Toll-like Receptors in Health and Disease

Preface
Contents
Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) in Health and Disease: An Overview
1 Introduction
2 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) As Well As Primary Genetic Defects in TLR Signaling, Predisposition to Different Infe...
3 The Expanding World of TLRs in the Field of microRNA (miR) Biology
4 Development and Implications of Different TLR-Based Therapeutics (Drugs and Vaccines)
5 Conclusion
References
Signal-Strength and History-Dependent Innate Immune Memory Dynamics in Health and Disease
1 Introduction
2 Mechanisms for the Generation of Innate Immune Memory
3 Innate Immune Memory During the Pathogenesis of Acute and Chronic Diseases
3.1 Low-Grade Inflammatory Memory Monocyte in Atherosclerosis
3.2 Exhausted Memory Innate Leukocytes During the Pathogenesis of Sepsis
3.3 Innate Immune Memory During the Pathogenesis of Cancer
4 Concluding Remarks
References
Innate Neutrophil Memory Dynamics in Disease Pathogenesis
1 Introduction
2 Primed/Immune-Enhancing Neutrophils
2.1 Neutrophil Priming in Trauma and Sepsis
2.2 Neutrophil Priming in Autoimmune Disorders
2.3 Neutrophil Priming in Cancer
2.4 Neutrophil Priming in Metabolic Diseases
3 Immune Suppressive/Tolerant Neutrophils
3.1 Experimental Analyses of Neutrophil Tolerance
3.2 Clinical Implication of Neutrophil Tolerance
4 Exhausted Neutrophils
4.1 Neutrophil Exhaustion During Sepsis and Trauma
4.2 Neutrophil Exhaustion in COVID-19
5 Conclusion and Future Direction
References
Cell-Specific Expression Pattern of Toll-Like Receptors and Their Roles in Animal Reproduction
1 Introduction
2 Roles of TLRs in Female Reproductive Cells
2.1 Ovarian Cells
2.1.1 TLRs in Follicle Cells
2.1.2 TLRs in Luteal Cells
2.2 Oviduct Cells
2.3 Uterine Cells
2.3.1 TLRs in Endometrial Physiology
2.3.2 TLRs in Endometrial Pathology
2.4 Cervical Cells
2.5 Vaginal Epithelial Cells
2.6 Trophoblast Cells
3 Roles of TLR in Male Reproductive Cells
3.1 Sertoli Cells
3.1.1 TLRs in Sertoli Cells
3.2 Leydig Cells
3.2.1 TLRs in Leydig Cells
3.3 Myoid Peritubular Cells
3.3.1 TLRs in Myoid Peritubular Cells
3.4 Sperm Cells
3.4.1 TLRs in Sperm Cells
4 TLR Polymorphism and Reproduction in Domestic Animals
5 Concluding Remarks
References
Toll-Like Receptors in Adaptive Immunity
1 Introduction
2 TLRs in Innate Immunity and Inflammatory Signaling
3 TLRs in Adaptive Immunity
3.1 TLRs in B Cells
3.1.1 TLR Expression Pattern and Their Role in Mice B Cells
3.1.2 TLRs Expression Pattern and Function in Human B Cells
3.2 TLRs in T Cells
3.2.1 TLRs Expression and Function in Mice T Cells
3.2.2 TLRs Expression and Function in Human T Cells
4 Conclusion
References
Intracellular TLRs of Mast Cells in Innate and Acquired Immunity
1 Introduction
2 Expression of Intracellular TLRs in MCs
2.1 Rodent MCs
2.2 Human MCs
3 Expressional Alterations of Intracellular TLRs in MCs by Various Stimuli
4 Intracellular TLR Signaling in MCs
4.1 TLR3 Overview
4.2 TLR3 Stimulation in MCs
4.2.1 Rodent MCs
4.2.2 Human MCs
4.3 TLR7 Overview
4.4 TLR7 Stimulation in MCs
4.5 TLR9 Overview
4.6 TLR9 Stimulation in MCs
5 Role of Intracellular TLRs of MCs on Innate Immunity
5.1 Viruses
5.2 SARS-CoV-2
5.3 Bacteria, Fungi, and Parasites
6 Role of Intracellular TLRs of MCs on Acquired Immunity
7 Clinical Implications of Intracellular TLRs of MCs
7.1 Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine
7.2 Imiquimod
8 Summary and Future Perspectives
References
TLR10 and Its Role in Immunity
1 Introduction
2 Ligands of TLR10
3 Expression and Distribution of TLR10
4 TLR10 Signalling
