Understanding and Reducing Landslide Disaster Risk, Volume 4: Testing, Modeling and Risk Assessment

Organizational Structure of the Fifth World Landslide Forum
Organizers
Co-sponsors
Supporting Organizations with Finance
Organizing Committee
Foreword by Mami Mizutori
Foreword by the Assistant Director-General for the Natural Sciences Sector of UNESCO for the Book of the 5th World Landslide Forum
Preface I
Understanding and Reducing Landslide Disaster Risk
Book Series: ICL Contribution to Landslide Disaster Risk
The Letter of Intent 2005 and the First General Assembly 2005
The 2006 Tokyo Action Plan and the First World Landslide Forum 2008
The Second World Landslide Forum 2011 and the Third World Landslide Forum 2014
The Sendai Landslide Partnerships 2015 and the Fourth World Landslide Forum 2017
The Fifth World Landslide Forum 2020 and the Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020
Call for Partners of KLC2020
Eligible Organizations to be Partners of the KLC2020
Appendix: World Landslide Forum Books
Preface II
Contents
1 Introduction—Testing, Modeling and Risk Assessment
Abstract
Background
Part I—Keynote Lectures
Part II—Recent Development in Physical Modeling of Landslides
Part III—Recent Development in Numerical Modeling of Landslides
Part IV—Recent Development in Soil and Rock Testing Techniques, Application and Analysis Methods
Part V—Recent Advancements in the Methods of Slope Stability and Deformation Analyses
Part VI—Recent Development in Disaster Risk Assessment
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Keynote Lectures
2 Recent Developments in the Evaluation and Application of Residual and Fully Softened Shear Strengths for the Stability Analyses of Landslides
Abstract
Background
Shearing Behavior of Soil
Different Modes of Shearing
Appropriate Shear Strengths
Importance of Correlations
Fully Softened Shear Strength
Background
Measurement Methods
Direct Shear Tests
Triaxial Tests
Direct Simple Shear Tests
Ring Shear Tests
Other Tests
Interpretation Methods
Linear Interpolation with Mohr-Coulomb Failure Envelopes
Nonlinear Failure Envelopes
Secant Friction Angles
Influencing Factors
Weathering
Mineralogical Composition
Pore Water Chemistry
Available Correlations
Residual Shear Strength
Background and Meaning
Measurement Methods
Ring Shear
Direct Shear Testing
Triaxial Testing
Other Forms of Testing
Comparison of Results from Different Tests
Interpretation Methods
Influencing Factors
Strain Rate
Pore Fluid Chemistry
Clay Content
Mineralogy
Moisture Content
Healing
Available Correlations
Correlations Between Residual and Fully Softened Friction Angles
Discussion
Summary and Conclusions
References
3 Oso Landslide: Failure Mechanism and Runout Analyses
Abstract
Landslide Overview
Subsurface Conditions
Prior Landslide History
2014 Landslide
Phase I Slide Mass
Colluvial Flowslide of Phase I
Phase II Slide Mass
Seismic Records
Runout Analyses
Liquefied Shear Strength
DAN3D Results
ANURA3D Results
FLO-2D Results
Summary
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgements
References
4 Numerical Modelling for Slope Stabilizations in Modern Geotechnical Practice
Abstract
Introduction
Landslide Stabilizations Using Structural Elements
Introduction
Traditional Techniques for the Design of Slope Stabilizations that Incorporate Structural Elements
Sources of Uncertainty
Strength Reduction Method
Introduction
Stabilizing Piles
Complex Stabilizations Using Piles and Anchors
Dynamic Slope Stability
Introduction
Recommended Practice
Simplified Soil Modelling
Model Boundaries
Conclusions
References
5 Recent Advances in the Methods of Slope Stability and Deformation Analyses
Abstract
Background
Historical Perspective of Slope Stability and Deformation Analyses
Developments in Slope Stability and Deformation Analyses
Improvements to Computational and Graphical Capabilities
Case Study
Case Study
Macro Level Stability Analysis for Regions
Case Study
Case Study
Growth of Three-Dimensional Slope Stability Analyses
Case Study
Case Study
Probabilistic Slope Stability Analyses and the Incorporation of Risk
Case Study
Slope Stability for Unsaturated Slopes
