Thoracic Imaging: The Requisites (Requisites in Radiology)

Front Cover
Inside Front Cover
Half title page
The Requisites Series
Thoracic Imaging The Requisites
Copyright Page
Dedication
Foreword
Preface
Contributors
Table Of Contents
Acknowledgments
1 Radiologic Techniques and Dose Reduction Strategies in Chest Imaging
Introduction
Conventional, Computed, and Digital Radiography
Chest Radiography: Projections and Views
Digital Subtraction Techniques in Chest Radiography
Chest Fluoroscopy
Digital Tomosynthesis in the Chest
Computed Tomography
Applications of Computed Tomography of the Chest
Dual-Energy Computed Tomography of the Chest
Dual-Energy Computed Tomography Techniques
Dual-Energy Computed Tomography Image Processing
Radiation Doses With Dual-Energy Computed Tomography
Clinical Applications of Dual-Energy Computed Tomography
Computed Tomography Protocols and Radiation Dose
Scan Parameters
Tube Current
Tube Potential
Gantry Rotation Time
Detector Configuration or Beam Collimation
Pitch
Scan Length
Number of Phases
Indication-Specific Chest Computed Tomography Protocols
Routine Chest Protocol
Pulmonary Embolism Protocol
Lung Nodule Follow-up Computed Tomography
Low-Dose Computed Tomography for Lung Cancer Screening
Tracheal or Airway Protocol Computed Tomography
High-Resolution Computed Tomography for Diffuse Lung Diseases
Contrast Usage in Chest Computed Tomography: Guidelines
Conclusions
Suggested Readings
2 Normal Anatomy and Atelectasis
Normal Anatomy
Trachea and Main Bronchi
Lobar Bronchi and Bronchopulmonary Segments
Right Side
Left Side
Variants
Pulmonary Vessels
Pericardial Recesses
Fissures
The Diaphragm
Normal Mediastinal Contours: The Frontal Projection
Normal Mediastinal Contours: The Lateral Projection
The Hila: The Frontal Projection
The Hila: The Lateral Projection
Atelectasis
Mechanisms of Atelectasis
Patterns of Atelectasis
Rounded Atelectasis
Total Collapse of the Lung
Lobar Collapse
Right Upper Lobe Atelectasis
Left Upper Lobe Atelectasis
Right Middle Lobe Atelectasis
Lower Lobe Atelectasis
Combined Right Upper and Right Middle Lobe Atelectasis
Combined Right Middle and Right Lower Lobe Atelectasis
Subsegmental Atelectasis
Suggested Readings
3 Thoracic Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Introduction
Uses of Thoracic Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Problem Solving
Full Chest Imaging and Screening
Strengths of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Over Computed Tomography
No Ionizing Radiation
Better Soft Tissue Contrast
Impact on Clinical Decision Making
Value
Tissue Characterization and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Interpretation
Cyst Versus Solid
Blood Products
Calcification
Macroscopic Fat
Microscopic Fat
Chemical Shift Ratio Region-of-Interest Placement and Calculation
Signal Intensity Index Region-of-Interest Placement and Calculation
Lymph Nodes, Acute Inflammatory Lesions, and Most Thoracic Neoplasms
Fibrous Tissue
Cartilage
Smooth Muscle
Lesion Vascularity
Restricted Diffusion
Concept of Matching Lesions
Lesion Measurement
Detection of Pulmonary Nodules
THORACIC Magnetic Resonance Protocoling and Performance
Goals
Successful Breath-Hold Imaging
Free-Breathing Techniques
The Magnetic Resonance Sniff Test
Cardiac Gating
Slice Thickness Selection
Basic Thoracic Magnetic Resonance Protocol
Rationale for Each Pulse Sequence in the Protocol
T1-Weighted Imaging
T2-Weighted Imaging
Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Imaging
Optional Pulse Sequences
Suggested Readings
4 PET-CT and PET-MRI
Introduction
Technique
PET-CT
PET-MR
Advantages
Pitfalls
Suggested Readings
5 The Mediastinum
Introduction
Mediastinal Landmarks
Mediastinal Compartments and Their Associated Lesions
The Prevascular Compartment or Anterior Mediastinum
The Visceral Compartment or Middle Mediastinum
The Paravertebral Compartment or Posterior Mediastinum
Multicompartment Lesions
Imaging Workup
Chest Radiography
Fluoroscopy
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Positron Emission Tomography
Mediastinal Masses
Prevascular and Anterior Mediastinal Masses
Thymic Lesions
Normal Thymus.
