2 Force
4.3 A Short Catalog Of Forces
4.4 What Do Forces Do?
4.5 Newton’s Second Law
4.6 Free-body Diagrams
4.7 Working With Vectors
4.8 Using Newton’s Laws
Summary
Questions and Problems
5 Interacting Systems
5.1 Systems And Interactions
5.2 Mass And Weight
5.3 Interactions With Surfaces
5.4 Drag
5.5 Springs And Elastic Forces
5.6 Newton’s Third Law
5.7 Newton’s Law Of Gravity
Summary
Questions and Problems
6 Equilibrium and Elasticity
6.1 Extended Objects
6.2 Torque
6.3 Gravitational Torque And The Center Of Gravity
6.4 Static Equilibrium
6.5 Stability And Balance
6.6 Forces And Torques In The Body
6.7 Elasticity And Deformation
Summary
Questions and Problems
7 Circular and Rotational
Motion
7.1 Uniform Circular Motion
7.2 Dynamics Of Uniform Circular Motion
7.3 The Rotation Of A Rigid Body
7.4 Rotational Dynamics And Moment Of Inertia
7.5Rolling Motion
Summary
Questions and Problems
8 Momentum
8.1 Momentum And Impulse
8.2 Conservation Of Momentum
8.3 Collisions And Explosions
8.4 Angular Momentum
Summary
Questions and Problems
9 Fluids
9.1 Properties Of Fluids
9.2 Pressure
9.3 Buoyancy
9.4 Surface Tension And Capillary Action
9.5 Fluids In Motion
9.6 Ideal Fluid Dynamics
9.7 Viscous Fluid Dynamics
9.8 The Circulatory System
Summary
Questions and Problems
Part I Summary
Force and Motion
One Step Beyond
Dark Matter and the Structureof the Universe
Part I
Problems
Part II: Energy And Thermodynamics
Overview: Energy and Life
10 Work and Energy
10.1 Energy Overview
10.2 Work And Kinetic Energy
10.3
Work Done By A Force That Changes
10.4
Dissipative Forces And Thermal Energy
10.5
Power And Efficiency
Summary
Questions and Problems
11 Interactions and
Potential Energy
11.1
Potential Energy
11.2
Conservation Of Energy
11.3
Elastic Potential Energy
11.4
Energy Diagrams
11.5
Molecular Bonds And Chemical Energy
11.6
Connecting Potential Energy To Force
11.7
The Expanded Energy Model
11.8 Energy In The Body
Summary
Questions and Problems
12 Thermodynamics
12.1
Heat And The First Law Of Thermodynamics
12.2
Thermal Expansion
12.3
Specific Heat And Heat Of Transformation
12.4
Calorimetry
12.5
Heat Transfer
12.6
The Ideal Gas: A Model System
12.7
Thermodynamics Of Ideal Gases
12.8 Enthalpy
Summary
Questions and Problems
13 Kinetic Theory
13.1 Connecting The Microscopic And The Macroscopic
13.2 Molecular Speeds And Collisions
13.3
The Kinetic Theory Of Gases
13.4
Thermal Energy And Specific Heat
13.5
Kbt And The Boltzmann Factor
13.6
Reaction Kinetics And Catalysis
13.7
Diffusion
Summary
Questions and Problems
14 Entropy and Free Energy
14.1 Reversible And Irreversible Processes
14.2
Microstates, Multiplicity, And Entropy
14.3
Using Entropy
14.4
Spontaneity And Gibbs Free Energy
14.5
Doing Useful Work
14.6
Using Gibbs Free Energy
14.7
Mixing And Osmosis
Summary
Questions and Problems
Part II Summary
Energy and Thermodynamics
One Step Beyond
Entropy and the Living World
Part II Problems
Part III: Oscillations and Waves
Overview:Motion That Repeats
15 Oscillations
15.1
Simple Harmonic Motion
15.2
Shm And Circular Motion
15.3
Energy In Shm
15.4
Linear Restoring Forces
15.5
The Pendulum
15.6
Damped Oscillations
15.7
Driven Oscillations And Resonance
Summary
Questions and Problems
16 Traveling Waves
and Sound
16.1 An Introduction To Waves
16.2
Visualizing Wave Motion
16.3
Sinusoidal Waves
16.4
Sound And Light
16.5
Circular And Spherical Waves
16.6
Power, Intensity, And Decibels
16.7
The Doppler Effect
Summary
Questions and Problems
17 Superposition and
Standing Waves
17.1
The Principle Of Superposition
17.2
Standing Waves
17.3
Standing Waves On A String
17.4
Standing Sound Waves
17.5
The Physics Of Speech
17.6
Interference Along A Line
17.7
Interference In Two And Three Dimensions
17.8
Beats
Summary
Questions and Problems
Part III
Summary
Oscillations and Waves
One Step Beyond
Waves in the Earthand the Ocean
Part III Problems
Part IV: Optics
Overview:The Wave Model of Light
18 Wave Optics
18.1
Models Of Light
18.2
Thin-film Interference
18.3
Double-slit Interference
18.4
The Diffraction Grating
18.5
Single-slit Diffraction