Methods for Deformation Analyses
Case Study
Analysis to be Performed for Landslides
Case Study
Discussion
Summary and Conclusions
References
6 Engineering Risk Mitigation for Landslide Hazard Chains: The Baige Landslides on the Jinsha River in 2018
Abstract
Managing the Risks of Landslide Hazard Chains
Landslide Hazard Chains on the Jinsha River in 2018
The Landslide and Damming at Baige on 10 Oct. 2018
The Landslide and Damming on 3 Nov. 2018
Principle of Hazard-Chain Risk Management
The First Test of System Coping Capability: Breaching of the Landslide Dam Formed on 10 Oct. 2018
Systematic River-Basin Risk Management
Likely Hazard Chain Triggered by the 3 Nov. 2018 Landslide
Dam Breaching and River Flood Routing Analyses
Engineering Risk Mitigation Measures
Non-Structural Risk Mitigation Measures
Systematic Longer-Term Risk Management
Managing Residual Landslide Risks at Baige
Managing Longer-Term Landslide Risks at Baige
Suggested Scientific Topics for Further Research on Landslide Hazard Chain Risk Management
Summary
Acknowledgements
References
Recent Development in Physical Modeling of Landslides
7 Application of Magnetic Tracking System in Laboratory-Scale Rock Avalanche Model Tests
Abstract
Introduction
Magnetic Tracking System
Background
Algorithm to Determine Tracker Information
Laboratory-Scale Rock Avalanche Experiments
Hardware and Materials Used
Experimental Set-Up
Experimental Results
Validation
Other Kinematic Quantities
Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
8 A Simple Physically-Based Distributed Translational Landslide Model
Abstract
Introduction
Model Description
Model Configuration and Input
Model Testing
Study Area and Data
Model Results
Sirampog Subdistrict
Kandang Serang Subdistrict
Future Model Development
Conclusion and Remark
References
9 Study on the Behaviour of Slope Instability Using Physical Modelling
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Method
Soil Properties
Model Slope Experiment
Numerical and Slope Stability Analysis
Results and Discussion
Physical Modelling
Numerical Analysis
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
10 Centrifuge Modelling of Slope Failure Due to Groundwater During Excavation
Abstract
Introduction
Experimental Setup
Experimental Results
Prediction of Collapse Using Slope Surface Strain
Conclusion
References
11 Effects of Relative Density in Progressive Sliding of Tailing
Abstract
Introduction
Experimental Materials
Instrumentation of Flume Tests
Results
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
12 Experimental Studies on the Effect of Vegetation Density to Change Underground Seepage Rate and Stability of Slopes
Abstract
Background
Experimental Methods
Experimental Modelling Results
Soil Test Results
Effects of the Seepage Velocity and Shear Strength of Soil on Slope Stability
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
13 Laboratory Simulations of Submarine Landslide Failure Mechanisms
Abstract
Introduction
Simulating Submarine Landslide Reactivation in Response to Elevated Pore Fluid Pressures
Simulating Submarine Landslide Reactivation in Response to Earthquake Loading
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
14 Laboratory Tests to Simulate the Rainfall Infiltration Process of Pyroclastic Soils Subject to Instability
Abstract
Introduction
Tests With the Physical Model
Flume Test T1: Homogeneous Deposit
Flume Test T2: Two-Layered Deposit
Flume Test T3: Three-Layered Deposit
Conclusions
References
Recent Development in Numerical Modeling of Landslides
15 3D Analysis of a Fragmental Rockfall
Abstract
Introduction
UAV Surveys and 3D Terrain Reconstruction
Rockfall Fractal Fragmentation Model (RFFM)
Trajectory simulation with RockGIS
Discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
16 3D Landslide Models in VR
Abstract
Introduction
Immersive Models
Modelling versus Visualisation
An Integrated ‘Digital Geohazard Space’?
Technological Aspects
Landslides and Potentially Unstable Slopes in VR
A ‘Belgian’ Landslide Model
The Koytash Landslide Case History
The Rogun Right-Bank Slope Model
What About Uncertainties in VR?
