Preface
Contents
Contributors
Part I: Elbow Trauma
1: Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF) for Radial Head and Neck Fractures
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Associated Injuries
1.3 Imaging
1.4 Initial Evaluation/Examination
1.5 Classification
1.6 Treatment Algorithm
1.7 Surgical Treatment
1.7.1 Implants and Equipment
1.7.2 Positioning
1.7.3 Surgical Approach
1.7.3.1 Kocher Approach
1.7.3.2 Kaplan Approach
1.7.4 Reduction and Fixation
1.7.5 Bailout
1.8 Take Away Points
References
2: Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF) for Distal Humerus Fractures
2.1 Background and Key Principles
2.2 Indications
2.3 Contraindications
2.4 Special Considerations
2.5 Anesthesia and Positioning
2.6 Tips, Pearls, and Lessons Learned
2.6.1 Olecranon Osteotomy
2.6.2 Order of Reduction
2.6.3 Intraoperative Mobility Assessment
2.7 Difficulties Encountered
2.8 Key Procedural Steps
2.8.1 Exposure and Approach
2.8.2 Fixation
2.9 Bailout, Rescue, and Salvage Procedures
References
3: Total Elbow Arthroplasty (TEA) for Distal Humerus Fractures
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Pre-Operative Assessment
3.3 Patient Positioning
3.4 Surgical Approaches
3.5 Key Technical Steps
3.5.1 Exposure of the Elbow
3.5.2 Implant Sizing
3.5.3 Humerus Preparation
3.5.4 Radial Head Preparation
3.5.5 Ulna Preparation
3.5.6 Trial and Implantation
3.5.7 Closure
3.6 Intra-Operative Challenges
3.6.1 Fracture Comminution and Poor Bone Stock
3.6.2 Intra-Operative Fracture
3.6.3 Instability
3.6.4 Impingement
3.6.5 Ulnar Component Pistoning
3.6.6 Post-Operative Ulnar Neuropathy
3.7 Post-Operative Protocol
3.8 Linked vs. Unlinked vs. Hemiarthroplasty
3.9 Outcomes
3.10 Pitfalls
3.11 Multiple Choice Questions
References
4: The Internal Elbow Joint Stabilizer
4.1 Key Principles
4.2 Indications
4.3 Expectations
4.4 Contraindications
4.5 Special Instructions, Positioning, and Anesthesia
4.6 Tips, Pearls, and Lessons Learned
4.7 Key Procedural Steps
4.8 Pitfalls
4.9 Bailout, Rescue, and Salvage Procedures
References
5: Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF) for Olecranon Fractures
5.1 Description
5.2 Key Principles
5.3 Expectations
5.4 Indications
5.5 Contraindications
5.6 Special Consideration
5.7 Special Instructions, Positioning, and Anaesthesia
5.8 Tips, Pearls, and Lessons Learned
5.8.1 Bare Area
5.8.2 Varus Angle
5.8.3 Ulnar Nerve
5.8.4 Perfusion
5.8.5 Intermediate Fragments
5.8.6 Triceps Off-Loading Suture
5.9 Difficulties Encountered
5.10 Key Procedural Steps
5.11 Bailout, Rescue, and Salvage Procedures
References
6: Treatment Options for Nonunion of the Olecranon
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Angiosome-Informed Incision Design
6.3 How Fixation Fails: Pitfalls of Conventional Olecranon Fixation Strategies
6.3.1 Tension Band Wiring
6.3.2 Plate and Screw Fixation
6.3.3 Intramedullary Fixation
6.4 Novel Implants and Their Relevance to the Failed Olecranon Fracture
6.5 Modes of Failure and How to Address Them
6.5.1 Necessity of a Strict Post-Operative Protocol
6.5.2 Loss of Hardware Fixation
6.5.3 Delayed Union, Infection, and Bone Loss
6.6 Conclusion
6.7 Questions
References
7: Radial Head Replacement
7.1 Description
7.2 Key Principles
7.3 Expectations
7.4 Indications
