Threats to Springs in a Changing World: Science and Policies for Protection

COVER
TITLE PAGE
COPYRIGHT PAGE
CONTENTS
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
PREFACE
Chapter 1 Protecting Springs in a Changing World Through Sound Science and Policy
1.1. INTRODUCTION
1.2. THREATS TO SPRINGS AND THEIR VALUES
1.3. METHODS, TOOLS, AND TECHNIQUES TO UNDERSTAND SPRING HYDROGEOLOGY
1.4. POLICY AND GOVERNANCE APPROACHES FOR THE PROTECTION OF SPRINGS
REFERENCES
Part I Threats to Springs and Their Values
Chapter 2 Assessing Pollution and Depletion of Large Artesian Springs in Florida’s Rapidly Developing Water-Rich Landscape
2.1. THE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS OF FLORIDA’S ARTESIAN SPRINGS
2.1.1. Florida Springs Regional Occurrence and Magnitude
2.1.2. Summary of Florida Springs Flow and Water Quality Changes
2.1.3. Observed Ecological Impairments in Florida Springs
2.2. QUANTIFYING SOURCES OF FLORIDA SPRING/AQUIFER POLLUTION AND DEPLETION
2.2.1. Introduction to the Blue Water Audit
2.2.2. Nitrogen Estimation
2.2.3. Groundwater Withdrawal Estimation
2.2.4. Validation
2.2.5. Floridan Aquifer System Footprints
2.2.6. Nitrogen Loading in the Florida Springs Region
2.2.7. Groundwater Consumption in the Florida Springs Region
2.3. UTILIZING WATER AND NUTRIENT MASS BALANCES TO DIRECT SPRINGS PROTECTION AND RECOVERY
2.3.1. Simplified Groundwater Mass Balance
2.3.2. Simplified Nitrogen Mass Balance
2.4. INFORMING THE PUBLIC OF SPRINGS AND AQUIFER HEALTH STATUS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 3 Regional Passive Saline Encroachment in Major Springs of the Floridan Aquifer System in Florida (1991–2020)
3.1. INTRODUCTION
3.2. FLORIDAN AQUIFER SYSTEM
3.3. ENCROACHMENT
3.4. STUDY AREA, MATERIALS, AND METHODS
3.5. STATISTICAL METHODS
3.6. RESULTS
3.7. DISCUSSION
3.7.1. Conceptual Model
3.7.2. Passive Encroachment
3.8. POTENTIAL DRIVERS OF THE OBSERVED PASSIVE ENCROACHMENT
3.8.1. Decreasing Rainfall and Consequent Decreases in Recharge
3.8.2. Groundwater Extraction
3.8.3. Sea-Level Rise
3.9. UNRESOLVED ISSUES AND NEED FOR ADDITIONAL ENCROACHMENT MONITORING
3.9.1. Unresolved Issues
3.9.2. Need for Increased Saline Encroachment Monitoring
3.10. KEY FINDINGS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 4 Karst Spring Processes and Storage Implications in High Elevation, Semiarid Southwestern United States
4.1. INTRODUCTION
4.2. STUDY AREA
4.2.1. Kaibab Plateau
4.2.2. Mogollon Rim
4.2.3. Hydrogeology
4.3. RESEARCH METHODS
4.3.1. Field Methods and Data Management
4.3.2. Hydrograph Analysis
4.3.3. Regression Modeling
4.3.4. Stable Isotope Analysis
4.4. RESULTS
4.4.1. Base-Flow Recession Analysis
4.4.2. Hydrograph Results
4.4.3. Regression Modeling
4.4.4. Response Timing
4.4.5. Stable Isotope Analysis
4.5. DISCUSSION
4.5.1. Interpretation of Drainage Properties
4.5.2. Seasonal Water Storage
4.5.3. Snowpack
4.6. SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 5 Nitrogen Contamination and Acidification of Groundwater Due to Excessive Fertilizer Use for Tea Plantations
5.1. INTRODUCTION
5.1.2. Nitrogen Fertilizer Compounds and Their Toxicity
5.1.3. Acidic Groundwater Pollution Caused by Excess Nitrogen Fertilizer Used for Tea Plantation
5.1.4. Absorption of Nitrogen Components by Tea Plants (Tea Plantation)
5.1.5. Reducing N2O Emission Gas from Excess Fertilizer Helps Prevent Global Warming
5.2. METHODS AND MATERIALS
5.3. SOIL WATER CHEMISTRY AT TEA PLANTATIONS LOCATED ON VOLCANIC LOAM (FIELD RESULT 1)
5.4. WATER CHEMISTRY FOR THE KIKU TEA PLANTATION, SHIZUOKA, EXHIBITING A LOW PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION SPRING (FIELD RESULT 2)
5.5. WATER CHEMISTRY FOR A CATCHMENT CONTAINING A TEA PLANTATION AND OTHER LAND USES (FIELD RESULT 3)
5.6. DISCUSSION
5.6.1. Groundwater Chemistry Changes Occurring from the Soil Surface to Spring in Tea Plantation (Comparing Results 1 and 2)
5.6.2. Effect of Reducing the Amount of Nitrogen Fertilizer Used from Result 2
5.6.3. Nitrogen Contamination for Combination Land Use (Result 3)
5.7. CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 6 Springs of the Southwestern Great Artesian Basin, Australia: Balancing Sustainable Use and Cultural and Environmental Values
6.1. INTRODUCTION
6.2. THE GREAT ARTESIAN BASIN SPRINGS
6.2.1. Cultural and Ecological Values
6.2.2. Geology and Hydrogeology of the Great Artesian Basin
6.2.3. Springs
6.3. OLYMPIC DAM AND ITS GAB WELLFIELDS
6.4. ASSESSING WELLFIELD A IMPACTS ON SPRINGS AND BORES
6.4.1. Spring Flow and Groundwater Level Trends Through Time
6.4.2. Spring Flows and Groundwater Level Correlation
6.4.3. Discussion: Protecting Springs
6.5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Part II Methods, Tools, and Techniques to Understand Spring Hydrogeology
Chapter 7 Environmental Tracers to Study the Origin and Timescales of Spring Waters
