Transportation Amid Pandemics: Practices and Policies

Front Cover
Transportation Amid Pandemics: Lessons Learned from COVID-19
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Recommendation message from the Honorary President of the Club of Rome
Message from a bridging actor between WCTRS and the Club of Rome
Preface: The journey of this book project
Chapter 1 COVID-19 and transport: Recording the history of fights against pandemics
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Part I: Pandemics
1.3 Part II: Overall impacts
1.4 Part III: Logistics and supply chains
1.5 Part IV: Responses to distancing policies and public transport
1.6 Part V: Recovery
1.7 Part VI: Future transformation
1.8 Summary
1.9 Final remarks
References
Part I Pandemics
Chapter 2 Historical overview of pandemics
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Case study 1: Plague (14th, 17–18th)—Pandemic during the age of trading and population growth
2.2.1 Historical background: How long-distance travel and means of transportation evolved
2.2.2 Black death and quarantine
2.3 Case study 2: Spanish flu (20th century)
2.4 Case study 3: SARS (21st century)
2.5 Discussion and conclusion
References
Chapter 3 The public health challenge of COVID-19
3.1 Introduction
3.2 COVID-19 and emerging infectious diseases (EID)
3.2.1 Emerging infectious diseases
3.2.2 Public health emergency of international concern
3.3 COVID-19 situation
3.3.1 Modes of transmission for SARS-CoV-2
3.3.2 Timeline of COVID-19
3.3.3 Risk factors of the severe clinical condition of COVID-19
3.4 Nonpharmaceutical intervention
3.5 Necessity of planetary health approach
3.6 Conclusion
3.7 Key messages
3.7.1 Key findings
3.7.2 Policy recommendations
3.7.3 Research recommendations
References
Part II Overall impacts
Chapter 4 The impacts of the built environment factors and population mobility on the spread of COVID-19 during its initia ...
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Data and method
4.3 Result
4.3.1 The spatial agglomeration of RCIC and CVIV
4.3.2 The influence of the built environment on COVID-19 spread
4.4 Conclusion
4.5 Messages
4.5.1 Key findings
4.5.2 Policy recommendations
4.5.3 Research recommendations
References
Chapter 5 Impacts of COVID-19 on the transport sector in China: Facts and insights from early stages
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Confirmed infection cases and deaths in China
5.3 Preparedness: Lessons learned from history, guidelines, and contingency plans of different transportation modes a ...
5.4 Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic
5.4.1 Impact of COVID-19 on China’s economy, society, and people’s lives
5.4.2 Impacts on international travel
5.4.3 Impacts on transportation system
5.4.4 Impacts on inter- and intra-city transportation
5.5 During-pandemic policy measures
5.6 Changes in lifestyles and business operation styles as well as society due to the pandemic
5.7 Lessons learned from the during-pandemic measures and experience
5.8 Conclusions, policy recommendations, future research
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 6 Impacts of COVID-19 on the economy and the transportation system in Germany
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Pandemic waves
6.3 Economic impacts
6.3.1 Change of economic indicators
6.3.2 State support and increasing budget deficits
6.4 Impacts on the transport sector
6.4.1 Passenger transport
6.4.2 Air passenger transport
6.4.3 Passenger rail transport
6.4.4 Urban passenger transport
6.4.5 Long-distance freight transport
6.4.6 CEP transport and e-Commerce
6.5 Outlook for economic and transport development
6.5.1 Economic development
6.5.2 Transport development
6.5.3 The challenges in the interim and post-COVID-19 phases
6.6 Summary and conclusions
References
Chapter 7 Impacts of COVID-19 on transport and responses to pandemic control in the Philippines
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Preface
7.1.2 The country’s COVID-19 situation
7.2 Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economy and transport environment
7.2.1 Basic economic and transport profile
7.2.2 Basic transport situation
7.2.3 Consequences of the pandemic
7.3 Government response to mitigate pandemic impacts
7.4 Moving forward in incorporating the transport policy framework on how to address COVID-19 pandemic
References
Chapter 8 Changes in mobility and challenges to the transport sector in Brazil due to COVID-19
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Remote work and education
8.3 Impacts on transport demand
8.4 Public transport services
8.5 Demand control measures in public transport
8.6 Positive outcomes
8.7 Future trends and policy-related challenges
8.8 Final remarks
8.8.1 Key findings
8.8.2 Policy recommendations
8.8.3 Research recommendations
References
Part III Logistics and supply chains
Chapter 9 Control and countermeasures for COVID-19 in the cold chain: The experiences of cold chain logistics in China
9.1 Background and research on the cold chain transmission of COVID-19
9.1.1 Background
9.1.2 Literature review