7.5 Contraindications
7.6 Special Considerations
7.7 Special Instructions, Positioning, and Anesthesia
7.8 Tips, Pearls, and Lessons Learned
7.8.1 Choice of Approach
7.8.2 Radial Neck Resection and Radial Shaft Preparation
7.8.3 Sizing
7.8.4 Assessing the Trial Implant
7.8.5 Treatment of Associated Injuries
7.9 Difficulties Encountered
References
8: Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF) for Capitellum Fractures
8.1 Epidemiology and Surgical Anatomy
8.2 Classification
8.3 Tips, Pearls, and Lessons Learned
8.4 Arthroscopic Treatment
8.5 Complications
8.6 Tips, Tricks and Pitfalls
References
9: Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF) for Trochlear Fractures
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Preoperative Planning
9.2.1 Images
9.2.2 Classifications
9.2.2.1 Bryan and Morrey
9.2.2.2 Dubberley
9.2.2.3 Ring
9.3 Surgical Technique
9.3.1 Patient Position
9.3.2 Approach
9.3.2.1 Olecranon Osteotomy
9.3.2.2 Lateral Extensile
9.3.2.3 Medial Based Approaches
9.3.3 Fracture Fixation
9.3.4 Closing
9.4 Arthroscopic-Assisted Reduction and Internal Fixation (AARIF)
9.5 Postoperative Management
9.6 Results
9.7 Complications
9.8 Questions
References
10: Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF) for Coronoid Fractures
10.1 Injury Patterns and Fracture Classification
10.2 Surgical Indications
10.3 Preoperative Considerations
10.4 Positioning and Anesthesia
10.5 Exposures
10.5.1 Coronoid Tip Fracture
10.5.2 Anteromedial Coronoid Fracture
10.5.3 Basal Coronoid Fracture
10.6 Fixation Methods
10.6.1 Coronoid Tip Fracture
10.6.2 Anteromedial Coronoid Fracture
10.6.3 Basal Coronoid Fracture
10.7 Structures at Risk
10.8 Key Procedure Steps
10.8.1 Coronoid Tip Fracture ORIF in Terrible Triad Injuries
10.8.2 Anteromedial Coronoid Fracture ORIF
10.8.3 Basal Coronoid Fracture ORIF in Transolecranon Fracture-Dislocations
10.8.4 Coronoid Fracture ORIF in Monteggia Fracture-Dislocations
10.9 Knowledge Testing Questions
References
11: External Fixation of the Elbow
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Biomechanics
11.3 Indications
11.4 Surgical Technique/Tips
11.5 Complications
References
12: Surgical Treatment of Pediatric Supracondylar Humerus Fractures
12.1 Description
12.2 Key Principles
12.2.1 Evaluation
12.2.2 Reduction
12.2.3 Fixation
12.3 Expectations
12.4 Indications
12.5 Contraindications
12.6 Special Considerations
12.6.1 Neurovascular Compromise
12.6.2 Medial Comminution
12.6.3 Flexion-Type
12.6.4 Occult T-Type
12.7 Special Instructions, Positioning, Anesthesia
12.8 Tips, Pearls, and Lessons Learned
12.8.1 Pin Sizing
12.8.2 Traction and Milking
12.8.3 Pronation/Supination
12.9 Difficulties Encountered
12.9.1 Global Instability
12.9.2 Open Reduction in Flexion vs. Extension Types
12.9.3 Entrapment of Neurovascular Structures
12.9.4 Compartment Syndrome
12.10 Key Procedural Steps
12.11 Open Reduction or Exploration
References
Part II: Degenerative Conditions of the Elbow
13: Revision Total Elbow Arthroplasty (TEA) with Osseous Augmentation
13.1 Key Principles
13.2 Indications
13.3 Contraindications
13.4 Special Considerations
13.5 Special Instructions, Positioning, and Anesthesia
13.6 Tips, Pearls, and Lessons Learned
13.6.1 Exposure
13.7 Humeral Bone Loss
13.8 Ulnar Bone Loss
13.9 Difficulties Encountered
