Towards 4D Printing presents the current state of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting and its recent offspring, 4D bioprinting. These are attractive approaches to tissue engineering because they hold the promise of building bulky tissue constructs with incorporated vasculature. Starting with the discussion of 3D and 4D printing of inanimate objects, the book presents several 3D bioprinting techniques and points out the challenges imposed by living cells on the bioprinting process. It argues that, in order to fine-tune the bioprinter, one needs a quantitative analysis of the conditions experienced by cells during printing. Once the printing is over, the construct evolves according to mechanisms known from developmental biology. These are described in the book along with computer simulations that aim to predict the outcome of 3D bioprinting.
In addition, the book provides the latest information on the principles and applications of 4D bioprinting, such as for medical devices and assistive technology. The last chapter discusses the perspectives of the field. This book provides an up-to date description of the theoretical tools developed for the optimization of 3D bioprinting, presents the morphogenetic mechanisms responsible for the post-printing evolution of the bioprinted construct and describing computational methods for simulating this evolution, and discusses the leap from 3D to 4D bioprinting in the light of the latest developments in the field. Most importantly, Towards 4D Printing explains the importance of theoretical modeling for the progress of 3D and 4D bioprinting.
Author(s): Adrian Neagu
Publisher: Academic Press
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 300
City: London
Front Cover
Towards 4D Bioprinting
Towards 4D Bioprinting
Copyright
Contents
1 - Introduction
1. Early milestones of 3D printing
2. Bioprinting—a form of biofabrication
2.1 The beginnings of bioprinting
2.2 The terminology of biofabrication
References
2 - 4D printing: definition, smart materials, and applications
1. A technology inspired by life
2. Stimulus-responsive materials developed for 4D printing
2.1 Shape memory polymers
2.2 Hydrogels
3. Applications of 4D printing
3.1 Endoluminal devices
3.2 Soft actuators
3.3 Soft micromachines
3.4 Artificial tissues
References
3 - 3D and 4D printing of medical devices
1. From medical imaging to patient-matched anatomical models and surgical templates
1.1 Group I. Anatomical models
1.2 Group II. Modified anatomical models
1.3 Group III. Virtual surgical planning with templates
2. The 3D printing of medical devices at the point of care
References
4 - 3D and 4D printing of assistive technology
1. Orthoses and prostheses
1.1 Static orthoses
1.2 Dynamic orthoses
1.3 Prostheses
2. Assistive devices for daily living
2.1 Precise fit by 4D printing
2.2 The user as a co-designer
References
5 - 3D Bioprinting techniques
1. Extrusion-based bioprinting
1.1 Physical principle
1.2 Bioinks and bioprinters
1.3 Freeform bioprinting
2. Droplet-based bioprinting
3. Light-based bioprinting
3.1 Bioprinting via photopolymerization
3.1.1 Stereolithography
3.1.2 Digital light processing
3.1.3 Two-photon polymerization
3.2 Laser-assisted bioprinting
3.2.1 Laser-guided direct writing
3.2.2 Laser-induced forward transfer
3.2.3 Laser induced side transfer
4. Spheroid-based bioprinting
4.1 Fluidics-based tissue spheroid singularization and bioprinting
4.2 The Kenzan method of scaffold-free bioprinting
4.3 Aspiration-assisted bioprinting
References
6 - Theoretical methods for the optimization of 3D bioprinting: printability, formability, and cell survival
1. Theoretical tools in the optimization of extrusion-based bioprinting
1.1 Rheological properties of bioinks
1.2 Fluid dynamics description of bioink extrusion
1.3 Quantitative assessment of printability
1.4 Extrusion uniformity
1.5 Shape fidelity metrics
2. Mathematical and computational methods for improving droplet-based bioprinting
2.1 The biological impact of shear stress
2.2 Theoretical model of the landing of cell-laden droplets on solid collector plates
3. Optimization of photopolymerization-based bioprinting
3.1 The Jacobs equation
3.2 Phenomenological models of light curing
3.3 Printability assays for light curing-based bioprinting
References
7 - Multicellular self-assembly
1. The differential adhesion hypothesis
2. Tissue surface tension
3. Tissue viscosity and the fusion of tissue spheroids
3.1 Tissue viscosity
3.2 The fusion of volume-conserving tissue spheroid doublets
3.3 Describing deviations from volume conservation
References
8 - Postprinting evolution of 3D-bioprinted tissue constructs
1. Monte Carlo models of single-cell resolution
1.1 Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations
1.2 Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations
2. Particle dynamics models
3. Phase field models
4. Lattice Boltzmann models
5. Conclusions and perspectives
References
9 - The definition of 4D bioprinting
1. Working definitions of 4D bioprinting
2. Potential refinements
References
10 - Applications of 4D bioprinting
1. Self-folding tubes
1.1 Vascular tissue constructs
1.2 Nerve grafts
1.3 Muscle tissue constructs
2. Shape morphing patches
2.1 Tissue-engineered trachea
2.2 Cardiac patches
References
11 - Perspectives of 3D and 4D bioprinting
1. Mathematical modeling
1.1 Analytic models of stimulus responsiveness
1.2 Optimization of self-folding
1.3 Machine learning
2. Emergent bioprinting techniques and materials
3. Potential applications
References
Index
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H
I
J
K
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M
O
P
Q
R
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T
V
Back Cover