18.6
Circular-aperture Diffraction
18.7
X Rays And X-ray Diffraction
Summary
Questions and Problems
19 Ray Optics
19.1 The Ray Model Of Light
19.2 Reflection
19.3 Refraction
19.4 Image Formation By Refraction
19.5
Thin Lenses: Ray Tracing
19.6
The Thin-lens Equation
19.7 I
mage Formation With Spherical Mirrors
19.8
Color And Dispersion
Summary
Questions and Problems
20 Optical Instruments
20.1
Lenses In Combination
20.2
The Camera
20.3
The Human Eye
20.4
Magnifiers And Microscopes
20.5
The Resolution Of Optical Instruments
20.6
Microscopy
Summary
Questions and Problems
Part IV Summary
Optics
One Step Beyond
Phase-Contrast Microscopy
Part IV Problems
Part V: Electricity And Magnetism
Overview:
Charges, Currents, and Fields
21 Electric Forces and Fields
21.1
The Charge Model
21.2
A Microscopic Model Of Charge
21.3
Coulomb’s Law
21.4 The Electric Field
21.5
The Electric Field Of Multiple Charges
21.6
The Motion Of A Charged Particle In An Electric Field
21.7
The Torque On A Dipole In An Electric Field
Summary
Questions and Problems
22 Electric Potential
22.1
Electric Potential Energy
22.2
The Electric Potential
22.3
Calculating The Electric Potential
22.4
The Potential Of A Continuous Distribution Of Charge
22.5
Sources Of Electric Potential
22.6
Connecting Potential And Field
22.7
The Electrocardiogram
Summary
Questions and Problems
23 Biological Applications of
Electric Fields and Potentials
23.1
Capacitance And Capacitors
23.2
Combinations Of Capacitors
23.3
Dielectrics
23.4
Electrostatics In Salt Water
23.5 The Membrane Potential Of A Cell
Summary
Questions and Problems
24 Current and Resistance
24.1 A Model Of Current
24.2 Defining Current
24.3 Batteries And Emf
24.4Resistance And Conductance
24.5
Ohm’s Law And Resistor Circuits
24.6
Energy And Power
24.7
Alternating Current
Summary
Questions and Problems
25 Circuits
25.1
Circuit Elements And Diagrams
25.2
Using Kirchhoff’s Laws
25.3
Series And Parallel Circuits
25.4
Measuring Voltage And Current
25.5
More Complex Circuits
25.6
Electric Safety
25.7
Rc Circuits
25.8
Electricity In The Nervous System
Summary
Questions and Problems
26 Magnetic Fields
and Forces
26.1
Magnetism
26.2
The Magnetic Field Of A Current
26.3
Magnetic Dipoles
26.4
The Magnetic Force On A Moving Charge
26.5
Magnetic Forces On Current-carrying Wires
26.6
Forces And Torques On Magnetic Dipoles
26.7
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Summary
Questions and Problems
27 Electromagnetic Induction
and Electromagnetic Waves
27.1
Induced Currents
27.2
Motional Emf
27.3
Magnetic Flux And Lenz’s Law
27.4
Faraday’s Law
27.5
Induced Fields
27.6
Electromagnetic Waves
27.7
Polarization
27.8
The Interaction Of Electromagnetic Waves With Matter
Summary
Questions and Problems
Part V Summary
Electricity and Magnetism
One Step Beyond
The Greenhouse Effectand Global Warming
Part V Problems
Part VI: Modern Physics
Overview: New Ways of Looking at the World
28 Quantum Physics
28.1
Physics At The Atomic Level
28.2
The Photoelectric Effect
28.3
Photons
28.4
Matter Waves
28.5
Energy Is Quantized
28.6
Energy Levels And Quantum Jumps
28.7
The Uncertainty Principle
28.8
Applications Of Quantum Physics
Summary
Questions and Problems
29 Atoms and Molecules
29.1
Spectroscopy
29.2
Atoms
29.3
The Hydrogen Atom
29.4
Multi-electron Atoms
29.5
Excited States And Spectra
29.6
Molecules
29.7
Fluorescence And Bioluminescence
29.8
Stimulated Emission And Lasers
Summary
Questions and Problems
30 Nuclear Physics
30.1
Nuclear Structure
30.2
Nuclear Stability
30.3
The Strong Force
30.4
Radiation And Radioactivity
30.5
Types Of Nuclear Decay
30.6
The Interaction Of Ionizing Radiation With Matter
30.7
Nuclear Medicine
30.8
The Ultimate Building Blocks Of Matter
Summary
Questions and Problems
Part VI Summary
Modern Physics
One Step Beyond
The Physics of Very Cold Atoms
Part VI Problems
Appendix A Mathematics Review
Appendix B Periodic Table of Elements
Appendix C Studying for and Taking
the MCAT Exam
Appendix D Atomic and Nuclear Data
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems
Credits
Index