Tribology and Sustainability

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Section I: Materials Tribology
Chapter 1 Materials for Tribological Applications: An Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Lubrication
1.1.1.1 Types of Lubricants
1.1.2 Liquid Lubrication
1.1.2.1 Properties of Liquid Lubricants
1.1.2.2 Classification of Liquid Lubricants
1.1.2.3 Lubrication Regimes
1.1.3 Solid Lubrication
1.2 Sustainable Materials
1.2.1 Aluminium-Based Materials
1.2.1.1 Aluminium Alloys
1.2.1.2 Aluminium Composites
1.2.2 Iron-Based Materials
1.2.3 Copper-Based Materials
1.2.4 Magnesium-Based Materials
1.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2 Tribology of Lightweight Materials
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Timeline of Tribology – Lightweight Materials
2.3 Standard Wear Testing Methods and Measuring Methods
2.3.1 Standard Sliding Wear Test Methods
2.3.2 Standard Wear Measuring Methods
2.4 Factors Influencing the Tribology of Lightweight Materials
2.5 Tribology of Magnesium Alloys and Composites
2.6 Tribology of Aluminium Alloys and Composites
2.7 Dominant Wear Mechanisms Exhibited by Lightweight Materials
2.8 Summary
References
Chapter 3 Self-Lubricating Iron-Based Metal Matrix Composites
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Development of Iron- Based Alloy Systems
3.2.1 Hexagonal Boron Nitride (h-BN) as a Solid Lubricant in Iron Base Alloy
3.2.2 Powder Metallurgy
3.3 Tribological Behaviour of Iron-Based SLMMCs Containing Graphite
3.3.1 Microstructure Examination
3.3.2 Friction and Wear
3.3.2.1 Coefficient of Friction (COF)
3.3.2.2 Wear Behaviour
3.4 Applications, Challenges and Future Directions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 4 Metal Matrix Nanocomposites: Physical, Mechanical and Tribological Properties
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Nanocomposites
4.2.1 Liquid-State Processes
4.2.2 Solid-State Processes
4.2.3 Semisolid-State Processes and Hybrid Methods
4.3 Physical and Mechanical Properties
4.4 Friction and Wear Properties
4.5 Applications and Challenges
4.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5 Tribological Properties of Green Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites Reinforced with Synthetic and Industrial–Agricultural Wastes
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Processing Routes for the Production of MMCs
5.2 Tribological Properties of Natural and Synthetic Reinforced Hybrid MMCs
5.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Experimental Methods
6.2.1 Fibre Preparation
6.2.2 Composite Moulding
6.2.3 Water Absorption Test
6.2.4 Mechanical and Tribological Tests
6.3 Results and Discussion
6.3.1 Water Absorption
6.3.2 Tensile Strength
6.3.3 Wear and Friction
6.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7 Solid Lubricant Coatings: Effective Lubricating Coatings for Tribological Applications
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Self-Lubricating Coatings
7.2.1 Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Lubricant Coatings
7.2.2 Adaptive Tribological Coatings
7.2.3 Hybridized Tribological Coatings
7.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Frictional Behaviour of Gelatin Based Soft Lubricants
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Experimental Methods
8.3 Results and Discussion
8.4 Development of Scaling Laws for Adhesive Stress and Coefficient of Friction
8.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Section II: Sustainable Lubrication
Chapter 9 Recent Progress in Vegetable Oil-Based Lubricants for Tribological Applications
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Function of Lubricants
9.1.2 Classification of Lubricants
9.1.3 Current Status and Lubricant Market
9.2 Basic Chemistry of Hydrocarbon
9.3 Basics of Vegetable Oil
9.3.1 Benefits and Drawbacks of Vegetable Oils over Mineral Oils
9.4 Processing of Vegetable Oils
9.5 Oxidation Stability
9.6 Role of Nanoadditives
9.7 Application of Vegetable Oil-Based Lubricants
9.8 Evaluation of Lubricants
9.8.1 Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties
9.8.2 Evaluation of Tribological Performance
9.8.3 Tribological Performance of Vegetable Oil-Based Lubricants
9.9 Summary
References
Chapter 10 Biolubricants
10.1 Principles of Lubrication
10.2 Preparation of Biolubricants
10.3 Preparation of Biolubricants with Conventional Catalyst
10.4 Preparation of Biolubricants with Biocatalysts
10.5 Preparation of Biolubricants through Chemical Modification
10.5.1 Epoxidation
10.5.2 Estolides Formation
10.5.3 Transesterification/Esterification
10.6 Characterization of Biolubricants
10.7 Tribological Performance of Biolubricants
10.8 Tribological Performance of Biolubricants with Additives
10.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11 Group IV Base Stock: Polyalphaolefin – A High- Performance Base Oil for Tribological Applications
