This textbook covers all related communication technologies of underwater wireless communication, such as acoustic communication, optical communication, and magneto-inductive communication. After describing each technology, the authors relay their pros and cons, as it is essential to learn the underlying mechanism, advancements, and limitations of these techniques. Therefore, this book provides basics fundamentals of the three technologies, their advantages and disadvantages, and their applications. The authors also introduce research trends, pointing readers in the direction of research in the field of underwater wireless communication. The book is an essential textbook for undergraduate and graduate students in the field of underwater communications. The book is also useful as a reference to undergraduate engineering students, science students, and practicing engineers. The book includes end-of-chapter questions and numerical problems.
Combines underwater wireless communication technologies such as acoustic communication, optical communication, and magneto-inductive wireless communication;
Covers topics in a manner that a reader with little to no knowledge of the field can understand its primary underlying mechanisms;
Includes end-of-chapter questions and numerical problems.
Author(s): Yi Lou, Niaz Ahmed
Series: Textbooks in Telecommunication Engineering
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 374
City: Cham
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Acronyms
Part I Underwater Acoustic Communications and Networks
1 Basic Principles of Underwater Acoustic Communication
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Theory of UWA Waves Propagation
1.2.1 Speed of Underwater Sound
1.2.2 Underwater Sound Transmission Loss
1.3 Acoustic Field Model
1.3.1 Ray Theory Models
1.3.2 Normal Wave Models
1.3.3 Multipath Expansion Models
1.3.4 Fast Field Models
1.3.5 Parabolic Equation Models
1.4 Structure and Performance of UWAC System
1.4.1 Basic Structure of UWAC System
1.4.1.1 Channel and Noise
1.4.1.2 Encoder and Decoder
1.4.1.3 Modulators and Demodulators
1.4.1.4 Synchronization
1.4.2 Performance Indicators of UWAC System
1.4.2.1 Transmission Rate
1.4.2.2 Error Probability
1.5 Characteristics of the UWA Channel
1.5.1 Multipath Effects
1.5.2 Doppler Effect
1.5.3 Transmission Loss
1.5.4 Environmental Noise
1.5.5 Channel Time Variation
1.5.6 Propagation Time Delay
1.6 Classification of UWA Channels
1.6.1 Coherent Multipath Channels
1.6.2 Shallow Sea Acoustic Channels
1.6.3 Deep-Sea Acoustic Channels
1.7 History of UWACs
Questions
References
2 Modulation Technology in UWAC System
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Amplitude Shift Keying Modulation
2.3 Frequency Shift Keying Modulation
2.4 PSK Modulation
2.4.1 Binary Phase-Shift Keying Modulation
2.4.2 DPSK Signal
2.4.3 QPSK Signal
2.5 Spread Spectrum Communication Technology
2.5.1 Processing Gain and Anti-interference Tolerance of Spread Spectrum Technology
2.5.1.1 Common Spread Spectrum Technology
2.5.2 Advantages of Spread Spectrum Technology
2.6 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Technology
2.6.1 Spectrum Features
2.6.2 Fundamentals of OFDM
2.6.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of OFDM in UWAC
2.7 Multi-Input Multi-Output Technology
Questions
References
3 Signal Processing in UWAC System
3.1 Diversity in UWAC System
3.2 Equalization in UWAC System
3.2.1 Development Process of Equalization
3.2.2 Classification and Characteristics of Equalization
3.2.3 Basic Principles of Equalization
3.2.3.1 Time-Domain Equalization Algorithm
3.2.3.2 Frequency-Domain Equalization
3.2.3.3 Performance Analysis of Frequency-Domain Equalization
3.3 Doppler Frequency-Shift Compensation for UWAC Systems
3.3.1 Principle of Doppler Shift Compensation
3.3.2 Doppler Shift Detection and Compensation
3.4 UWAC System Based on Frequency-Shift Keying
Questions
References
4 UWA Network Technology
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Characteristics of UWA Network
4.3 Topology of UWA Network
4.4 Network Protocol Architecture of UWA Network
4.4.1 Applications of UWA Network
4.4.1.1 Introduction to Mobile Autonomous Network (MANET)
4.4.1.2 Routing Protocol for UWA Mobile Self-organizing Networks