Thymic Hyperplasia.
Thymic Cysts.
Thymolipoma.
Thymic Epithelial Tumors.
Thymic Neuroendocrine Tumors.
Thyroid Lesions
Mediastinal Lymphoma
Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumors
Pericardiophrenic Masses
Pericardial Fat Pads.
Pericardial Cysts.
Pericardiophrenic Lymphadenopathy.
Visceral and Middle Mediastinal Masses and Common Vascular Lesions
Lymphadenopathy
Congenital-Developmental Cysts
Tracheal Lesions
Esophageal Lesions
Achalasia.
Esophagitis.
Esophageal Injury.
Esophageal Diverticula.
Esophageal Varices.
Hiatal Hernia.
Esophageal Neoplasms.
Selected Vascular Lesions
Aortic Aneurysm.
Traumatic Aortic Pseudoaneurysm.
Aortic Dissection.
Aberrant Subclavian Artery.
Azygous Continuation of the Inferior Vena Cava.
Paravertebral and Posterior Mediastinal Masses
Neurogenic Tumors
Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors.
Sympathetic Ganglion Tumors.
Paragangliomas.
Other Paravertebral and Vertebral Lesions
Neuroenteric Cysts.
Meningoceles.
Extramedullary Hematopoiesis.
Traumatic Lesions.
Diffuse Mediastinal Processes
Mediastinal Lipomatosis
Acute Mediastinitis
Fibrosing Mediastinitis
Pneumomediastinum
Suggested Readings
6 The Airways
Keywords
Normal Anatomy
Trachea
Bronchi
Imaging of the Airways
General
Radiography
Multidetector Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
FDG PET/CT
Abnormalities of the Trachea
Tracheal Diverticula
Tracheal Stenosis
Idiopathic Laryngotracheal Stenosis
Postintubation Injury
Posttraumatic Tracheal and Bronchial Stenosis
Saber-Sheath Trachea
Tracheopathia Osteochondroplastica
Relapsing Polychondritis
Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis
Amyloidosis
Sarcoidosis
Infection
Rhinosclerosis.
Tuberculosis.
Tracheobronchomegaly (Mounier-Kuhn Syndrome)
Tracheal Neoplasms
Malignant Neoplasms
Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma.
Benign Neoplasms
Squamous Cell Papilloma and Tracheobronchial Papillomatosis.
Tracheobronchomalacia
Abnormalities of the Bronchi
Bronchial Neoplasms
Carcinoid Tumors
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
Hamartoma
Lipoma
Other Endobronchial Lesions
Broncholithiasis
Foreign Bodies
Airway Fistulas
Esophagorespiratory Fistulas
Other Fistulas
Bronchiectasis
Mucoid Impaction
Cystic Fibrosis
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
Other Etiologies
Bronchiolitis
Overview of Imaging Findings
Infectious Bronchiolitis
Respiratory Bronchiolitis and Respiratory Bronchiolitis–Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
Follicular Bronchiolitis
Diffuse Panbronchiolitis
Constrictive Bronchiolitis
Conclusions
Suggested Reading
7 The Pleura, Diaphragm, and Chest Wall
Pleura
Anatomy and Physiology
Pleural Effusions
Specific Types of Pleural Effusions and Their Imaging Features
Freely Layering Pleural Effusion
Subpulmonic Pleural Effusion
Loculated Pleural Effusion
Hydropneumothorax
Empyema
Hemothorax
Chylothorax
Pneumothorax
Tension Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax Ex Vacuo
Pneumonectomy Space
Asbestos-Related Pleural Disease (see Chapter 19)
Non–Asbestos-Related Pleural Thickening
Fibrothorax
Thoracolithiasis
Benign Pleural Tumors
Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Pleura (Benign and Malignant)
Pleural Lipoma
Malignant Pleural Disease
Pleural Metastases
Mesothelioma
Pleural Lymphoma
Diaphragm
Anatomy and Function
Diaphragmatic Eventration
Diaphragmatic Weakness and Paralysis
Diaphragmatic Hernias
Hiatal Hernia
Bochdalek Hernia
Morgagni Hernia
Traumatic Diaphragmatic Injury
Chest Wall
Congenital and Developmental Anomalies
Pectus Excavatum
Pectus Carinatum
Poland Syndrome
Neurofibromatosis Type 1–Related Changes