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Liquid Lubricants
11.2.1 Synthetic Lubricants
11.2.2 Why Do We Use Synthetic Lubricants?
11.2.3 Overview of Synthetic Base Oils
11.3 Polyalphaolefin (PAO)
11.3.1 Synthesis Process of PAO
11.3.2 Physical Properties of PAO
11.3.3 Comparison of PAOs with Petroleum-Based Mineral Oils
11.3.3.1 Advantages of PAO Oils
11.3.3.2 Disadvantages of PAO Oils
11.3.4 Recent Developments
11.3.5 Applications of PAOs
11.4 Lubricant Additives
11.4.1 Role of Nanoparticles as Additives
11.5 Tribological Performance of PAO-Based Nanolubricants
11.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12 Role of Surfactants and Their Concentrations on the Tribological Characteristics of MWCNT-in-Oil Lubricants for Hybrid AMMC–Steel Sliding Contact
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Materials and Methodology
12.2.1 Selection of Raw Materials, Additives and Their Processing
12.2.1.1 Selection of Matrix, Reinforcements and Fabrication Technique for Composite
12.2.1.2 Selection of Oil Additive and Surfactant
12.2.2 Friction–Wear Tests
12.2.3 Characterizations
12.2.3.1 Characterization of Lubricant (Oil-Particle-Surfactant)
12.2.3.2 Microstructural, Morphological and Chemical Characterization of Wear Tracks
12.2.4 Statistical Analysis: Taguchi-ANOVA
12.3 Results and Discussion
12.3.1 Tribological Characteristics, Rheological and Electrical Properties
12.3.2 Prophecy of Lubrication Regime
12.3.3 Role of the Operating Parameters on the Triboperformance of SF MWCNT in Oil under the AMMC–Steel Contact: A Statistical Analysis Using the Taguchi-ANOVA and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) Modelling Approach
12.3.3.1 Trend Analysis of Dominating Factors and Estimation of the Optimal Operating Condition for the Response Variables (COF and WR)
12.3.3.2 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for the SF MWCNT-in-Oil Tribological Tests
12.3.3.3 Development of a Relationship between the Response Variable and the Operating Parameters: Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) Modelling
12.3.3.4 Mapping of Lubrication Regime
12.3.4 A Final Look into the Underlying Friction–Wear–Lubrication Mechanism Prevailed under the SF MWCNT-in-Oil Lubrication
12.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 13 A Nexus of Tribology and Rheology to Study Thin-Film Mechanics of Asphalt–Aggregate Interaction during Mixing and Compaction
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Asphalt Mixing and Compaction
13.2.1 Mixing and Compaction Process
13.2.2 Determination of Mixing and Compaction Temperatures
13.2.3 WMA Additives and the Need for Tribology
13.3 Fundamentals of Tribology
13.3.1 Background
13.3.2 Tribology vis-à-vis Asphalt Mixture
13.3.3 Tribology vis-à-vis Asphalt Binder
13.4 Tests for Asphalt Binders
13.4.1 Tests Based on Rheology
13.4.2 Tests Based on Tribology
13.4.2.1 Ball-on-Three-Plate Configuration
13.4.2.2 Four-Ball Configuration
13.4.2.3 Pin-on-Flat Geometry Configuration
13.4.2.4 Summary of Testing Conditions
13.5 Results and Discussion
13.6 Critical Gaps and Future Work
