Towards Sustainable Natural Resources: Monitoring and Managing Ecosystem Biodiversity

Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Part I Degradation Assessment of Forest Ecology
1 A Perspective View of Sustainability of Natural Resources: The Governance Challenge
1.1 A Perspective View of Challenges
1.2 Policy Implementation
1.3 Book Structure
References
2 Tracking Transitions of Tropical Deforestation in East Kalimantan, Indonesia Using Time-Series Landsat Images from 2000 to 2016
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Materials and Methods
2.2.1 Study Area
2.2.2 Land Cover Map
2.2.3 Definition
2.2.4 Annual Deforestation and Forest Degradation
2.2.5 Forest Transitions
2.3 Results
2.3.1 Forest Cover Changes
2.3.2 Transitions of Primary Forests
2.3.3 Transitions of Secondary Forests
2.3.4 Transitions of Plantation Forest
2.3.5 Quantification of Land Cover Change Process
2.4 Discussion
2.5 Conclusions
Appendices
References
3 Influence of Anthropogenic Activities on the Diversity of Forest Ecosystems
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Distribution of Forest Resources
3.3 Ecosystem Services
3.3.1 Regulation of Climate
3.3.2 Biological Diversity
3.3.3 Air Quality
3.3.4 Water Quality and Quantity
3.3.5 Soil Improvement, Stabilization, and Erosion Control
3.3.6 Biogeochemical Cycles
3.3.7 Minor Forest Products
3.3.8 Pollution Control
3.3.9 Wildlife Habitat
3.3.10 Protection from Natural Hazards and Disasters
3.3.11 Nature and Recreational Importance
3.4 Anthropogenic Influences on Forest Ecosystems
3.4.1 Deforestation
3.4.2 Fragmentation
3.4.3 Overexploitation
3.4.4 Agriculture Expansion and Shifting Cultivation
3.4.5 Land Use Land Cover Changes
3.4.6 Introduction of Exotic Species
3.4.7 Overgrazing and Cattle Ranching
3.4.8 Climate Change
3.5 Conclusions
References
4 Indicator-Based Inherent Forest Vulnerability Using Multicriteria Decision-Making Analysis in the Darjeeling District of West Bengal
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Study Area
4.3 Methodology
4.3.1 Details of the Landscape Indicators
4.3.2 Mapping of Inherent Forest Vulnerability
4.4 Results
4.5 Discussion and Policy Concerns
4.6 Conclusion
References
5 Agro-Biodiversity, Status, and Conservation Strategies: An Indian Perspective
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Biological Classification
5.3 Biodiversity/Agro-Biodiversity
5.4 Biodiversity Measurement
5.5 Status of India Agro-Biodiversity
5.6 Conservation of Biodiversity and Conservation Strategies
5.7 Objectives of the Conservation of Biodiversities
5.8 Biodiversity Conservation Strategies
5.9 National Governance Initiatives
5.10 Status of Plant Germplasm Registration in India
5.11 Status of Conservation of Vegetative Propagated/horticultural Crops in India
5.12 Conclusion
References
Part II Dynamics of Land Use and Ecological Services
6 Assessing the Impact of Terrain Attributes on Snow Cover Area Distribution in Kashmir Valley, Northwestern Himalaya
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Study Area
6.3 Data and Methodology
6.3.1 Snow Cover Area Extraction
6.3.2 ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model
6.3.3 SCA Variability with Respect to Elevation
6.3.4 SCA Variability with Respect to Slope
6.3.5 SCA Variability with Respect to Aspect
6.3.6 Changing Pattern of SCA
6.4 Results and Discussion
6.4.1 Monthly and Seasonal SCA Variation
6.4.2 SCA in Relation to Elevation
6.4.3 SCA Distribution in Relation to Slope
6.4.4 SCA Distribution in Relation to Aspect
6.4.5 SCA Change Rate with Respect to Elevation
6.5 Conclusion
References
7 Monitoring Land Use/Land Cover Change Dynamics Using Remote Sensing and Geospatial Techniques in Rambiara Catchment, Kashmir Valley, India
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Study Area
7.3 Database and Methodology
7.3.1 Image Pre-Processing and Classification
7.3.2 Accuracy Assessment
7.4 Results and Discussion
7.4.1 Lulc, 1999
7.4.2 Lulc, 2019
7.4.3 Land Use Land Cover Change Detection
7.4.4 Drivers of the LULC Change
7.5 Conclusion
References
8 Impact Assessment of Land Use Land Cover Dynamics and Population Growth on Food Security of Kashmir Valley, India
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Study Area
8.3 Database and Methodology
8.4 Assessment of the Main Crops of Kashmir
8.4.1 Area Under Cereals
8.4.2 Production of Cereals
8.5 Land Use/Land Cover
8.5.1 LULC During 2001
8.5.2 LULC During 2011
8.5.3 LULC During 2018
8.6 Change in the LULC
8.6.1 Change in the LULC 2001–2011
8.6.2 Change in the LULC 2011–2018
8.6.3 Change in the LULC 2001–2018
8.7 Conclusion
References
9 Evaluation and Distribution of Urban Green Spaces in Kolkata Municipal Corporation: An Approach to Urban Sustainability
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Materials and Methods
9.2.1 Study Area
9.2.2 Database
9.2.3 Methodology
9.3 Results and Discussion
9.3.1 Report of Accuracy and Validation
9.3.2 Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Land Use/Land Cover Change from 1991 to 2020
9.3.3 Land Use/Land Cover Transformation Patterns (1991 to 2020)
9.3.4 Comparative Analysis of Green Spaces in Indian Metro Cities with KMC