Metabolic Conditions
Renal Osteodystrophy
Sickle Cell Disease
Paget Disease
Inflammatory Conditions
Ankylosing Spondylitis
SAPHO Syndrome
Infectious Diseases
Chest Wall Infections
Diskitis-Osteomyelitis
Benign Tumors and Tumor-like Conditions
Lipoma
Neurogenic Tumors
Hemangioma
Enchondroma
Osteochondroma
Elastofibroma Dorsi
Fibrous Dysplasia
Malignant Tumors
Chest Wall Metastasis
Multiple Myeloma
Chondrosarcoma
Iatrogenic and Postsurgical Conditions
Suggested Readings
8 Congenital Thoracic Malformations
Introduction
Trachea
Tracheomalacia
Congenital Tracheal Stenosis
Congenital Tracheobronchomegaly
Tracheoesophageal Fistula
Tracheal Bronchus
Bronchi
Accessory Cardiac Bronchus
Bronchial Isomerism
Bronchial Atresia
Congenital Bronchiectasis
Lungs
Pulmonary Underdevelopment
Congenital Lobar Overinflation
Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation
Pulmonary Sequestration
Intralobar Sequestration
Extralobar Sequestration
Mediastinum
Foregut Duplication Cysts
Bronchogenic Cysts
Esophageal Duplication Cysts
Neurenteric Cysts
Thymic Cysts
Pulmonary Vessels
Anomalies of the Pulmonary Arteries
Proximal Interruption
Anomalous Origin of the Left Pulmonary Artery From the Right
Pulmonary Artery Stenosis or Coarctation
Congenital Aneurysms of the Pulmonary Arteries
Anomalies of the Pulmonary Veins
Pulmonary Vein Stenosis and Unilateral Pulmonary Vein Atresia
Pulmonary Varix
Meandering Pulmonary Vein
Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage
Anomalies Involving Arteries and Veins
Congenital Hypogenetic Lung Syndrome
Systemic Arterial Supply to Normal Lung
Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation
Congenital Anomalies of the Lymphatics
Lymphangiectasis
Lymphangioma
Lymphangiomatosis
Suggested Readings
9 Thoracic Lines and Tubes
Introduction
Airway Tubes
Endotracheal Tube
Tracheostomy Tube
Vascular Lines
Central Venous Catheters
Pulmonary Artery Catheter
Pleural and Enteric Tubes
Chest Tubes
Nasogastric and Orogastric Tube and Feeding Tube
Respiratory and Hemodynamic Support Devices
Intraaortic Balloon Pump
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Venovenous ECMO
Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Complications
Ventricular Assist Devices
Cardiac Conduction Devices
Cardiac Pacemakers
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator
Suggested Readings
10 Acute Thoracic Conditions in the Intensive Care Unit
Introduction
Pulmonary Disease
Atelectasis
Aspiration
Pneumonia
Pulmonary Embolism
Pulmonary Edema
Acute Exacerbation of Interstitial Lung Disease
Pulmonary Hemorrhage
Abnormal Air Collections
Subcutaneous Air
Pneumothorax
Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema
Pneumomediastinum
Pneumopericardium
Pneumoperitoneum
Fluid Collections
Pleural Effusions
Pericardial Effusion
Infusothorax
Hemothorax, Empyema, and Chylothorax
Suggested Readings
11 Pulmonary Embolus and Pulmonary Vascular Diseases
Abstract
Keywords
Pulmonary Embolus
Imaging of Pulmonary Embolus
Chest Radiography
Ventilation/Perfusion Scintigraphy
Evaluation of the Leg Veins
Computed Tomography
Angiography
Magnetic Resonance Angiography
Nonthrombotic Pulmonary Embolus
Septic Embolus
Fat Embolus
Air Embolus
Amniotic Fluid Embolus
Tumor Embolus
Foreign Body Embolus
Pulmonary Hypertension
Imaging of Pulmonary Hypertension
Chest Radiography
Ventilation/Perfusion Scintigraphy
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Pulmonary Vasculitis
Large-Vessel Vasculitis
Medium-Vessel Vasculitis
Small-Vessel Vasculitis
Antineutrophil Cytoplasm Antibody–Associated Vasculitis
Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis.