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
17 A Coupled Discrete Element and Depth-Averaged Model for Flow-Like Landslide Simulations
Abstract
Introduction
The Coupled Landslide Model
Discrete Element Method (DEM) Model
Depth-Averaged Model (DAM)
Boundary Conditions at the Coupling Interface
Model Validation and Result
Experiment of Dam-Break Granular Column Collapse
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
18 Advanced Methods for Simulating Complex Landslides
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Challenges
Enhancements
Discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
19 Application of Reciprocal Green’s Functions on the Forecast of Submarine Landslide Tsunamis
Abstract
Application of Reciprocal Green’s Functions in Submarine Landslide Tsunamis
Features of RGF Approaches in the Forecast of SMF Tsunamis
SMF in the 1781 Event of Taiwan
Resolution Requirement
Coastal Effect
Computer Time Reduction
Toward a Forecast System of SMF Tsunamis
Detection of SMFs
Quick Forecast of SMF Tsunami
Forecast Based on In-Situ Measurement
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
20 Deformation Characteristics with Porewater Pressure Development of Shallow Landslide Triggered by Rainfall Infiltration
Abstract
Introduction
Numerical Simulation
Model Validation
Materials
Results and comparison
Model Study
Results and Discussion
PWP and Volumetric Water Content (VWC) Response
The Development of Slope Displacement with Time
Conclusion
References
21 Debris Flow Simulations Due to Landslide Dam Outburst and Considering Effective Countermeasures
Abstract
Introduction
Simulation Target and Methods
Akatani Landslide Dam Formation in 2011 Nara Prefecture, Japan
Simulations for Debris Flow Due to the Landslide Dam Outburst in the Akatani Area 2011
Simulation Results and Effective Countermeasures
Simulation Results
Simulations Considering the Effective Structural Countermeasures
Conclusions and Future Works
Acknowledgments
References
22 Preliminary Results from the SMART-SED Basin Scale Sediment Yield Model
Abstract
Introduction
Conceptual Scheme of the Model
Model Equations
Numerical Discretization
Geostatistical Downscaling
Numerical Results
Conclusions and Future Developments
Acknowledgments
References
23 Hazard Assessment of a Rainfall-Induced Deep-Seated Landslide in Hakha City, Myanmar
Abstract
Introduction
Study Area and Field Investigation
Geological and Climate Settings
Field Investigation
Ring-Shear Testing and Computer Simulation
Ring-Shear Tests
Landside Susceptibility Assessment Using LS-RAPID Model
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
24 Landslide Hazard Zoning Based on the Integrated Simulation Model (LS-Rapid)
Abstract
Introduction
Process of Urbanization in Yagi and Midorii
Characteristics of the Debris Slide—Debris Flow Disasters in Hiroshima
Triggering Factor
Hazard Mapping Using LS-RAPID
Discussions
References
25 Numerical Models of Debris Flows with Entrainment Analysis-Case Studies from the Republic of Serbia
Abstract
Introduction
Case Studies
The Selanac Debris Flow
The Leva Reka Debris Flow
RAMMS (Rapid Mass Movement Software)
Entrainment Model
Results and Discussion
Validation
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
26 Numerical Simulation of a Creeping Landslide Case in Japan
Abstract
Introduction
Study Area
Numerical Simulation
Results and Discussion
Results of Deformation Pattern and Shear Strain Pattern
Results of Time Histories
Failure Mechanisms
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
27 Numerical Simulation of Debris Flows After Ash Fall at Mt. Fuji
Abstract
Introduction
Numerical Analysis Method
Analysis Model and Analysis Conditions
Analysis Model
Analysis Conditions
Analysis Results
Summit Eruption
Four Hillside Eruptions
Tasks and Future Plans
Acknowledgements
References
28 On the Progression of Slope Failures Using Inverse Velocity of Surface Movements in an Undercut Slope Model
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Materials Properties
Justification on Low-Frictional Interface
Experimental Setup
Results
Characteristics of Velocity Vectors
Predicted Failure Time of Undercut Slope Model
Monitoring Regions
Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
29 Rainfall Boundary Condition in a Multiphase Material Point Method
Abstract
Introduction
MPM Formulation for Partially-Saturated Soils
Model Equations
Discretization and Algorithm of Material Point Method
Rainfall Boundary Condition
Validation Case: 1D Infiltration Problem
Geometry, Material and Boundary Conditions
Model Results
Conclusions
References
30 Response of Slopes to Earthquakes and Rainfall