9.3.5 Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Green Space
9.3.6 Status of Green Space in 1991 and 2020
9.3.7 Transformation Status of Green Space from 1991 to 2020
9.4 Conclusion
References
Part III Nature Conservation and Biodiversity
10 Bioremediation: Microbial and Plant Assisted Remediation of Contaminated Environments
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Basic Types of Bioremediation
10.2.1 Microbial Bioremediation
10.2.2 Phytoremediation
10.2.3 Mycoremediation
10.3 Techniques of Bioremediation
10.3.1 In-Situ Remediation
10.3.2 Ex-Situ Remediation
10.4 Conclusions
References
11 Conservation of Biodiversity in India: Current Status and Future Strategies
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Biogeographic Zones of India
11.3 Biodiversity Hotspots of India
11.4 Threats to Biodiversity
11.4.1 Habitat Loss
11.4.2 Overexploitation
11.4.3 Introduction of Invasive Species
11.4.4 Pollution
11.4.5 Climate Change
11.5 IUCN Red Data Books
11.5.1 Extinct (EX)
11.5.2 Extinct in the Wild (EW)
11.5.3 Critically Endangered (CR)
11.5.4 Endangered (EN)
11.5.5 Vulnerable (VU)
11.5.6 Near Threatened (NT)
11.5.7 Least Concern (LC)
11.5.8 Data Deficient (DD)
11.5.9 Not Evaluated (NE)
11.6 Conservation of Biodiversity
11.6.1 In-Situ Conservation
11.6.2 Ex-situ Conservation
11.7 Future Strategies
11.8 Conclusion
References
12 Influence of Anthropogenic Activities on the Biological Diversity of Forest Ecosystem
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Anthropogenic Activities
12.2.1 Causes of Anthropogenic Activities
12.2.2 Types of Anthropogenic Activities
12.3 Anthropogenic Influence on Forest Diversity
12.3.1 Negative Influence
12.3.2 Positive Impacts
12.4 Conclusion
References
13 Assessment of Environmental Impacts of Pesticides: Evidence from Meta-Analysis
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Methodology
13.2.1 Cochran Q Test
13.2.2 Design Setting
13.2.3 Description of the Environmental Indicators
13.3 Results and Discussion
13.3.1 Pesticides and Target Organisms
13.3.2 Pesticides and Non-target Organisms
13.3.3 Pesticides and Human Health
13.3.4 The Soil Environment and Pesticides
13.3.5 Water and Air Ecosystems and Pesticides
13.3.6 Pesticides and Biomagnifications
13.3.7 Pesticide Management Strategies
13.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Part IV Resource Use and Sustainibility
14 Enhanced Two-Step Floating Catchment Area (E2SFCA) Method for Measuring Spatial Accessibility to Primary Healthcare in HD Kote, Mysore (India)
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Study Area
14.3 Database and Methodology
14.3.1 Database
14.3.2 Methodology
14.3.3 Global Moran’s-I
14.4 Results
14.4.1 Spatial Distribution of Healthcare Facilities
14.4.2 Spatial Accessibility of Healthcare Facilities
14.4.3 Accessibility Index (Ai)
14.4.4 Socio-economic Determinants of Accessibility and Utilization
14.4.5 Quality of Healthcare Services
14.4.6 Behaviour Aspects
14.5 Discussion
14.6 Conclusion
References
15 Role of Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture Sustainability, an Example from India
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Method
15.3 Conceptual Framework
15.4 From Traditional Agriculture to Artificial Intelligence-Driven Smart Agriculture
15.5 The Trend in the Application of AI in Agriculture
15.6 Agricultural Field Areas for Artificial Intelligence Applications
15.6.1 Crop Management
15.6.2 Crop Yield Forecasting
15.6.3 Pest and Disease Identification
15.6.4 Weed Classification and Identification
15.6.5 Weather Forecasting
15.6.6 Irrigation
15.6.7 AI for Space and Resource Utilization
15.6.8 Artificial Intelligence Entrepreneurship
15.7 Findings and Discussion
15.8 Future Scope and Research Opportunities on AI Role in Agriculture Sustainability—Future Road Map
References
16 Regenerative Agriculture as Climate Smart Solution to Improve Soil Health and Crop Productivity Thereby Catalysing Farmers’ Livelihood and Sustainability
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Adoption of Integrated Farming System for Farm Resilience and Sustainability
16.3 Crop Diversification Options in Rice–Wheat System for Enhancing Productivity and Profitability
16.4 Resource-Efficient Farming Practices—Conservation Agriculture
16.5 Agroforestry Systems for Better Productivity, Profitability and Ecosystem Services
16.6 Conclusion and Future Thrust
References
17 Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise Scenario on the Biophysical Environment
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Kerala Coast
17.3 Methods and Materials
17.4 Results and Discussion
17.4.1 Shoreline Change of Kerala Coast
17.4.2 Land Use and Livelihood Pattern of Coastal Population
17.5 Conclusion
References
18 Proline: A Key Player to Regulate Biotic and Abiotic Stress in Plants
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Proline Biosynthesis
18.3 Accumulation and Catabolism Regulation of Proline
18.4 Role of Proline in Abiotic Stress Management
18.4.1 Proline Act as an Osmolyte and Chaperon
18.4.2 Stress Management
18.5 Negative Impact of Proline
18.6 Summary and Conclusion
References
19 Towards Sustainable Natural Resources: Conclusion
Index