Eosinophilic Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis.
Microscopic Polyangiitis.
Immune Complex Small-Vessel Vasculitides
Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease.
Immunoglobulin A Vasculitis.
Hypocomplementemic Urticarial Vasculitis.
Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis.
Variable Vessel Vasculitis
Other Causes of Vasculitis
Pulmonary Artery Pseudoaneurysm
Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation
Primary Pulmonary Artery Sarcoma
Suggested Readings
12 The Postoperative Chest
Introduction
Lung Surgeries
Open and Minimally Invasive
Wedge Resection
Bullectomy and Blebectomy
Volume Reduction Surgery
Segmentectomy
Lobectomy
Pneumonectomy
Extrapleural Pneumonectomy
Complications
Air Leak
Bronchopleural Fistula
Lobar Torsion
Venous Infarct
Cardiac Herniation or Torsion
Diaphragmatic Dehiscence
Other Early Complications
Tumor Recurrence
Postpneumonectomy Syndrome
Lung Transplantation
Technique
Complications
Reperfusion Edema
Anastomotic Dehiscence
Anastomotic Stricture
Rejection
Posttransplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Other Complications
Pleural Procedures
Pleurodesis
Decortication and Pleurectomy
Open Pleural Drainage
Mediastinal Surgeries
Esophagectomy
Mediastinal Tumor Resection
Complications
Anastomotic Leak
Esophagopleural Fistula
Anastomotic Stricture
Chylothorax
Nerve Injury
Mediastinal Hematoma
Sternal Dehiscence and Osteomyelitis
Chest Wall Surgeries
Types and Techniques
Retained Surgical Foreign Bodies
Suggested Readings
13 Thoracic Trauma
Introduction
Pulmonary, Pleural, and Diaphragmatic Injuries
Lung Contusions and Lacerations
Tracheobronchial Injuries
Injuries of the Pleural Space
Pneumothorax
Hemothorax
Diaphragmatic Injuries
Mediastinal Injuries
Traumatic Aortic and Great Vessel Injuries
Esophageal Injuries
Cardiac and Pericardial Injuries
Thoracic Skeletal Injuries
Rib Fractures
Sternal and Clavicular Injuries
Thoracic Spine Injuries
Suggested Readings
14 Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Introduction
Mechanisms and Patterns of Infection
Inhalational Pneumonia
Lobar Pneumonia
Bronchopneumonia
Interstitial Pneumonia
Aspiration Pneumonia
Hematogenous and Direct Spread of Infection
Patterns of Host Response to Infection
Complications
Cavitation and Abscess
Pneumatocele Formation
Lymphadenopathy
Pleural Complications
Other Complications
Clinical Approach to Pneumonia
Bacterial Pneumonia
Viral Pneumonia
Fungal Pneumonia
Parasitic Infection
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
15 Pulmonary Disease in the Immunocompromised Patient
Introduction
Pulmonary Diseases
Pulmonary Infections
Bacterial Infection
Fungal Infection
Viral Infection
Malignant Neoplasms
Kaposi Sarcoma
Lymphoma
Lung Cancer
Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Other Pulmonary Disorders
Other Forms of Immunocompromise
Radiologic Patterns of Pulmonary Infections
Lobar or Segmental Consolidation
Nodules and Masses With Rapid Growth or Cavitation
Diffuse Lung Disease
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach
Suggested Readings
16 Mycobacterial Infection
Introduction
Tuberculous Mycobacterial Infection
Primary Tuberculosis
Consolidation
Lymphadenopathy
Pleural Infection
Pericardial Effusion
Healed Tuberculosis
Extrapulmonic Thoracic Tuberculosis
Postprimary Tuberculosis
Miliary Tuberculosis
Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection
Cavitary Form (Classic)
Bronchiectatic Form (Nonclassic)
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
17 Approach to Diffuse Lung Disease
Introduction
High-Resolution Computed Tomography Protocol