9.1.2.1 Research on the transmission characteristics of COVID-19
9.1.2.2 Research on cold chain links
9.2 Import cold chain links and COVID-19 invasion risk process
9.2.1 Import cold chain logistics process
9.2.2 Possible contamination points along cold chain links
9.3 Epidemic risk control in the cold chain
9.3.1 Strictly implement epidemic prevention measures
9.3.2 Strengthening of personnel protection
9.3.3 Effective connection of cold chain links
9.4 Epidemic prevention and control mechanism based on cold chain links
9.4.1 A perfect risk control mechanism shall be established for cold chain logistics
9.4.2 Strictly follow the implementation mechanism of import and export cold chain standards
9.4.3 Establishment of scientific monitoring mechanism for international cold chain communication of COVID-19
9.4.4 Development of global COVID-19 cold chain cooperation prevention and control mechanism
9.5 Conclusions and discussion
References
Chapter 10 Urban logistics and COVID-19
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Referenced impacts of the pandemic on urban logistics
10.2.1 Monitoring and assessing COVID impacts in real time
10.2.2 A massive acceleration in online shopping
10.2.3 Changes and innovations in urban freight service provision
10.2.4 On-demand “instant deliveries” have taken center stage
10.2.5 Warehousing developments
10.3 Case study in Paris: Impacts of COVID on urban logistics operators
10.3.1 The first lockdown: Extreme variability of orders and sectorial economic difficulties
10.3.2 Two sectorial focuses: Parcel delivery and instant food delivery
10.3.3 Logistics real estate delayed by administrative hurdles
10.3.4 A summary of stakeholder issues and adaptability
10.4 Policy implications
10.4.1 Fast and efficient responses to the first emergencies
10.4.2 Logistics omitted from several postlockdown initiatives
10.5 Changing urban logistics in a postpandemic world
10.6 Key messages
10.6.1 Key findings
10.6.2 Policy recommendations
10.6.3 Research recommendations
References
Chapter 11 Freight operations in the European Union during the COVID-19 pandemic: A multicountry comparison
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on freight transport in the EU
11.2.1 Belgium
11.2.2 Italy
11.2.3 Germany
11.3 Government support for freight operations in the EU
11.3.1 Measures in Belgium
11.3.2 Measures in Italy
11.3.3 Measures in Germany
11.4 Conclusion
11.5 Key messages
11.5.1 Key findings
11.5.2 Policy recommendations
11.5.3 Research recommendations
References
Chapter 12 Short-run impacts of COVID-19 on the maritime and port sector: Measures and recommended policies
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Immediate impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic
12.2.1 Overall perceived traffic impacts
12.2.2 Traffic statistics
12.2.3 Capacity inputs and utilization
12.3 During-pandemic policy measures
12.4 Changes in lifestyles and business operation styles as well as society due to the pandemic
12.5 Lessons learned from the during-pandemic measures, guidelines, and contingency plans
12.6 Conclusion: Findings and recommendations
12.6.1 Findings
12.6.2 Policy recommendations
12.6.3 Scientific recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13 Longer-run policy measures on COVID-19 for the maritime and port sector: Plans and recommendations
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Digitalization
13.2.1 Singapore
13.2.2 United Kingdom
13.2.3 Germany
13.2.4 Belgium
13.2.5 Netherlands
13.2.6 Denmark
13.2.7 Sweden
13.2.8 Spain
13.2.9 Iran
13.3 Climate and energy
13.4 Investment
13.5 Start-up community
13.6 Automation
13.7 Cooperation
13.8 Cluster development
13.9 Hinterland and accessibility
13.10 Labor
13.11 Sector focus: Automative and e-commerce
13.12 Research
13.13 Conclusion: Findings and recommendations
13.13.1 Findings
13.13.2 Policy recommendations
13.13.3 Scientific recommendations
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 14 The impact of COVID-19 on air cargo logistics and supply chains
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Air cargo defined
14.1.2 The scale, scope, and pattern of global air cargo operations
14.2 Changing nature of air cargo demand during the COVID-19 pandemic
14.3 Supply side challenges
14.4 Future provision and challenges
14.5 Messages
14.5.1 Key findings
14.5.2 Policy recommendations
14.5.3 Research recommendations
References
Part IV Responses to distancing policies and public transport
Chapter 15 Changes in activity organization and travel behavior choices in the United States
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Changes in lifestyles
15.3 Changes in work habit and mobility
15.4 Long-term consequences, planning, equity implications, and policy recommendations
15.4.1 Planning and equity implications, and policy recommendations
15.5 Key messages
15.5.1 Key findings
15.5.2 Policy recommendations
15.5.3 Research recommendations
References
Chapter 16 Social contact patterns and changes at leisure/tourism activity settings during COVID-19 period: An internation ...