5 Functions of TLR10 in Immunity
5.1 Inflammatory
5.2 Anti-Inflammatory
5.3 In Trained Innate Immune Memory
6 Mutations in TLR10 and Effects on Its Functions
7 Animal Models for TLR10
8 Conclusion
References
Toll-Like Receptors in Stem/Progenitor Cells
1 Introduction
2 TLR and Stromal Mesenchymal Cells
2.1 TLRs in Immunomodulatory Properties of MSC
2.2 TLRs in Differentiation Capacity of MSC
2.3 TLRs in Migration of MSCs
3 TLRs in Dental Mesenchymal Stem Cells
3.1 Introduction on Dental Derived MSCs
3.2 Focus on Novel and Promising Dental Derived MSCs
3.3 TLRs and Dental Derived MSCs
4 TLRs and Hematopoietic Stem Cells
5 Possible Role of TLRs in Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Psychiatric Conditions
5.1 TLRs: Developmental Tools that Regulate Neuronal Morphogenesis
5.2 TLRs Expression During Brain Development
5.3 TLRs and Neurogenesis
5.4 TLRs and Brain Repair
5.5 Toll-Like Receptors and Psychiatric Disorders
5.6 TLR and Schizophrenia
5.7 TLR and Major Depression
5.8 TLR and Other Psychiatric Disorders
6 TLRs and Renal Stem/Progenitor Cells
7 TLRs and Placental Stem Cells
8 TLRs and Intestinal Stem Cells
9 TLRs Differentially Expressed by Different Stem Cells: Implications for Stem Cell-Based Therapy
10 Conclusion
References
TLR Signaling in Brain Immunity
1 Introduction
2 Biology of TLRs in Brain
2.1 Localization of TLRs in Brain
2.2 Ligand-Recognition Process of TLRs
2.3 TLR Signaling Transduction
3 Pathophysiological Roles of TLR Signaling in Brain Immunity
3.1 Host Defense Against Pathogen Infection
3.2 Tissue Injury and Repair Following Sterile Neuroinflammation
3.3 Impact of TLRs in Shaping Adaptive Immune Responses
4 Immune Function of TLRs and CNS Disorders
4.1 Cerebral Vessel Disease (CVD)
4.2 Alzheimer´s Disease (AD)
4.3 Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Toll-Like Receptor 4 in Pain: Bridging Molecules-to-Cells-to-Systems
1 Introduction
1.1 Conceptualising Pain as Multidimensional States
2 The Shared Toll-Like Receptor Language of Sensory Neurons and Immune Cells
2.1 The Molecular Origins of TLR4 in Acute Pain
2.2 Why Is the Role of TLR4 in Persistent Pain Important?
3 With Immense Power Must Come Profound Controls
3.1 Overview of TLR Signalling
3.2 Regulation of TLR4 Signalling
3.2.1 TLR4 Epigenetics
3.2.2 Post-Transcriptional/Translational Regulation
4 Molecular Interactions Amplify Pain Complexity: TLR Interactions with Other Proteins
4.1 Ion Channels Like TRPV1 Also `Talk´ to TLR4
4.2 GPCRs Do Not Operate in Isolation
4.2.1 Chemokine Receptors Talk to TLR4
4.2.2 Opioid Receptors and TLR4 Communicate
4.2.3 From Single Receptor Systems to Complex Receptor Systems
5 Human TLR4 Genetic Polymorphisms
6 Pharmacological Modulation of TLR4 Signalling
6.1 Understanding How Opioid Ligands Modulate TLR4 Function Will Inform Drug Design
6.2 Biased Signalling and the Future of TLR4 Signalling Modulation for Pain Management
7 Conclusion
References
Toll-Like Receptor 4: A Novel Target to Tackle Drug Addiction?
1 Introduction
2 Role of TLR4 Signaling in Drug Addiction
2.1 Opioid
2.2 Psychostimulants
2.2.1 Cocaine
2.2.2 Methamphetamine
2.2.3 Nicotine
2.3 Ethanol
3 Possible Mechanisms Underlying the Role of TLR4 Signaling in Drug Addiction
4 Future Directions
5 Conclusion
References
Toll-Like Receptors as Drug Targets in the Intestinal Epithelium
1 Introduction
2 The Gastrointestinal Epithelium
3 Toll-Like Receptors
4 TLRs in the Gastrointestinal Epithelium
5 Mechanisms of TLR Defence
6 Myeloid Cells
7 Lymphocytes
8 Pharmacological Targeting of TLRs in the Intestinal Epithelium
9 Conclusions
References