4.4.2 Routing Protocol Design Issues
4.4.2.1 Energy Consumption and Time Delay
4.4.2.2 Scalability
4.4.2.3 Security
4.4.2.4 Self-Adaptive
4.4.3 Routing Protocol Optimization Techniques
4.4.3.1 Energy Balancing Technique
4.4.3.2 Cross-Layer Design
4.4.3.3 Adaptive Technology
4.5 Applications of UWA Network
Questions
References
5 UWAC Challenges and Research Trends
5.1 Challenges of UWAC Technology
5.2 Research Trends in UWAC Technology
5.2.1 In-band Full-Duplex (IBFD) UWAC
5.2.1.1 Performance Benefits of IBFD Technology
5.2.1.2 Self-interference Cancellation Technology
5.2.2 Advanced Modulation Schemes
5.2.3 Massive MIMO
5.2.4 Machine Learning-Based UWAC Technology
Questions
References
Part II Underwater Optical Wireless Communication and Networks
6 Basic Principles of Underwater Optical Communication
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 History
6.1.2 Classification of Underwater Wireless Optical Communication Links
6.1.2.1 LOS Configuration
6.1.2.2 Diffused LOS Configuration
6.1.2.3 Retroreflector-Based LOS Configuration
6.1.2.4 NLOS Configuration
6.2 Comparison Between UWOC and Other UWC Technologies
6.3 UWOC System
6.3.1 Modulation
6.3.2 Coding
6.3.3 Light Source Technology
6.3.3.1 Common Lasers in UWOC Systems
6.3.4 Signal Detector
6.3.4.1 PMT
6.3.4.2 PIN
6.3.4.3 APD
6.3.5 Alignment and Compensation
6.3.6 Spatial Diversity Technology
6.4 UWC Network
6.5 Summary
Questions
References
7 Underwater Wireless Optical Channel Model
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Absorption and Scattering Losses
7.2.1 Absorption and Scattering Coefficients
7.2.2 Scattering Phase Function
7.2.3 Composition of the Coefficients of Absorption and Scattering
7.3 UWOC Channel Modeling
7.3.1 Bill Lambert's Law
7.3.2 Radiative Transfer Equation
7.3.2.1 Analytic Solution of the RTE Equation
7.3.2.2 Numerical Solution of the RTE Equation
7.3.3 Monte Carlo Simulation for UWOC Channel Modeling
7.4 Modeling of UWOC Geometric Misalignments
7.5 Modeling of UWOC Link Turbulence
7.5.1 Atmospheric Turbulence Model
7.5.2 Underwater Turbulence Model
7.6 Noise in the UWOC Channel
Questions
References
8 Modulation Schemes
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Analog and Digital Modulation
8.1.2 Direct and Indirect Modulation
8.1.3 Internal and External Modulation
8.2 Selection Principles of Modulation Scheme
8.3 Pulse Modulation
8.3.1 Binary On-Off Keying Modulation
8.3.2 Pulse Position Modulation
8.3.3 Pulse Width Modulation
8.3.4 Digital Pulse Interval Modulation
8.3.5 Performance Analysis of OOK, LPPM, DPIM Technology
8.3.5.1 Transmit Power Performance Analysis
8.3.5.2 Analysis of Bandwidth Requirements
8.3.5.3 Transmission Capacity Analysis
8.3.5.4 Time Slot Error Rate Analysis
8.4 Sub-Carrier Intensity Modulation
8.4.1 PSK
8.4.1.1 2PSK
8.4.1.2 2DPSK
8.4.2 FSK
8.4.3 Polarization Shift Keying (PolSK) Modulation
8.5 Multi-Carrier Modulation
8.5.1 Basic Principles of OFDM
8.5.2 Guard Interval and Cyclic Prefix
8.5.3 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
8.6 Summary
Questions
References
9 Channel Coding
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Channel Coding
9.2.1 Basic Idea of Channel Coding
9.2.2 Classification of Coding
9.3 Linear Block Codes
9.3.1 Concepts Related to Linear Block Codes
9.3.1.1 Parity-Check Equations
9.3.1.2 Parity-Check Matrix
9.3.1.3 The Generating Matrix
9.3.2 Encoding of Linear Block Codes
9.3.3 Decoding of Linear Block Codes
9.4 Cyclic Codes
9.4.1 Concepts Related to Cyclic Codes
9.4.1.1 Generating Polynomial and Generating Matrix
9.4.1.2 Parity-Check Polynomial and Parity-Check Matrix
9.4.2 Encoding of Cyclic Codes
9.4.3 Decoding of Cyclic Codes
9.5 BCH Code
9.5.1 Concepts Related to BCH Codes
9.5.1.1 Generating Polynomial and Generating Matrix
9.5.1.2 Parity-Check Matrix
9.5.2 Encoding of BCH Codes
9.5.3 Decoding of BCH Codes
9.6 RS Codes
9.6.1 Encoding of RS Codes
9.6.2 Decoding of RS Codes
9.7 Convolutional Codes
9.7.1 Encoding of Convolutional Codes
9.7.2 Decoding of Convolutional Codes
9.8 LDPC Codes
9.8.1 Encoding of LDPC Codes
9.8.2 Decoding of LDPC Codes
9.9 Turbo Codes
9.9.1 Encoding of Turbo Codes
9.9.2 Decoding of Turbo Codes
9.10 CRC Codes
9.10.1 Encoding of CRC Codes
9.10.2 Decoding of CRC Codes
9.11 Luby Transform (LT) Codes