13.9.1 Considerations
13.10 Key Procedural Steps
13.11 Techniques
13.11.1 Implant Removal
13.11.2 Impaction Grafting Technique
13.11.3 Allograft Prosthetic Composite (APC)
13.11.4 Ulnar Bone Loss
13.12 Pearls and Pitfalls
13.13 Bailout, Rescue, and Salvage Procedures
13.13.1 Infection
13.14 Postoperative Care
13.15 Outcomes
13.16 Complications
References
14: Interposition Arthroplasty of the Elbow
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Indications/Selection
14.3 Contraindications
14.4 History
14.5 Physical Examination
14.6 Imaging
14.7 Decision/Discussion
14.8 Preoperative Planning
14.9 Procedure [5]
14.10 Post Procedure
14.11 Examination Under Anesthesia
14.12 Further Rehabilitation
14.13 Results and Expectations
References
15: Open Treatment of the Stiff Elbow
15.1 Description
15.2 Key Principles
15.3 Expectations
15.4 Indications
15.5 Contra-Indications
15.6 Special Considerations
15.7 Lateral Column Procedure: Procedural Steps
15.7.1 Positioning and Exposure
15.7.2 Exposing the Anterior Capsule
15.7.3 Exposing the Posterior Capsule
15.7.4 Postoperative Management
15.8 Medial Column Procedure: Procedural Steps
15.8.1 Approach
15.8.2 Exposing the Ulnar Nerve and the Medial Fascia
15.8.3 Exposing the Anterior Capsule for Excision and Incision
15.8.4 Exposing and Excising the Posterior Capsule and Bone Spurs
15.8.5 Ulnar Nerve Transposition
15.8.6 Closure
15.9 Handling Difficulties
15.10 Bailout and Salvage
15.10.1 Combined Lateral and Medial Approaches
15.10.2 Distraction Arthroplasty
15.10.3 Interpositional Arthroplasty
Suggested Readings
16: Total Elbow Replacement
16.1 Description
16.2 Key Principles
16.3 Expectations
16.4 Indications
16.5 Contraindications
16.6 Special Considerations
16.7 Special Instructions, Positioning, and Anesthesia
16.8 Tips, Pearls, and Lessons Learned
16.9 Difficulties Encountered
16.10 Key Procedural Steps
16.11 Bailout, Rescue, and Salvage Procedures
References
17: Revision Total Elbow Replacement
17.1 Background of Revision Elbow Arthroplasty
17.2 Modes of Failure of a Total Elbow Replacement
17.2.1 Aseptic Loosening
17.2.2 Infection
17.2.3 Wear
17.2.4 Periprosthetic Fracture
17.3 Assessment
17.3.1 Diagnosing Infection
17.3.2 Assessment of Loosening, Fracture, and Bone Stock
17.3.2.1 Additional Considerations
17.4 Surgical Options
17.4.1 Debridement, Antibiotics, and Implant Retention (DAIR)
17.4.2 Single Stage Revision
17.4.3 Two-Stage Revision
17.5 Technical Considerations
17.5.1 Implant Removal
17.5.2 Management of Bone Loss
17.5.2.1 Autograft
17.5.2.2 Allografts
17.5.2.3 Allograft Prosthesis Composite (APC)
17.5.2.4 Megaprosthesis
17.6 Unit Experience
References
18: Radiocapitellar Replacement
18.1 Description
18.2 Key Principles
18.3 Expectations
18.4 Indications
18.5 Contraindications
18.6 Special Considerations
18.6.1 Clinical Examination
18.6.2 Radiographic Examination
18.7 Special Instructions, Positioning, and Anesthesia
18.8 Tips, Pearls, and Lessons Learned
18.9 Difficulties Encountered
18.10 Key Procedural Steps
18.11 Bailout, Rescue, and Salvage Procedures
References
19: Hemiarthroplasty of the Elbow
19.1 Description and Key Principles
19.1.1 Key Principles
19.1.2 Expectations
19.1.3 Indications
19.1.4 Contraindications
19.2 Special Considerations
