Thermodynamics of Heat Engines

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Chapter 1. Energy Conversion: Thermodynamic Basics
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Principles of thermodynamics
1.2.1. Notion of a thermodynamic system
1.2.2. First law
1.2.3. Second law: mechanism of mechanical energy degradation in a heat engine
1.3. Thermodynamics of gases
1.3.1. Equations of state
1.3.2. Calorimetric coefficients
1.3.3. Ideal gas
1.3.4. Van der Waals gas
1.4. Conclusion
1.5. References
Chapter 2. Internal Combustion Engines
2.1. Generalities – Operating principles
2.1.1. Introduction
2.1.2. Spark-ignition engines
2.1.3. Compression ignition engine
2.1.4. Expression of useful work
2.2. Theoretical air cycles
2.2.1. Hypotheses
2.2.2. Beau de Rochas cycle (Otto cycle)
2.2.3. Miller–Atkinson cycle
2.2.4. Diesel cycle
2.2.5. The limited pressure cycle (mixed cycle)
2.2.6. Comparison of theoretical air cycles
2.3. Influences of the thermophysical properties of the working fluid on the theoretical cycles
2.3.1. Thermophysical properties of the working fluid
2.3.2. Reversible adiabatic transformations
2.3.3. Mixed cycle for ideal and semi-ideal gases
2.4. Zero-dimensional thermodynamic models
2.4.1. Hypotheses
2.4.2. Single-zone model
2.4.3. Flow through the valves
2.4.4. Heat transfer with the cylinder walls
2.4.5. Combustion heat generation model
2.4.6. Two-zone model
2.5. Supercharging of internal combustion engines
2.5.1. Basic principles of supercharging
2.5.2. Supercharging by a driven compressor
2.5.3. Turbocharging
2.6. Conclusions and perspectives
2.7. References
Chapter 3. Aeronautical and Space Propulsion
3.1. History and development of aeronautical means of propulsion
3.2. Presentation of the aircraft system and its propulsive unit
3.2.1. Classification and presentation of the usual architectures of aeronautical engines and their specific uses
3.2.2. Study of the forces applied on the aircraft system during steady flight
3.2.3. Definition of the propulsion forces and specific quantities of the propulsion system
3.3. Operating cycle analysis
3.3.1. Hypotheses and limits of validity
3.3.2. Presentation of engine stations (SAE ARP 755 STANDARD)
3.3.3. Study of thermodynamic transformations and their representations in T– s diagrams
3.3.4. Study of the thermodynamic cycles for a gas turbine
3.3.5. Study of the thermodynamic cycle of a gas turbine, branch by branch
3.3.6. Improvements to the Joule–Brayton cycle
3.3.7. Thermodynamic improvements for a gas turbine using energy regeneration
3.3.8. Thermodynamic improvements for a gas turbine using staged compression and expansion
3.4. The actual engine
3.4.1. Development cycle of the turbomachine (turbojet)
3.4.2. Technical disciplines in development
3.4.3. Some specific problems of each module
3.4.4. Secondary air system design methods
3.4.5. T4 and the secondary air system
3.5. Perspectives
3.6. References
Chapter 4. Combustion and Conversion of Energy
4.1. Generalities
4.1.1. Introduction
4.1.2. Premixed flame
4.1.3. Diffusion flame
4.1.4. Stabilization of a flame
4.1.5. Flammability of air–fuel mixtures
4.1.6. Combustion in internal combustion engines
4.2. Theoretical combustion reactions
4.2.1. Constituents of the combustible mixture
4.2.2. Combustion stoichiometry
4.2.3. Theoretical combustion of a lean mixture
4.2.4. Theoretical combustion of a rich mixture
4.3. Energy study of combustion
4.3.1. Combustion at constant volume
4.3.2. Combustion at constant pressure
4.3.3. Relations between heating values
4.3.4. Adiabatic flame and explosion temperatures
4.4. Chemical kinetics of combustion
4.4.1. Chain reactions
4.4.2. Composition of a reactive mixture
4.4.3. Reaction rates
4.4.4. Establishing a chemical equilibrium
4.4.5. Equilibrium composition of the combustion products
4.4.6. Detailed chemical kinetics–formation of pollutants
4.5. Exergy analysis of combustion
4.5.1. Exergy of a gas mixture
4.5.2. Exergy production from a combustion reaction
4.5.3. Exergy of a fuel
4.6. Conclusion
4.7. References
Chapter 5. Engines with an External Heat Supply
5.1. Introduction
5.2. The Stirling engine
5.2.1. Theoretical cycle
5.2.2. Characteristics of the Stirling engine
5.3. The Ericsson engine
5.3.1. Operating principles
5.3.2. Theoretical cycles
5.3.3. Improvements of the Ericsson engine
5.4. Perspectives
5.4.1. Advantages and disadvantages of Stirling and Ericsson engines
5.4.2. Perspectives of evolution of external combustion machines in the new decarbonized energy landscape
5.5. References
Chapter 6. Energy Recovery – Waste Heat Recovery
6.1.Waste energy recovery
6.1.1. Energy balance of an internal combustion engine
6.1.2. Degradation of mechanizable energy into uncompensated heat
6.1.3. Exergy balance in internal combustion engines
6.1.4. Concept of energy recovery
6.2. Cogeneration in industrial facilities
6.2.1. Cogenerating gas turbines
6.2.2. Cogenerating diesel engine
6.2.3. Comparative cogeneration efficiencies
6.2.4. Complex depressurized cycle
6.2.5. Complex over-expansion cycle
6.2.6. Conclusion
6.3. Micro-cogeneration
6.3.1. Introduction
6.3.2. Classification
6.3.3. Internal combustion engines
6.3.4. Gas micro-turbines
6.3.5. Fuel cells
6.3.6. Thermoelectricity
6.3.7. Thermoacoustics
6.3.8. “Rankinized” cycles
6.4. Conclusion
6.5. Perspectives
6.6. References
List of Authors
Index
EULA