9.11.1 Encoding of LT Codes
9.11.2 Decoding of LT Codes
Questions
References
10 Link Performance Enhancement Techniques
10.1 Diversity Technology
10.1.1 Definition of Diversity
10.1.2 Classification of Diversity
10.1.3 Spatial Diversity
10.1.4 Cooperative Diversity
10.1.5 Combining Schemes
10.2 Aperture Averaging
10.3 Acquisition, Pointing, and Tracking
10.4 Multiplexing
10.4.1 Time Division Multiplexing
10.4.2 Frequency Division Multiplexing
10.4.3 Code Division Multiplexing
10.4.4 Wavelength Division Multiplexing
10.4.5 Sub-carrier Multiplexing
10.4.6 Polarization Division Multiplexing Technology
10.4.7 MIMO Technology
10.5 Adaptive Technology
10.5.1 Adaptive Optics Technology
10.5.2 Adaptive Modulation and Demodulation Techniques
10.5.3 Adaptive Equalization Techniques
10.5.3.1 Time-Domain Equalization Principle
10.5.3.2 Adaptive Equalization Algorithm and Implementation
Questions
References
11 UWOC Networks
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Relay Technology
11.2.1 Serial Transmission and PAT
11.2.2 Parallel Transmission and Relay Selection Protocol
11.2.3 Forwarding Methods
11.2.3.1 Amplify-and-Forward Relaying
11.2.3.2 Decode-and-Forward Relaying
11.3 Underwater Routing Technology
11.3.1 Routing Protocols for UWONs
11.3.1.1 Centralized Routing
11.3.1.2 Distributed Routing
11.3.2 Potential Routing Protocols for UWONs
11.4 Underwater Acoustic-Optical Hybrid Network
11.4.1 Introduction of Underwater Acoustic-Optical Hybrid Network
11.4.2 Working Mode Switching Strategy
11.4.3 Routing Protocol for Acoustic-Optical Hybrid Networks
11.4.3.1 Routing Protocol MURAO
11.4.3.2 Routing Protocol Based on Reverse Route
11.4.3.3 Routing Protocol CAPTAIN
Questions
References
Part III Underwater MI Communication and Networks
12 Fundamental Principles of Magnetic Induction
12.1 Brief History of Magnetism and Electromagnetism
12.2 Basic Elements of Magnetism
12.2.1 Magnetic Fields
12.2.2 Magnetic Flux
12.3 Sources of Magnetic Field
12.3.1 Ampere's and Biot–Savart's Law
12.4 Magnetic Induction
12.4.1 Faraday's Law of Magnetic Induction
12.4.2 Lenz's Law
12.5 Mutual and Self Induction
12.5.1 Mutual Inductance
12.5.2 Self-Inductance
12.5.3 Inductive and Capacitive Reactance
Summary
References
13 MI Communication System
13.1 Introduction
13.2 First Part: Coils
13.2.1 Magnetic Field Generated by Circular Coils
13.2.2 Magnetic Moment
13.2.3 Voltage Induced in the Receive Coil
13.2.4 Directivity Pattern
13.3 Second Part: Matching Network
13.3.1 Transmit Coil with Series RLC Configuration
13.3.2 Receive Coil with Parallel RLC Configuration
13.4 Third Part: Communication Block
13.4.1 Digital Signals and MI Communication
13.4.1.1 Manchester and Differential Manchester Encoding
13.4.2 Analog Signals and MI Communication
13.4.3 Analog and Digital Modulation Schemes
Summary
References
14 MI Channel Characteristics
14.1 Uniqueness of MI Channel
14.1.1 Propagation Speed
14.1.2 Multipath and Doppler Effect
14.2 MI Channel Performance
14.2.1 Pure Inductive Communication Channel
14.2.2 Resonance Inductive Communication Channel
14.2.2.1 Q Factor and Bandwidth of MI Transmitter
14.2.2.2 Q Factor and Bandwidth of MI Receiver
14.3 Factors Affecting MI Communication
14.3.1 Skin Effect
14.3.2 Background Noise
14.3.3 Presence of Ferromagnetic Materials
14.4 Path Loss Calculation
14.4.1 Effect of Underwater Channel on Path Loss
Summary
References
15 Challenges and Advancements in MI Communication
15.1 Directionality Challenge and Multi-Directional Coils
15.1.1 Tri-Directional Coil
15.1.2 Meta-Materials and Spherical Array Enclosed Coils
15.2 Range Challenge and Waveguides
15.2.1 Introduction to Waveguides
15.2.2 MI Waveguide Model
15.2.3 Waveguide Implementation Challenges
15.3 MIMO and MI Communication
Summary
References
16 MI Wireless Sensor Networks
16.1 Underwater Wireless Sensor Network Applications and Architecture
16.2 Localization
16.2.1 Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks
16.2.2 Distance Estimation
16.2.2.1 Localization Challenge with Single Dimensional Coil
16.2.3 Position Estimation
16.3 Medium Access protocols
16.3.1 Hidden Node Problem and MI Communication
16.4 Routing Protocols
16.4.1 Active Relaying
16.4.2 Hybrid Relaying
16.5 Cross-Layer Protocols
Summary
References
Index