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Survey and data
16.3 Results
16.3.1 Activity participation
16.3.2 Social contact patterns
16.3.2.1 Social contact type
16.3.2.2 The number of social contacts
16.3.2.3 Social contact patterns across different attributes
16.3.2.4 The interplay between social contact patterns and the COVID-19 situation
16.4 Conclusions
16.5 Messages
16.5.1 Key findings
16.5.2 Key policy recommendations
16.5.3 Research recommendations
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 17 A cross-country analysis of behavioral changes in response to COVID-19 social distancing policies
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Data
17.2.1 Mobility change data
17.2.2 Oxford COVID-19 government response tracker
17.3 Methods
17.4 Results and discussion
17.5 Conclusion
17.6 Key messages
17.6.1 Key findings
17.6.2 Policy recommendations
17.6.3 Research recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 18 The impacts of COVID-19 and social distancing policies on social capital in Japan
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Data and method
18.3 Results
18.3.1 Impact of social distancing against COVID-19 on lifestyle, behavior, and income
18.3.2 Differences in the impact of socioeconomic conditions on lifestyle and income
18.3.3 Impact of lifestyle changes on social environment
18.3.4 Change in social capital
18.4 Discussion
18.5 Conclusions
18.6 Key messages
18.6.1 Key findings
18.6.2 Policy recommendations
18.6.3 Research recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 19 Restriction of public transport services as a part of COVID-19 containment policies and user responses
19.1 Introduction
19.2 COVID-19 policies in the public transport sector
19.2.1 OxCGRT data
19.2.2 Service restrictions of public transport
19.2.3 Interrelations between service restriction and movement restriction
19.3 User response to public transport during pandemic
19.3.1 TU Wien questionnaire
19.3.2 Changes in commuting travel behavior
19.3.3 Mode choice
19.3.4 Reasons for changes in mode choice
19.4 Discussion and conclusion
References
Chapter 20 Comparing mobility, behavior, and public transit’s pandemic adaptation in New Zealand and U.S. cities
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Methodology
20.3 Selected cities
20.4 Data
20.4.1 COVID-19 dataset
20.4.2 Restriction measures dataset
20.4.3 E -urban mobility dataset
20.4.4 Transit ridership dataset
20.5 Analysis
20.5.1 Correlation analysis
20.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 21 Impact of COVID-19 on transportation in urban India
21.1 COVID-19 Pandemic in India
21.2 Public transport usage: Global scenario
21.3 COVID-19 spread and transport usage: Indian scenario
21.4 Effect of COVID-19 on mode choice behavior
21.5 Managing the gap between demand and supply of bus transport during COVID-19: Case study of Delhi
21.5.1 Bus trip characteristics for Pre-COVID Scenario
21.5.2 Alternate strategies to balance the gap between demand and supply of bus trips
21.5.2.1 Alternate strategy 1: Additional Buses on Road
21.5.2.2 Alternate strategy 2: Shifting Short-Length Trips to NMT
21.5.2.3 Alternate strategy 3: Enhancing bus capacity by providing segregated bus lane
21.5.3 Comparison of strategies
21.6 Role of contactless technology to improve ridership and revenue of public transport
21.7 Concluding remarks
21.8 Key findings
21.9 Policy recommendations
21.10 Research recommendations
References
Chapter 22 Passengers’ perception of COVID-19 countermeasures on urban railway in Bangkok
22.1 Introduction
22.1.1 COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand
22.1.2 Objectives
22.2 Review of the countermeasures on public transport in the other countries
22.3 Bangkok urban railway during the pandemic
22.3.1 Impact to rail ridership
22.3.2 Rail countermeasures
22.3.2.1 Temperature screening
22.3.2.2 Social distancing on train and platform
22.3.2.3 Contact tracing application
22.3.2.4 Train operation and management
22.4 Data and method
22.4.1 Rail passenger interview
22.4.2 Travel behaviors during the pandemic