13.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Effect of Fatty Acid Composition on the Lubricating Properties of Bio-Based Green Lubricants
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Effect of Fatty Acids on the Tribological Properties of Bio-Oils
14.3 Effect of Fatty Acids on the Rheological Properties of Bio-Oils
14.4 Effect of Fatty Acids on the Thermal Properties of Bio-Oils
14.4.1 High-Temperature Properties
14.4.2 Low-Temperature Properties
14.5 Effect of Fatty Acids on the Oxidative Properties of Bio-Oils
14.6 Future Scope
References
Chapter 15 Multi-Lobe Journal Bearings Analysis with Limited Texture
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Multi-Lobe Journal Bearings
15.1.2 Limited (Partial) Texture Bearings
15.1.3 Limited (Partial) Texture Multi-Lobe Journal Bearings
15.2 Methodology
15.2.1 Dynamic Reynolds (Modified) Model
15.2.2 Steady-State Analysis
15.2.3 Dynamic Analysis
15.3 Results and Discussion
15.3.1 Two-Axial-Groove Bearing
15.3.2 Two-Lobe Journal Bearing
15.3.3 Three-Lobe Journal Bearing
15.3.4 Offset Journal Bearing
15.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 16 Minimum Quantity Lubrication for Sustainable Manufacturing
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Basics of Tool-Chip Tribology
16.3 Methods of Cutting Fluid
16.3.1 Wet Cooling Technique
16.3.2 High Pressure Cooling
16.3.3 Cryogenic Machining
16.3.4 Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL)
16.3.4.1 Types of MQL Systems
16.4 MQL Using Different Cutting Fluids in Conventional Machining
16.4.1 MQL in Drilling
16.4.2 MQL in Turning
16.4.3 MQL in Grinding
16.4.4 MQL in Milling
16.5 Challenges in Using MQL for Conventional Machining
16.6 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
Section III: Biotribology
Chapter 17 Biomedical Tribology
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Biomedical Materials
17.2.1 Application and Uses of Biomedical Materials
17.2.2 Material Properties of Biomedical Materials
17.2.3 Materials Used in Biomedical Devices
17.2.4 Biomineralization of Metallic Biomaterials
17.3 Tribology of Biomedical Materials
17.3.1 History of Tribology in Biomedical Materials
17.3.2 Tribological Considerations of Total Hip Arthroplasty
17.3.3 Tribology of Materials in Total Hip Arthroplasty
17.3.3.1 Metal on Metal
17.3.3.2 Ceramic on Ceramic
17.3.3.3 Metal on Polymer
17.4 Tribocorrosion and Biotribocorrosion
17.4.1 Tribocorrosion
17.4.2 Corrosion
17.4.3 Wear
17.4.3.1 Classification of Wear Mechanisms
17.4.4 Tribocorrosion
17.4.4.1 Classification of Tribocorrosion
17.4.4.2 Factors affecting Tribocorrosion
17.5 Summary
17.6 The Future of Biomedical Devices
17.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 18 Tribological Studies on Titanium Alloys for Biomedical Applications
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Titanium Alloys in Biomedical Field
18.3 Tribological Studies on Biomedical Titanium Alloys
18.4 Surface Modification Methods to Improve Tribological Behaviour of Biomedical Ti Alloys
18.4.1 Use of PVD Coatings and Laser Surface Alloying
18.4.2 Laser Surface Texturing
18.4.3 Plasma Nitriding
18.4.4 Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO)
18.4.5 Thermal Oxidation (TO)