19.3 Positioning and Anaesthesia
19.4 Tips, Pearls, and Lessons Learned
19.4.1 Condylar Fixation
19.4.2 Prosthetic Placement
19.5 Key Procedural Steps
19.6 Postoperative Management
19.7 Difficulties Encountered
19.8 Bailout, Rescue, and Salvage Procedures
Further Reading
20: Arthroscopic Management of the Stiff Elbow
20.1 Description
20.2 Key Principle
20.3 Expectation
20.4 Indication
20.5 Contraindication
20.6 Special Consideration
20.6.1 Preoperative nerve imaging in HO
20.6.2 Simple Vs. Complex Contracture
20.6.3 Optimal Timing to Remove HO
20.6.4 Loss of Supination-Pronation in HO [17]
20.7 Special Instructions, Positioning, and Anesthesia
20.7.1 Patient Positioning Is Important
20.7.2 Safely Creating the Anterolateral Portal
20.8 Tips, Pearls, and Lessons Learned
20.8.1 Stay Below Your Curve: Always Keep a Margin of Safety
20.8.2 Know Where the Nerves Are
20.8.3 Use Retractors
20.8.4 Avoid Swelling
20.8.5 Detach Suction Tubing from Shaver
20.8.6 Do not Use a Burr Near the Ulnar Nerve
20.8.7 Shorten Your Grip on the Burr for Better Control
20.8.8 Use a Consistent Step-Wise Strategy
20.8.9 Have an Experienced Assistant
20.8.10 Anticipate and Limit Adversity
20.9 Difficulties Encountered
20.9.1 Proximal Anteromedial Portal (PAMP) with Prior Ulnar Nerve Transposition
20.10 Key Procedure Steps
20.10.1 Posterior Compartment
20.10.1.1 Step 1: Get in and Establish a View
20.10.1.2 Step 2: Create a Space in Which to Work
20.10.1.3 Step 3: Bone removal
20.10.1.4 Step 4: Capsulectomy
20.10.2 Medial Gutter
20.10.3 Lateral Gutter
20.10.4 Anterior Compartment
20.10.4.1 Step 1: Get in and Establish a View
20.10.4.2 Step 2: Create a Space in Which to Work
20.10.4.3 Step 3: Bone Removal
20.10.4.4 Step 4: Capsulectomy
20.10.5 Closure
20.10.6 Postoperative Regimen
20.11 Bailout, Rescue, and Salvage
20.11.1 Delayed Onset Ulnar Neuritis (DOUN)
References
Part III: Elbow Arthroscopy
21: Positioning and Portal Placement in Elbow Arthroscopy
21.1 History and Complications
21.2 Indications [2]
21.3 Contraindications [5]
21.4 Anesthesia
21.5 Patient positioning
21.5.1 Lateral Decubitus (Authors’ Preference)
21.5.2 Supine Position
21.5.3 Prone Position
21.6 Instruments
21.7 Portals [4, 6]
21.7.1 Anterior Elbow Arthroscopy
21.7.2 Posterior Elbow Arthroscopy
References
22: Basic Procedures in Elbow Arthroscopy
22.1 Tips and Tricks
22.2 Arthroscopic Synovectomy
22.3 Arthroscopic Treatment of the Tennis Elbow
22.4 Arthroscopic Treatment
22.5 Arthroscopic Removal of Loose Bodies
22.6 Removal
22.7 Arthroscopic Removal of Synovial Plica
References
23: Arthroscopic Management of Elbow Instability
23.1 Description
23.2 Key Principles
23.3 Expectations
23.4 Indications
23.5 Contra-Indications
23.6 Special Considerations
23.7 Special Instructions, Positioning, and Anesthesia
23.8 Tips, Pearls, and Lessons Learned
23.8.1 Hemarthrosis
23.8.2 Anterior Compartment
23.8.3 Posterior Compartment
23.9 Difficulties Encountered
23.10 Key Procedural Steps
23.11 Bailout, Rescue, and Salvage Procedures
References
24: Endoscopic Cubital Tunnel Release
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Indications
24.3 Surgical Technique
24.4 Outcomes
References
Part IV: Sports Conditions of the Elbow
25: Reconstruction of the Elbow Lateral Ulnar Collateral Ligament (LUCL)