22.4.3 Perception of the COVID-19 countermeasures on rail
22.4.4 Factor analyses
22.5 Results
22.5.1 Exploratory factor analysis
22.5.2 Confirmatory factory analysis
22.6 Discussions
22.6.1 Significance of the countermeasures
22.6.2 Policy implications
22.6.2.1 Plausible countermeasures
22.6.2.2 Spreading the peak demand
22.6.2.3 COVID-19 safe transit-oriented development
22.6.2.4 Healthy mobility-as-a-service (MaaS)
22.7 Conclusions
22.8 Message
22.8.1 Key findings
22.8.2 Policy recommendations
22.8.3 Research recommendations
References
Part V Recovery
Chapter 23 The resilience of national highway transportation in China under the COVID-19 outbreak
23.1 Introduction
23.1.1 Impact of transportation on COVID-19
23.1.2 Impact of COVID-19 and control policy on transportation
23.1.3 Resilience quantification under emergencies
23.2 Research goal and approaches
23.3 Resilience
23.3.1 Definition
23.3.2 Quantification
23.4 Bounce level
23.5 Relationship between bounce level and recovery time
23.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 24 Tourism policy responses to COVID-19 and first-stage tourism recovery in China
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Research on tourism policy responses to COVID-19 in the first stage
24.3 Method
24.3.1 Data collection
24.3.2 Data analysis
24.4 Results and discussions
24.4.1 Summary of tourism policy responses in China during 2020
24.4.2 Tourism policy responses in detail
24.5 Conclusions and implications
References
Chapter 25 The recovery of long-distance mobility after COVID-19: What can we expect?
25.1 Introduction
25.2 The immediate and global impact of COVID-19
25.3 The long-term impacts of COVID-19 on mobility
25.3.1 The scarring effects of COVID-19 on business travel
25.3.2 The hope of a sustainable post-COVID recovery
25.3.3 Travel restrictions
25.4 An acceleration of preexisting trends
25.4.1 The drop of business travel
25.4.2 Flygskam
25.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 26 Assessing the impacts of COVID-19 on carbon emissions from the road transport sector in China
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Data and methods
26.3 Results
26.3.1 Provincial monthly transport emissions from 2019 to 2020
26.3.2 Regional emission trajectories and monthly emission reductions
26.3.3 Spatial characteristics of transport emissions
26.4 Discussion and conclusions
References
Chapter 27 Contagion spread modeling in transport networks and transport operation optimizations for containing epidemics
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Modeling the contagion spreading through transport networks
27.2.1 Spatial metapopulation model
27.2.2 Individual-based models
27.2.3 Future work directions
27.3 Transport operation optimization in the aftermath of COVID-19 pandemic
27.3.1 Needs of transport operation optimization due to pandemic
27.3.2 Operation optimization of transit systems and research directions
27.4 Conclusions
27.4.1 Key findings
27.4.2 Policy recommendation
27.4.3 Research recommendation
References
Chapter 28 COVID-19 and big data technologies: Experience in China
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Sources of big data
28.2.1 Big data on human mobility
28.2.2 Epidemiological survey data
28.3 Smartphone applications of big data
28.3.1 Measurement of close contacts
28.3.2 Health code
28.4 Evidence regarding control measures
28.4.1 Lockdown measures
28.4.2 Restriction of movement and social distancing
28.4.3 Identification of infection risk scenarios
28.4.4 Cross-border transportation of food in the cold chain
28.5 Roles of big data in policy implementation
28.5.1 Multilevel management of epidemic control
28.5.2 Support for decision making on the resumption of activities
28.6 Conclusion and outlook
28.6.1 Key messages of policy recommendations
28.6.1.1 Data-supported pandemic control policymaking
28.6.1.2 Promoting data sharing between the health sector and other sectors
28.6.1.3 Standardization of data sharing for controlling future pandemics
28.6.1.4 Promoting booking-based resumption of social and economic activities
