Third Generation Wireless Communications: Post Shannon Signal Architectures

Third Generation Wireless Systems,
Volume 1
Post-Shannon Signal Architectures......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 14
1.1 The First Golden Age, 1890 ¨C 1940......Page 20
1.2 A Quiet Interregnum, 1940 ¨C 1990......Page 23
1.3 The Digital Radio Revolution......Page 26
1.4 The Capacity Crisis, 1995 ¨C 2001......Page 29
1.5 The New Golden Age......Page 38
2.1 ¡° Our Shannon¡±......Page 42
2.2 Claude Elwood Shannon ( 1916 ¨C 2001)......Page 45
2.3 Shannon Theory......Page 50
2.3.1 Nyquist......Page 51
2.3.2 The Importance of Noise......Page 54
2.3.3 Discrete Sources and Entropy......Page 55
2.3.4 Channel Coding and Error Control......Page 56
2.3.5 Quantization of Analog Sources......Page 57
2.3.6 Power and Bandwidth......Page 58
3.1 Three Unique Design Constraints......Page 66
3.1.1 The Basic Communications Link and the Nonengineerable Wireless Channel......Page 67
3.1.2 The Nonclonable Wireless Channel and the Challenges of Multiple Access......Page 74
3.1.3 The Conundrums of Interference......Page 78
3.2 The Basic Parameters: Channel, Signal, and Noise......Page 80
3.2.1 The Primary Signal/ Channel Dimensions: Space, Time, and Frequency......Page 81
3.2.2 Noise and Interference......Page 84
3.2.3 Self- Interference......Page 88
3.2.4 Orthogonality......Page 91
3.2.5 Secondary Signal Dimensions: Amplitude and Angle......Page 92
3.2.6 Tertiary Signal Dimensions: Signal Structure......Page 96
3.2.7 Quaternary Signal Dimensions: The Structure of the Payload......Page 98
3.2.8 The Layered Signal and the Primacy of the Physical Layer......Page 100
3.3.1 First- Generation Systems: Power Versus Noise......Page 102
3.3.2 The Cellular Revolution: Reorganizing the S- Dimension......Page 103
3.3.3 Second-Generation Systems: Digital Extensions—
Reorganizing the T-Dimension......Page 104
3.3.4 On the Threshold of 3G......Page 105
4.1 From Interference Avoidance to Interference Management......Page 108
4.1.1 The Penalty for Orthogonality......Page 109
4.1.2 Taming the Interference......Page 117
4.2 Signal Hardening Techniques......Page 119
4.2.1 Error Correction ( Channel Coding)......Page 120
4.2.2 Diversity Techniques......Page 121
4.2.3 Convolutional Techniques......Page 126
4.3 Signal Shaping Techniques......Page 130
4.3.1 Compression: Source Coding......Page 131
4.3.2 Baseband Shaping......Page 132
4.3.3 Spectrum Shaping......Page 133
4.4 Signal Recovery......Page 134
4.4.2 Cancellation of T- Interference ( II): Multipath Combining......Page 135
4.5 Beyond Orthogonality: Convolved Wireless Architectures and Design Principles......Page 137
4.5.1 Signal Spreading......Page 139
4.5.2 Interference Averaging......Page 142
4.5.3 Signal Averaging: Noise- Like Signals......Page 146
4.5.4 Interference Cancellation: Unscrambling the Omelet......Page 147
4.5.5 Adaptive Signal Design......Page 150
4.5.6 Convolutional Signal Structures......Page 153
5 Signal Hardening Techniques......Page 158
5.1 Coding: A Vast Philosophy......Page 159
5.1.1 Coding: The Standard View......Page 163
5.1.2 A Deeper Look......Page 165
5.1.3 Quantization: Many- to- One Mapping......Page 166
5.1.4 Nonlinearity and Threshold Effects......Page 172
5.1.5 Coding as Redundancy Construction: One- to- Many Mapping......Page 178
5.1.6 Signal Expansion: Channel Coding as Noise Averaging......Page 182
5.1.7 Message Space Expansion: Channel Coding as Signal Geometry......Page 185
5.2.1 Block Codes......Page 194
5.2.2 Convolutional Codes......Page 196
5.2.3 Decoding Algorithms......Page 201