25.1 Indications for Reconstruction of the Elbow LUCL
25.2 Graft Selection
25.3 Surgical Technique
25.3.1 Patient Positioning
25.3.2 Surgical Exposure
25.3.3 Bone Preparation
25.3.4 Graft Preparation
25.3.5 Graft Passage and Fixation
25.4 Postoperative Rehabilitation
25.5 Pearls
25.6 Pitfalls
25.7 Future Directions
26: Dual Incision Distal Biceps Repair
26.1 Description
26.2 Key Principles
26.3 Expectations
26.4 Indications
26.5 Contraindications
26.6 Special Considerations
26.7 Special Instructions, Positioning, and Anesthesia
26.8 Critical Pearls for Success
26.9 Difficulties Encountered
26.10 Approach for Two-Incision Repair Techniques
26.11 Traditional Mini-Two-Incision Repair
26.12 Two-Incision Cortical Button Onlay Technique
26.13 Complications
References
27: Single Incision Distal Biceps Repair
27.1 Description
27.2 Key Principles
27.3 Expectations
27.4 Indications
27.5 Contraindications
27.6 Special Considerations
27.7 Special Instructions, Positioning, and Anesthesia
27.8 Tips, Pearls, and Lessons Learned
27.9 Difficulties Encountered
27.10 Key Procedural Steps
27.11 Bailout, Rescue, and Salvage Procedures
27.12 Pitfalls
References
28: Arthroscopic Osteochondral Grafting for Capitellar Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD)
28.1 Description
28.2 Principles
28.3 Indications
28.4 Contraindications
28.5 Procedural Steps
28.5.1 Positioning and Preparation
28.5.2 Diagnostic Arthroscopy
28.5.3 Osteochondral Grafting: Measuring Defect Size and Creating Recipient Socket
28.5.4 Osteochondral Grafting: Harvesting the Osteochondral Graft from the Knee
28.5.5 Osteochondral Grafting: Inserting the Harvested Osteochondral Graft into the Capitellum
28.6 Handling Difficulties
28.7 Bailout and Salvage
References
29: ORIF Treatment of Olecranon Stress Fracture for Sports Players
29.1 Description
29.2 Key Principles
29.3 Expectation
29.4 Indication
29.5 Contraindication
29.6 Special Consideration
29.7 Indications for Surgery
29.8 Special Instructions, Positioning, and Anesthesia
29.9 Tips, Pearls, and Lessons Learned
29.10 Difficulties Encountered
29.10.1 An OSF Patient with Incomplete Union
29.10.2 A Patient with Complications of OSF and UCL Injuries
29.11 Key Procedure Steps
29.12 Bailout, Rescue, and Salvage
29.13 Pitfalls
References
30: Revision UCL Reconstruction: Humeral Side
30.1 Expectations
30.2 Indications
30.3 Contraindications
30.4 Special Considerations
30.5 Special Instructions, Positioning, and Anesthesia
30.6 Tips, Pearls, and Lessons Learned
30.7 Difficulties Encountered
30.8 Key Procedural Steps
30.9 Bailout, Rescue, and Salvage Procedures
30.10 Pitfalls
References
31: Revision UCL Reconstruction: Ulnar Side
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Indications
31.3 Contraindications
31.4 Author Preferred Technique/Procedure
31.4.1 Preoperative Planning
31.4.1.1 Patient Positioning
31.4.2 Approach
31.4.3 Graft Selection
31.4.4 Step-by-Step Description of the Technique
31.4.5 Techniques to Address Ulnar Bone Loss, Insufficiency, or Fracture
31.4.6 Complications and Management
31.4.7 Postoperative Care
31.4.8 Outcome
31.5 Summary
References
32: Failed Tennis Elbow Surgery Syndrome (FTESS)
32.1 Introduction
32.1.1 Failed Tennis elbow Surgery Syndrome (FTESS)
32.2 Clinical Evaluation
32.3 Etiology
32.4 Diagnostics