28.6.1.5 Logistics measures for controlling the spread of COVID-19
28.6.1.6 Process management of policy implementation
28.6.2 Future research challenges
28.6.2.1 More research on social contacts
28.6.2.2 More research on the assessment of policy effects
References
Part VI Future transformation
Chapter 29 Collective thoughts about the COVID-19 pandemic and transport from a worldwide expert survey
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Uncertainties and unknowns
29.3 Mindsets of policymakers
29.4 A chance to make great changes: This will never come again
29.5 Immediate measures for surviving COVID-19
29.6 Measures for the “new normal” period of the COVID-19 pandemic
29.6.1 Upstream measures: Public health, social, and economic systems
29.6.2 Downstream measures: Transport and logistics measures
29.7 Long-term changes in lifestyles
29.8 Measures for developing countries
29.9 Conclusions and future research issues
29.9.1 Interdisciplinary research on transport, urban planning, and public health measures
29.9.2 Revolutionary approach for resolving complex issues caused by pandemics
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 30 Leveraging the COVID-19 crisis for better public transport services in Asian cities
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Overview of transport policy responses to COVID-19 in Asia
30.2.1 Measures to restrict people’s mobilities
30.2.2 Measures to reduce transmission risks in transit
30.3 Implications of COVID-19 policy responses for public transport services
30.3.1 Governance and financing of public transport
30.3.2 Quality of services
30.3.3 Access control and digital exclusion
30.3.4 Modal integration
30.3.5 Collaboration with different stakeholders
30.4 Conclusions
30.5 Messages
30.5.1 Key findings
30.5.2 Key policy recommendations
30.5.3 Research recommendations
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 31 Putting gender equality in the core of COVID-19 recovery for transport
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Impact of COVID-19 on women as transport users
31.3 Impact of COVID-19 on women as transport workers
31.4 Policy responses to improve gender equality in transport
31.4.1 Providing targeted transport services
31.4.2 Promoting sustainable transport modes
31.4.3 Developing safety measures for transport users and workers
31.4.4 Improving working conditions for women
31.4.5 Strengthening security measure in public transport
31.5 Policy insights to achieve a more sustainable and inclusive transport future
31.5.1 Design transport services to meet women’s transport preferences
31.5.2 Improve transport safety for all users
31.5.3 Improve gender equality in the transport workforce
References
Chapter 32 A proposal of recommendations for post-Corona mobility
32.1 Outline of this chapter
32.1.1 Objectives and approaches
32.1.2 Layout of this chapter
32.2 Overview of the pandemic in Japan
32.2.1 Number of infected people
32.2.1.1 Declaration of state of emergency and priority preventative measures
32.2.1.2 Effect on the economy
32.3 Urban transportation
32.3.1 Before the pandemic: Overcrowding and slow digitization
32.3.1.1 Overcrowded trains and traffic congestion
32.3.1.2 Slow digitization
32.3.2 During the pandemic: Changes in people’s behavior, companies, and events
32.3.2.1 Telecommuting
32.3.2.2 Relocation of headquarters outside the Tokyo metropolitan area
32.3.2.3 Reduced mobility and effect on health
32.3.3 After the pandemic: Change in travel purpose and improvement in travel quality
32.3.3.1 Combining the real and the virtual
32.3.3.2 Changes in the purpose and need for mobility
32.3.3.3 Flexible commute times and travel quality
32.3.4 Proposal for post-COVID-19: Measures for demand leveling and utilization of margin
32.4 Local transportation
32.4.1 Before the pandemic: Decline of local public transportation and aging population
32.4.1.1 Japan’s public transportation system based on free competition
32.4.1.2 Decreasing travel demand and declining service levels
32.4.1.3 Mobility disparity