High-Resolution Computed Tomography Evaluation
Anatomy of the Secondary Pulmonary Lobule
Lung Interstitium
High-Resolution Computed Tomography Patterns
Nodular Pattern (Table 17.2)
Perilymphatic Nodules
Random Nodules
Centrilobular Nodules
Reticular Opacities (Table 17.3)
Interlobular Septal Thickening
Intralobular Lines
Honeycombing
Increased Attenuation (Table 17.4)
Ground-Glass Opacity
Consolidation
Decreased Attenuation (Table 17.5)
Emphysema
Cystic Disease
Mosaic Attenuation
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
18 Diffuse Lung Diseases
Introduction
Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias
Chronic Fibrosing Interstitial Pneumonias
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia
Acute and Subacute Fibrosing Interstitial Pneumonia
Organizing Pneumonia
Acute Interstitial Pneumonia
Smoking-Related Interstitial Pneumonias
Respiratory Bronchiolitis–Interstitial Lung Disease
Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia
Rare Entities
Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonitis
Idiopathic Pleuroparenchymal Fibroelastosis
Connective Tissue Diseases
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease
Scleroderma
Myositis
Sjögren Syndrome
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis–Specific Diseases
Farmer’s Lung
Humidifier Lung
Pigeon Breeder’s Lung
Hot Tub Lung
Sarcoidosis
Cystic Lung Diseases
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Other Diffuse Cystic Lung Diseases
Eosinophilic Lung Disease
Characteristics
Loeffler Syndrome
Chronic Eosinophilic Pneumonia
Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia
Idiopathic Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
Parasitic Infections
Drug-Induced Lung Disease
Patterns of Injury
Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema
Pulmonary Hemorrhage
Pulmonary Fibrosis
Eosinophilic Pneumonia
Exogenous Lipoid Pneumonia
Drug-Induced Lupus Syndrome
Obliterative Bronchiolitis
Illicit Drug Use
Specific Drugs
Amiodarone
Nitrofurantoin
Methotrexate
Bleomycin
Interferon
Checkpoint Inhibitor Immunotherapy
Suggested Readings
19 Pneumoconioses
Introduction
Pathophysiology
International Labour Organization Classification of Pneumoconiosis
Mineral Dust Pneumoconiosis
Silicosis
Acute Silicosis
Imaging Findings
Classic or Chronic Silicosis
Simple Silicosis
Imaging Findings
Complicated Form or Progressive Massive Fibrosis
Imaging Findings
Silicosis and Mycobacterial Disease
Accelerated Silicosis
Prognosis and Treatment of Silicosis
Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis
Simple Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis
Imaging Findings
Complicated Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis
Imaging Findings
Differentiating Silicosis and Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis
Caplan Syndrome
Asbestos-Related Disease
Pleural Manifestations
Benign Asbestos Pleural Effusions
Pleural Plaques
Diffuse Pleural Thickening
Parenchymal Manifestations
Asbestosis
Imaging
Benign Parenchymal Lesions
Rounded Atelectasis
Malignant Neoplasms
Bronchogenic Carcinoma
Malignant Mesothelioma
Talcosis
Imaging Findings
Beryllium
Imaging
Hard Metal Disease
Aluminum
Nonfibrogenic Pneumoconiosis
Iron
Tin
Barium
Complex Dust Diseases
Dental Technician’s Pneumoconiosis
Imaging
World Trade Center Lung
Pathology and Imaging
Suggested Readings
20 Obstructive Lung Diseases
Introduction
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Emphysema
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Imaging Features
Radiography
Computed Tomography
Clinical Indications, Applications, and Implications.
Differential Diagnosis.