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
Test Program
Centrifuge Modelling Scales
Experimental Setup
Inflight Rainfall Simulator
Soil Material
Test Results and Discussion
Test A: Slope Subject to Shaking and Rainfall
Test B: Slope Subject to Only Rainfall
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
31 Reproduction of Sedimentation State During Rock Slope Failure Using the Simplified DEM Model
Abstract
Introduction
Overview of the DEM Simple Model
DEM Simple Model
Rotational Friction
Laboratory Experiments to Determine the RA of Various Particles and Reproduction Analysis by DEM
Experimental Device
Experimental Results
Simulation Results
Reproduction Analysis of Actual Damage
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Recent Development in Soil and Rock Testing Techniques, Application and Analysis Methods
32 Analysis of Shear Strength Variability of Ash-Fall Pyroclastic Soils Involved in Flow-Like Landslides
Abstract
Introduction
Geological Setting
Data and Methods
Results
Conclusion
References
33 Comparison of Soil Parameters and Soil Moduli E50 and E70 of Residual Soils Used in Stability Analysis
Abstract
Introduction
Parameters and Residual Soil Origins
Rainfall and Slope Failure Records
Elastic Behaviours of Residual Soil
Methodology
Results and Discussion
Residual Soil Strength Parameters, C′, ϕ′
Interpretation of E50, E70 of Residual Soils
Conclusions and Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
34 Influence of Plant Root Asperities and Architectural Traits on Soil Shear Resistance
Abstract
Introduction
Material and Experimental Methods
Generalized Equivalent Confining Pressure (GECP)
Experimental Materials
Experimental Methods
Root Surface Roughness
Single Root Pull-Out Friction Test
Triaxial Shear Test
Results and Discussions
Surface Roughness of Indigofera Amblyantha Roots
Effect of Soil Moisture Content and Root Diameter on Pull-Out Shear Stress
Effect of Root Characteristics and Confining Pressure on GECP in Reinforced Soil
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
35 Modelling of Creep Behavior of Claystone in Mae Moh Open-Pit Mine Using the Soft Soil Creep Model
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
Creep Behavior
Laboratory
Model Comparison
Determination Exercise of the Creep Movement on a Slope
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
36 Monotonic and Cyclic Behaviour of Tephra Layer Landslide at Takanodai from the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake
Abstract
Introduction
Field Observation and Physical Properties of Kpfa
Field Observation
Physical Properties of Kpfa
Testing Method of Monotonic Direct Shear Tests
Constant Vertical Stress Monotonic Direct Shear Tests
Testing Method of Cyclic Direct Shear Tests
Constant Vertical Stress Cyclic Direct Shear Test
Constant Volume Cyclic Direct Shear Test
Soil Strengths by Yamanaka-Type Soil Penetrometer
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
37 Shearing Rate Effect on Residual Strength of Typical Clay Soils in Ring Shear Test
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Method
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
38 Simple Shear Tests for Unsaturated Soils
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Testing Device
Soil Tested and Experimental Programme
Shear Strength
Soil Water Retention
Wetting Tests Under Different Shear Stresses
Concluding Remarks
References
39 Simplest Methods of Determining Dynamic Soil Properties for Use in Co-seismic Hazard Analysis
Abstract
Background
Post-Cyclic Shear Strength Recommendations in the Literature
Materials and Methods
Results
Case Study—Ground Failure at Lokanthali, Nepal
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
40 The Acoustic Emission Characteristics and Shear Behaviour During Granular Shearing
Abstract
Introduction
Experimental Method
Results
Time Series of Shear Resistance and AE Characteristics
Average Occurrence Rate of AE Events
Discussions
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Recent Advancements in the Methods of Slope Stability and Deformation Analyses
41 Prediction of Deformation of Caisson Type Piles in Open cut Works and Countermeasures Employing Early Closure Method
Abstract
Introduction
Geological Overview
Construction Overview and Deformation of the Piles
Construction Overview
Deformation of Piles
Cause of Deformation
Decrease in Strength Due to Ground Deterioration After Excavation
Horizontal Force Generated by Stress Release After Excavation
Examination of Countermeasures
Concept of Countermeasures
Overview of Countermeasures
Prediction and Examination of Countermeasures
Predictive Analysis