32.4.1 Type I: Wrong Patient and Diagnosis
32.4.1.1 Type Ia: Wrong Patient
32.4.1.2 Type Ib: Wrong Diagnosis
32.4.2 Type II: Wrong Surgery
32.4.2.1 Type IIa: Inadequate Removal of Pathology
32.4.2.2 Type IIb: Iatrogenic Cause
32.4.3 Type III: Wrong Time
32.5 Treatment
32.6 Conclusions
References
33: Distal Biceps Tendon Endoscopy
33.1 Basic Science
33.1.1 Anatomy
33.1.2 Pathology
33.2 Clinical
33.2.1 Presentation
33.2.2 Examination
33.2.3 Imaging
33.2.3.1 X-Rays
33.2.3.2 Ultrasound
33.2.3.3 MRI
33.2.3.4 4D-CT
33.3 Treatment Principles
33.3.1 Single Portal ‘Dry’ Endoscopy
33.3.2 Tendinopathy and Partial Tears
33.3.3 Complete Tears (Fig. 33.11)
33.3.4 All-Endoscopic Technique
33.3.5 Dual Suture Anchor Technique
33.3.6 Endobutton Technique
33.3.7 BicepsButton and Interference Screw Technique
33.3.8 Tips and Tricks
33.3.9 Pitfalls
References
34: Distal Biceps Reconstruction with Allograft for Chronic Tears
34.1 Description
34.2 Key Principles
34.3 Expectations
34.4 Indications
34.5 Contra-Indications
34.6 Special Considerations
34.7 Graft Type
34.8 Surgical Technique
34.8.1 Approach
34.8.2 Graft Fixation
34.8.3 Special Instructions, Positioning, and Anesthesia
34.8.4 Key Procedure Steps
34.8.4.1 Single Anterior Incision Technique
34.8.4.2 Two-Incision Technique
34.8.5 Tips, Pearls, and Lessons Learned
34.8.6 Pitfalls
34.9 Rehabilitation
34.10 Outcomes and Complications
References
35: Open Tennis Elbow Surgery
35.1 Description
35.2 Clinical Presentation
35.3 Key Principles
35.4 Anconeus Flap
35.4.1 Outcome
35.4.2 Indications
35.4.3 Relative Contraindications
35.4.4 Special Considerations
35.4.5 Pitfalls
35.4.6 Key Procedural Steps
35.4.7 Bail-Out and Rescue Procedures
References
36: Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament (MUCL) Repair with Internal Brace Augmentation
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Surgical Technique
36.3 Rehabilitation
36.4 Outcomes
36.5 Conclusions
References
37: Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament (MUCL) Reconstruction Using the Docking Technique
37.1 Description
37.2 Key Principles
37.3 Expectations
37.4 Indications
37.5 Contraindications
37.6 Special Considerations
37.7 Special Instructions, Positioning, and Anesthesia
37.8 Equipment Needed
37.9 Tips, Pearls, and Lessons Learned
37.10 Difficulties Encountered
37.11 Key Procedural Steps 1, 2
37.12 Bailout, Rescue, and Salvage Procedures
37.13 Pitfalls
References
38: Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament (MUCL) Reconstruction Using the Anatomic Technique
38.1 Pre-operative Planning and Positioning
38.2 Graft Harvest
38.3 Incision and Exposure
38.4 Preparation of Humeral Socket on Medial Epicondyle
38.5 Preparation of Proximal Ulnar Footprint
38.6 Preparation of Distal Ulnar Footprint and Graft Fixation
38.7 Internal Brace Augmentation
38.8 Postoperative Management
38.9 Conclusion
References
39: Osteochondral Autograft Transplantation Surgery (OATS) for Capitellar Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD)
39.1 OCD: Etiology and Epidemiology
39.2 Treatment
39.2.1 Surgical Management
39.3 Open OATS: Surgical Walkthrough
39.3.1 Recipient Site Exposure
39.3.2 Recipient Site Preparation
39.3.3 Donor Site Autograft Harvest
39.3.4 Graft Acceptance
39.3.5 Complications