Chronic Bronchitis
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Imaging Features
Asthma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Imaging Features
Uncomplicated Asthma
Complicated Asthma
Constrictive and Obliterative Bronchiolitis
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Imaging Features
Swyer-James-Macleod Syndrome
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Imaging Features
Diffuse Idiopathic Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Imaging Features
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
21 Pulmonary Tumors and Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Lung Cancer
Risk Factors
Clinical Presentation
Classifications
Adenocarcinoma
Clinical Features.
Pathologic Features.
Imaging Features.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Clinical Features.
Pathologic Features.
Imaging Features.
Superior Sulcus Tumor
Clinical Features.
Imaging Features.
Neuroendocrine Tumors
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
Clinical Features.
Pathologic Features.
Imaging Features.
Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Clinical Features.
Pathologic Features.
Imaging Features.
Carcinoid Tumors
Clinical Features.
Pathologic Features.
Imaging Features.
Sarcomatoid Carcinoma
Carcinosarcoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Imaging Features
Pulmonary Blastoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Imaging Features
Mesenchymal Tumors
Pulmonary Hamartoma
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Imaging Features
Metastatic Tumors
Hematogenous Metastases
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Imaging Features
Lymphangitic Metastases
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Imaging Features
Endobronchial Metastases
Diagnostic Workup
Pulmonary Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Primary Pulmonary Lymphoma
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma
Clinical Features.
Pathologic Features.
Imaging Features.
High-Grade B-Cell Lymphoma
Clinical Features.
Pathologic Features.
Radiographic Features.
Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis
Clinical Features.
Pathologic Features.
Imaging Features.
Pulmonary Involvement as Part of Systemic Lymphoma
Nonneoplastic Pulmonary Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Nodular Lymphoid Hyperplasia
Clinical Features.
Pathologic Features.
Imaging Features.
Follicular Bronchiolitis
Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonia
Clinical Features.
Pathologic Features.
Imaging Features.
Inflammatory Pseudotumor
Clinical Features.
Pathologic Features.
Imaging Features.
IgG4-Related Lung Disease
Clinical Features.
Pathologic Features.
Imaging Features.
Posttransplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Imaging Features
Tumor Mimics
Amyloid
Clinical Features.
Pathologic Features.
Imaging Features.
Lipoid Pneumonia
Rounded Atelectasis
Posttreatment Changes
Chemotherapy-Induced Changes
Radiation-Induced Changes
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Imaging Features
Immunotherapy-Induced Changes
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Imaging Features
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
22 Incidental Pulmonary Nodule
Introduction
Approach to Assessment of Lung Nodules
Attenuation
Shape and Contour
Enhancement
Location
Size and Evolution
Management of Solid Nodules
Radiograph
Computed Tomography
Guidelines
Nodule Mimics
Management of Subsolid Nodules
Radiography
Computed Tomography
Transient Versus Persistent
Guidelines
Nodule Mimics
Suggested Readings
23 Lung Cancer Screening
Why Screen?
Who to Screen?
How to Screen?
Lung Nodule Assessment
Morphology
Size
Growth
Presence of Calcification or Fat
Pitfalls in Lung Cancer Screening
Lung Nodule Management Algorithms
Incidental Findings
Structured Reporting
Potential Harms of Low-Dose Computed Tomography Screening for Lung Cancer
False-Positive Results in the NLST Trial
Overdiagnosis
Radiation
The Future of Lung Cancer Screening
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
24 Lung Cancer Staging
Introduction
Imaging and Surgical Staging Procedures (Table 24.2)
Imaging Modalities
Surgical (Interventional) Procedures
Tumor, Node, Metastasis Classification
Primary Tumor
Nodal Involvement
Metastasis
Changes From the Last TNM Staging Edition
Group Stages and Treatment
Multiple Cancers
Suggested Readings
25 Interventional Techniques
Introduction
Biopsy of Lung and Mediastinum
Indications and Contraindications
Sedation Plan
Tools and Technical Principles
Procedure
Postprocedure Care
Complications
Percutaneous Localization Techniques
Thermal Ablation
Indications and Contraindications
Tools and Technical Principles
Sedation Plan
Procedure
Postprocedure Care
Complications
Thoracentesis and Pleural Drainage
Indications and Contraindications
Tools and Technical Principles
Sedation Plan
Procedure
Postprocedure Care
Complications
Suggested Readings
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
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