18.4.6 Miscellaneous Methods
18.5 Lubrication Aspects
18.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 19 Tribological Aspects of Artificial Joints
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Tribology of Artificial Joints
19.2.1 Friction
19.2.2 Wear Mechanisms
19.2.3 Lubrication
19.3 Failure Criteria
19.3.1 Mechanical Damage
19.3.2 Cracks
19.3.3 Scratches
19.3.4 Plastic Flow
19.3.5 Adhesion Wear
19.3.6 Flaking
19.3.7 Embedded Wear Particles
19.4 The Role of Surface and Counterface Defects
19.5 Generation and Analysis of Wear Debris
19.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 20 Biomedical Tribology: Wear of Polyethylene in Total Joint Replacement
20.1 Introduction
20.1.1 Total Knee Replacement (TKR)
20.1.2 Total Hip Replacement (THR)
20.1.3 Implant Failures
20.2 UHMWPE as Bearing Components in TJR
20.3 Wear of UHMWPE
20.3.1 Wear Mechanism
20.3.1.1 Abrasive Wear
20.3.1.2 Adhesive Wear
20.3.1.3 Fatigue Wear
20.3.2 Wear Process
20.3.3 Wear Features
20.4 Factors Influencing Wear of Polyethylene
20.4.1 Design of Implant
20.4.1.1 Bearing Geometries
20.4.1.2 Surface Topography
20.4.1.3 Contact Stress
20.4.1.4 Lubrication Condition
20.4.2 Materials
20.4.3 Processing Method
20.4.3.1 Cross-Linking
20.4.3.2 Sterilization Method
20.4.3.3 Shelf Storage
20.4.4 Surgical Technique
20.4.5 Patient Factor
20.5 Development of Polyethylene to Improve Wear Resistance
20.5.1 Modified UHMWPE for TJR
20.5.1.1 Hylamer
20.5.1.2 Highly Cross-Linked UHMWPE
20.5.1.3 Vitamin E with UHMWPE
20.5.1.4 UHMWPE Composites
20.5.2 Manufacturing Technique
20.5.3 Sterilization Method
20.5.4 Surface Modification
20.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 21 Tribological Review of Medical Implants Manufactured by Additive Manufacturing
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Need for Additive Manufacturing
21.3 Major Steps Followed by Additive Manufacturing
21.4 History and Background of Tribology
21.5 Tribological System
21.6 Components and Dynamics of a Tribosystem
21.6.1 Friction
21.6.2 Wear
21.6.3 Tribocorrosion and Tribochemical Reaction
21.6.4 Lubrication
21.6.5 Analysis of Wear
21.7 Materials Commonly Used for Medical Implants
21.8 Biotribology of Total Hip Arthroplasty
21.9 Biotribology of Total Knee Arthroplasty
21.10 Limitations and Future Scope
21.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 22 Aqueous Lubrication
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Oil-in-Water Emulsions
22.3 Water as Lubricant
22.4 Nanoparticles
22.5 Experiment
22.5.1 Materials
22.5.2 Steel Sample Preparation
22.5.3 Emulsion Preparation
22.5.4 Particle Size and Zeta Potential Measurement
22.5.5 Nanohardness
22.6 Results
22.6.1 Dry Contact
22.6.2 Only Water as Lubricant
22.6.3 Oil as Lubricant
22.6.4 Aqueous Suspension of MoS[sup(2)] (Particle Conc.: 1 mg/ml, SDS Conc.: 1 mM)
22.6.5 Aqueous Suspension of Nanoclay (Particle Conc.: 1 mg/ml, SDS Conc.: 1 mM)
22.6.6 Aqueous Suspension of Kaoline (Particle Conc.: 1 mg/ml, SDS Conc.: 1 mM)
22.6.7 Aqueous Suspension of SDS (SDS Conc.: 1 mM)g
22.6.8 Comparison of Different Lubricants
22.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
Index