32.4.2 During the pandemic: Major blow to transportation operators
32.4.2.1 Changes in transportation choices
32.4.2.2 Decreasing profitability of transportation operators
32.4.3 After the pandemic: Accelerating decline of local transport
32.4.3.1 Vicious cycle of declining service level and increasing number of people without transportation access
32.4.3.2 Necessity of local public transport from the perspective of the right to mobility
32.4.4 Proposal for post-COVID-19: Deeper involvement of public entities in public transportation projects
32.5 Entire transportation system
32.5.1 Before the pandemic: Information sharing and deficit fill
32.5.1.1 Information sharing among transportation companies
32.5.1.2 Deficit filling
32.5.2 During the pandemic: Simultaneous crisis
32.5.3 After the pandemic: Cooperation among transport businesses to maintain the transportation network
32.5.4 Proposal for post-COVID-19: Integrated mobility services based on technical development, and introduction and l ...
32.6 Logistics
32.6.1 Before the pandemic: Problem of labor shortage and unconducive working environment
32.6.1.1 Increasing demand for logistics
32.6.1.2 Working environment
32.6.2 During the pandemic: Decrease in overall logistics volume and increase in courier services
32.6.2.1 Decrease in aggregate demand
32.6.2.2 Increase in courier services
32.6.3 After the pandemic: Increasing demand and worsening work environment
32.6.3.1 Continued increase in logistics demand
32.6.3.2 Deterioration of working environment
32.6.4 Proposal for post-COVID-19: Designing systems and developing technologies for more efficient logistics and high ...
32.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 33 The transport policy response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK
33.1 COVID-19 in the UK
33.2 Travel trends
33.3 Working from home
33.4 Policy interventions
33.4.1 Active travel
33.4.2 Bus
33.4.3 Rail
33.5 Conclusions
33.5.1 Key findings
33.5.2 Policy recommendations
33.5.3 Research recommendations
References
Chapter 34 Governance for post-COVID-19 carbon reduction: A case study of the transport sector ☆
34.1 Introduction
34.2 The carbon reduction identity in the transport sector
34.3 DIRECT approach
34.4 Seamless and integrated policymaking and implementation for carbon reduction in the transport sector: A “6-domain ...
34.5 Conclusion and challenges
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 35 Governance, COVID responses, and lessons on decision-making in uncertainty
35.1 Introduction
35.2 What is governance and why does it matter in COVID times?
35.2.1 Governance as coordination through hierarchy, markets, and networks of stakeholders
35.2.2 Governance from most market regulation to a wider view
35.2.3 Governance as rulesets in the sociotechnical system of public transport
35.3 COVID responses and their effect of patronage
35.4 Governance and the rethinking of services after COVID
35.4.1 Governance and its effect on the decisions
35.4.2 First lessons from Amsterdam
35.5 Conclusion
35.6 Messages
35.6.1 Key findings
35.6.2 Policy recommendations
35.6.3 Research recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
Part VII Conclusions
Chapter 36 Policy recommendations and future challenges
36.1 Need for a true transformation of the postpandemic world
36.1.1 Infection risks and social distancing at early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic
36.1.2 Experts’ views about infection risks of COVID-19 during the use of public transport
36.1.3 Urgency of a postpandemic transformation
36.2 Pandemic response strategies: Zero-tolerance vs. with-virus
36.3 Pandemic-responsive local community
36.4 Pandemic-resilient contingency plan and transportation management
36.5 Transformation of transport policymaking
36.6 Resilient logistics and supply chains
36.6.1 Urban logistics
36.6.2 Shipping and ports
36.6.3 Freight transport
36.6.4 Air cargo transport
36.7 Pandemic-sensitive tourism and leisure policy
36.8 Planetary health-responsive recovery and ELSI
36.9 Future challenges
References
Index
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