Setting of the Stress Release Rate
Predictive Analysis Results
Effect of Countermeasures
Conclusion
Reference
42 Slope Stability Assessment of Weak and Weathered Rocks with BQ System
Abstract
Introduction
Study Area
Methodology
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
References
43 Soil Databases to Assist Slope Stability Assessments in the Eastern Caribbean
Abstract
Introduction
Soil Classification Parameters
Soil Friction Angle
Building the Saint Lucia Soils Database
Statistical Analysis
Regression Analysis
Updated Regressions
Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) Analysis
Statistical Models
Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
44 The Mt Gamalama Instability Level in Generating Landslide-Induced Tsunami in Ternate Island, Indonesia
Abstract
Introduction
Geotechnical Properties of Mt Gamalama
Geological Unit Classification
Generalized Hoek Brown Failure Criteria
Rock Mass Properties
The Instability Level of Mt Gamalama
Slope Stability Calculation
Scenarios Applied in Calculations
The Mt Gamalama Factor of Safety
Discussion and Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Recent Development in Disaster Risk Assessment
45 Effect of Pore Pressure Dynamics on Progressive Failure in a Clayey Glaciolacustrine Landslide
Abstract
Introduction
Background
The Thompson River Valley
The Ripley Landslide Extents and Instrumentation
Regional and Local Geology
Investigation Methods
Soil Moisture Deficit (SMD)
Matric Potential (Suction) Monitoring
Proactive Infrastructure Monitoring and Evaluation (PRIME)
Results and Discussion
Meteorology and Soil Suction Influence on Landslide Movement Trends
Net infiltration Observations
Summary
Acknowledgements
References
46 Engineering Geological Investigation and Slope Stability Analysis for Landslide Hazard Assessment in Indian Himalayas
Abstract
Introduction
Engineering Geological Parameters
Rock Mass Classifications
Rock Mass Rating (RMR)
Slope Mass Rating (SMR)
Geological Strength Index (GSI)
Rock Mass Characterization and Slope Stability Assessment
Application of Rock Mass Classification for Numerical Analysis
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
47 First Consideration About Post 2017 Wildfire Erosion Response and Debris Flow in Susa Valley (NW Italy)
Abstract
Preface
Introduction
Methodologies
The Susa Valley Case Study
The Susa Valley Wildfire, October 2017
Geological and Geomorphological Setting
Post Fire Response
Debris Flow
Rainfall Data
Processes Description
Discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
48 Identification of Sliding Surface and Crack Pattern in the Soil Creep, Case Study: Unika Soegijapranata Campus, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
Result and Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
49 Preliminary Result of Real-Time Landslide Monitoring in the Case of the Hinterland of Koroška Bela, NW Slovenia
Abstract
Introduction
Data and Methods
Study Case
Real-Time Monitoring System
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
50 Quantitative Risk Analysis of Earthquake-Induced Landslides
Abstract
Introduction
Case Study: Franz Josef and Fox Glacier Valleys
Risk Analysis Approach
Methodology
Landslide Frequency to Source Area Scaling
Landslide Source Area to Volume Scaling
Development of Magnitude—Frequency Relationships
Application to Franz Josef and Fox Glacier Valleys
Annual Frequency of Earthquakes
Discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
51 Role of Remote Sensing Technology in Landslide Risk Management of Hong Kong
Abstract
Introduction
Advantages and Applications of Remote Sensing Technology
Landslide Hazard Identification and Monitoring
Post-landslide Responses and Residual Risk Management
Design of Landslide Prevention and Mitigation Measures
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
52 The Characteristics of the Vegetation Distribution Related to the Slope Failure Caused by the Earthquake
Abstract
Introduction
Study Area
Geological and Topographic Features
Rainfall
Methodology
Results Overview in the Whole Analysis Area
Results of the Selected Area
Discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
53 Cutting-Edge Technologies Aiming for Better Outcomes of Landslide Disaster Mitigation
Marui & Co. Ltd
Nippon Koei Co. Ltd
OSASI Technos, Inc
Godai Corporation
Japan Conservation Engineers & Co. Ltd
OYO Corporation
Kokusai Kogyo Co. Ltd
Geobrugg AG
Ellegi Srl
Chuo Kaihatsu Corporation
IDS GeoRadar S.R.L
METER Group, Inc
Asia Air Survey Co. Ltd
Kiso-Jiban Consultants Co. Ltd
Okuyama Boring Co. Ltd
Kawasaki Geological Engineering Co. Ltd
Nissaku Co. Ltd
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