7.1. INTRODUCTION
7.2. BEFORE TRACERS ARE APPLIED
7.2.1. Propagation of Pressure Versus Transport of Water
7.2.2. Springs Versus Wells
7.2.3. Hydrochemistry and Geophysics
7.3. ENVIRONMENTAL TRACERS: KINDS, THE CONCEPT OF AGE, AND SIMPLE MODELING
7.3.1. Tracers for Groundwater or Solute Origin and Infiltration Conditions
7.3.2. Tracers for the Timescales of Water Movement
7.4. CASE STUDY: THE FISCHA-DAGNITZ SPRING, AUSTRIA
7.4.1. Hydrogeological Setting
7.4.2. Science in Several Steps: The History of Environmental Tracers at Fischa-Dagnitz
7.4.3. What Is the Age of the Water at the Fischa-Dagnitz Spring?
7.5. SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Chapter 8 Assessment of Water Quality and Quantity of Springs at a Pilot-Scale: Applications in Semiarid Mediterranean Areas in Lebanon
8.1. INTRODUCTION
8.2. FIELD SITE
8.3. INVESTIGATION METHODS
8.3.1. High-Resolution Data Collection
8.3.2. Tracer Experiments and Identification of Transport Parameters
8.4. DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
8.4.1. High-Resolution Data As Insight to Systems Hydrodynamics
8.4.2. Assessment of Spring Intrinsic Vulnerability
8.4.3. Assessment of Spring Specific Vulnerability
8.4.4. From Conceptual to Numerical Models
8.5. CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 9 Uncertainties in Understanding Groundwater Flow and Spring Functioning in Karst
9.1. PECULIARITIES OF KARST HYDROGEOLOGY
9.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
9.3. THE ALBURNI MASSIF
9.4. RESULTS
9.5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 10 The Great Subterranean Spring of Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, and the Potential Impact of Subsurface Urban Heat Islands
INTRODUCTION
10.2. BACKGROUND
10.2.1. Cave and Spring
10.2.2. Discovery of Thermal Anomaly
10.2.3. Geology
10.3. METHODS
10.4. RESULTS
10.5. DISCUSSION
10.6. CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Part III Policy and Governance Approaches for the Protection of Springs
Chapter 11 Community-Based Water Resource Management: Pathway to Rural Water Security in Timor-Leste?
11.1. INTRODUCTION
11.2. COMMUNITY-MANAGED RURAL WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
11.3. GROWING WATER SECURITY CHALLENGES
11.3.1. Challenges of Community-Based Management
11.3.2. Challenges of Water Quantity
11.3.3. Challenges of Water Quality
11.4. TOWARD IMPROVED WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: GOVERNMENT AND COMMUNITY APPROACHES
11.4.1. Toward Integrated Water Resource Management
11.4.2. Toward Community-Based Water Resource Management
11.5. WATER SECURITY REQUIRES RESILIENT SOCIOECOLOGICAL-TECHNICAL WATER SYSTEMS
11.6. METHODOLOGY
11.7. COMMUNITY-BASED WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: A PATHWAY TO RURAL WATER SECURITY IN TIMOR-LESTE?
11.7.1. Willingness to Use Community-Based Water Resource Management
11.7.2. Water System Resilience Under CBWRM
11.7.3. Pathways Toward Resilient Rural Water Systems in Timor-Leste: Between IWRM and CBWRM
11.8. CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 12 Setting Benthic Algal Abundance Targets to Protect Florida Spring Ecosystems
12.1. INTRODUCTION
12.2. DERIVATION OF BENTHIC ALGAL TARGETS IN STREAMS: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
12.3. COMPARISON OF ALGAL TARGETS TO SELECTED FLORIDA SPRING-RUN STREAMS
12.4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 13 Protecting Springs in the Southwest Great Artesian Basin, Australia
13.1. INTRODUCTION
13.2. THE GREAT ARTESIAN BASIN AND ITS ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
13.3. THREATS TO GAB SPRINGS THROUGH RECENT GROUNDWATER SCIENCE
13.4. THE NATIONAL REGULATORY RESPONSE TO SPRING THREATS
13.5. THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN REGULATORY RESPONSE: THE FAR NORTH WATER ALLOCATION PLAN
13.6. TRACKING PROGRESS THROUGH MONITORING
13.7. GAB SPRINGS ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT PLAN AND TEMPLATE (GABSAMP)
13.8. CLOSING REMARKS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 14 Patterns in the Occurrence of Fecal Bacterial Indicators at Public Mineral Springs of Central Victoria, 1986–2013
14.1. BACKGROUND AND MONITORING HISTORY
14.2. SPRING FLOW SYSTEMS AND OCCURRENCE
14.3. BACTERIAL MONITORING
14.4. CLIMATE AND SPRING HYDROLOGY
14.5. OUTCOMES OF REMEDIATION OF SPRING SITES
14.6. CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 15 Towards a Collective Effort to Preserve and Protect Springs
REFERENCES
Index
EULA