39.4 Rehabilitation and Return to Sport
39.5 Summary
References
40: Triceps Tendon Repair
40.1 Description
40.2 Key Principles
40.3 Expectations
40.4 Indications
40.5 Contraindications
40.6 Special Considerations
40.7 Special Instructions, Positioning, and Anesthesia
40.8 Tips, Pearls, and Lessons Learned
40.9 Difficulties Encountered
40.10 Key Procedural Steps for Preferred Technique (Double Row Suture Anchor)
40.11 Bailout, Rescue, and Salvage Procedures
References
41: Endoscopic Distal Triceps Repair
41.1 Description
41.2 Key Principles
41.3 Introduction/Expectations
41.4 Indications
41.5 Contraindications
41.6 Preoperative Considerations
41.6.1 Physical Exam
41.6.2 Imaging
41.6.2.1 X-Rays
41.6.2.2 Ultrasound
41.6.2.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
41.7 Procedure Technique
41.7.1 Equipment
41.7.2 Positioning
41.7.3 Surgical Procedure
41.7.4 Post-procedure Protocol
41.8 Author’s Tips/Tricks/Pearls
41.8.1 Tip 1
41.8.2 Tip 2
41.8.3 Tip 3
41.8.4 Tip 4
41.8.5 Tip 5
41.8.6 Tip 6
41.9 Potential Complications
References
42: Open Excision of Posteromedial Olecranon Osteophyte in Throwing Athletes
42.1 Description
42.2 Key Principles
42.3 Expectations
42.4 Indications
42.5 Contraindications
42.6 Special Considerations
42.7 Special Instructions, Positioning, and Anesthesia
42.8 Tips, Pearls, and Lessons Learned
42.8.1 Exposure
42.8.2 Equipment and Tools
42.9 Difficulties Encountered
42.10 Key Procedural Steps
42.11 Bailout, Rescue, and Salvage Procedures
References
Suggested Reading
43: Flexor Pronator Repair
43.1 Description
43.2 Key Principles
43.3 Expectations
43.4 Indications
43.5 Contraindications
43.6 Special Considerations
43.7 Special Instructions, Positioning, and Anesthesia
43.8 Tips, Pearls, and Lessons Learned
43.9 Difficulties Encountered
43.10 Key Procedural Steps
43.11 Bailout, Rescue, Salvage Procedures
43.12 Pitfalls
References
44: Arthroscopic Management of Valgus Extension Overload
44.1 Introduction
44.2 Background
44.3 Clinical Evaluation
44.4 Diagnostics
44.5 Treatment
44.6 Results
44.7 Conclusion
References
Part V: Neurologic Conditions of the Elbow
45: Radial Nerve Decompression
45.1 Goals and Expectations
45.2 Radial Tunnel Anatomy
45.3 Indications
45.4 Contraindications
45.5 Pre-Operative Preparation and Positioning
45.5.1 Anterior Approach
45.5.2 Posterior Approach
45.6 Tips and Pearls (Posterior Approach)
45.7 What to Avoid
45.8 Complications/Bailout/Salvage
45.9 Post-operative Care
Further Reading
46: Ulnar Nerve Decompression
46.1 Description
46.2 Key Principles
46.3 Expectations
46.4 Indications
46.5 Contraindications
46.6 Special Considerations
46.7 Special Instructions, Positioning, and Anesthesia
46.8 Tips, Pearls, and Lessons Learned
46.9 Difficulties Encountered
46.10 Key Procedural Steps
46.11 Bailout, Rescue, and Salvage Procedures
47: Anterior Subcutaneous Ulnar Nerve Transposition
47.1 Background
47.2 Expectations
47.3 Indications
47.4 Contraindications
47.5 Special Considerations
47.6 Special Instructions, Positioning, and Anesthesia
47.7 Tips, Pearls, and Lessons Learned
47.7.1 Anconeus Epitrochlearis
47.7.2 Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury
47.8 Difficulties Encountered
47.9 Key Procedural Steps
47.10 Bailout, Rescue, and Salvage Procedures
47.11 Pitfalls
References
Index