5.2.4 Performance: Coding Gain......Page 203
5.3.1 Interaction Between Channel Coding and Source Compression Strategies......Page 205
5.3.2 Channel Characteristics and the Choice of Coding Schemes: Burst Errors......Page 209
5.3.3 Soft Decision Techniques......Page 213
5.3.4 Side Information......Page 218
5.3.5 Pilot Signals......Page 220
5.3.6 Trellis Coding......Page 221
5.3.7 Hierarchical Coding Structures: Concatenated Coding, Turbo Coding,and Parallel Coding......Page 225
5.4 Diversity Techniques......Page 232
5.4.1 Frequency Diversity......Page 236
5.4.2 Time Diversity......Page 240
5.4.3 Space Diversity......Page 241
5.5 Convolutional Signals......Page 242
6.1 Concepts of Efficient Transmission: Compression and Shaping......Page 250
6.2 Signal Nonlinearities: A Conundrum......Page 255
6.3 Compression: Post- Shannon Source Coding Strategies......Page 260
6.3.1 Lossless Compression......Page 263
6.3.2 Lossy Compression......Page 270
6.3.3 Perceptual Coding......Page 273
6.3.4 Correlative Quantization......Page 275
6.3.5 Source Modeling......Page 284
6.4 Baseband Signal Shaping......Page 286
6.5.1 Bandwidth- Efficient Modulation......Page 291
6.5.2 Linearized RF Systems......Page 295
6.6 Smart Antenna Technologies ( Transmission)......Page 300
6.7 Adaptive Link Technologies......Page 303
6.7.1 Adaptive Power Control......Page 304
6.7.2 Adaptive Time Alignment......Page 308
6.7.3 Adaptive Modulation......Page 311
7 Signal Recovery Techniques (Receiver-
Oriented Strategies)......Page 318
7.1 Logical- Level Signal Recovery Strategies: The Active Receiver......Page 322
7.1.1 Reliability Assessment and Erasure Strategies......Page 327
7.1.2 Residual Redundancy and Codeless Error Detection......Page 329
7.1.3 Error Concealment......Page 331
7.2 The Transfer Function: Modeling the Channel......Page 334
7.2.2 Blind Acquisition of the Transfer Function......Page 340
7.2.3 The Source Model as a Basis for Blind Acquisition......Page 341
7.2.5 ¡° Multipath Is Your Friend¡±......Page 342
7.3 One- Dimensional Signal Recovery Strategies: Equalization and RAKE Receivers......Page 361
7.3.1 Subtractive Techniques: Equalization......Page 363
7.3.2 Constructive Techniques: RAKE Architectures......Page 370
7.4 Spatial Techniques: Array Processing......Page 374
7.5 Multidimensional Signal Recovery Strategies......Page 379
7.5.2 Multidimensional RAKE Receivers......Page 380
7.6 Multiuser Detection and Interference Cancellation......Page 381
8 Signal Expansion Strategies: Beyond
Orthogonality......Page 396
8.1 An Analogy: Stereo and Beyond......Page 399
8.2 Spreading Forced Through Multiplication in the Time Domain: Direct- Sequence Spread Spectrum......Page 412
8.3.1 Constructing the Complex F- Domain Signal......Page 425
8.3.2 Tailoring the OFDM Signal to Fit the “Shape” of the Channel Transfer
Function......Page 434
8.3.4 Multicarrier CDMA......Page 447
8.4 Forced Spatial Spreading: Creating Artificial Multipath......Page 454
8.4.1 Creating Multipath: The Physical Aspect of Spatial
Spreading—Transmitter Diversity and Multiple-
Input/Multiple-Output (MIMO) Channels......Page 455
8.4.2 The Coding Aspect of Spatial Spreading: Space ¨C Time Codes......Page 459
8.4.3 Space ¨C Time Architectures: Ultimate RF?......Page 462
9 Epilogue:
The Red Queen and the Kitten......Page 472
9.1.1 Verdú......Page 474
9.1.2 Abramson......Page 476
9.1.3 Viterbi et al.......Page 479
9.1.4 Chuang and Sollenberger......Page 480
9.2 Predictions......Page 482
9.3 Whither Shannon?......Page 484
About the Author......Page 490
Index......Page 492