This new edition is designed for a one semester introductory course in thermodynamics, either in mechanical or aerospace engineering, or in an engineering science program. The book contains a section on the geometry of curves and surfaces, in order to review those parts of calculus that are needed in thermodynamics for discussing the thermodynamic equations of state of simple compressible substances, and their approximation by linear interpolation. It presents the First Law of Thermodynamics as an equation for the time rate of change of system energy, the same way that Newton’s Law of Motion, an equation for the time rate of change of system momentum, is presented in Dynamics, and presents the Second Law mathematically as a lower bound for the time rate of change of system entropy. Moreover, this emphasis illustrates the importance of thermodynamics to the study of heat transfer and fluid mechanics. These laws and the associated new thermodynamic properties, energy and entropy, are introduced with extended motivating discussions rather than as abstract postulates, and connections are made with kinetic theory. Thermodynamic properties of the vaporizable liquids- condensible gases needed for the solution of practical thermodynamic problems (e.g. water and a typical refrigerant) are presented in a unique tabular format that is both simple to understand and easy to use. All theoretical discussions throughout the book are accompanied by worked examples illustrating their use in practical devices. These examples of the solution of various kinds of thermodynamic problems are all structured in exactly the same way in order to make, as a result of the repetition, the solution of new problems easier for students to follow, and ultimately, to produce themselves. Many additional problems are provided, half of them with answers, for students to do on their own.
Author(s): Alan M. Whitman
Series: Mechanical Engineering Series
Edition: 2
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 372
City: Cham
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface
Contents
1 Measurement and Properties of Matter
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Dimensions and Units
1.2.1 Fundamental and Derived Dimensions
1.2.2 Absolute and Relative Quantities
1.3 Properties of Matter
1.3.1 Volume
1.3.2 Weight and Mass
1.3.3 Density and Specific Volume
1.3.4 Velocity and Acceleration
1.3.5 Force
1.3.6 Impulse and Momentum
1.3.7 Work and Energy
1.3.8 Pressure
1.3.9 Heating, Hotness, and Temperature
1.3.10 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
1.3.11 Compressibility
1.4 Exercises
2 Equilibrium
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Thermostatics of Pure Fluids
2.3 The State Surface
2.3.1 The Geometry of Curves
2.3.2 The Geometry of Surfaces
2.3.3 Thermostatic and Thermodynamic Problems
2.4 The Mechanical Equation of State
2.4.1 Liquids and Solids
2.4.2 Gases
2.4.3 Multi-Component Systems
2.5 Exercises
3 Work and Heat
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Mechanics
3.2.1 Conservative Forces
3.2.2 Reversible and Irreversible Work
3.2.3 Continuous Systems
3.2.4 External Determination of Work Done
3.2.5 Internal Determination of Work Done
3.3 Thermal Science
3.3.1 Heat Transfer
3.3.2 Heat Absorption
3.3.3 Measurement of Specific Heats
3.3.4 External Determination of Heat Transfer
3.3.5 Internal Determination of Heat Transfer
3.4 Exercises
4 Energy and the First Law
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Internal Energy and the Energy Equation
4.2.1 Kinetic Model for Internal Energy
4.2.2 The Equivalence of Work and Heat
4.2.3 Steady State Problems
4.2.4 Change of State Problems
4.3 The Energetic and Enthalpic Equations of State
4.3.1 Liquids and Solids
4.3.2 Gases
4.3.3 Liquid–Vapor Equilibrium
4.4 The Open System
4.4.1 Steady Flow Problems
4.4.2 Steady Flow Devices
4.4.3 Variable Mass Systems
4.5 Exercises
5 Entropy and the Second Law
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Entropy
5.2.1 Kinetic Model for Entropy
5.3 The Entropic Equation of State
5.3.1 Liquids and Solids
5.3.2 Gases
5.3.3 Liquid–Vapor Equilibrium
5.4 The Irreversibility Principle
5.4.1 Entropy Transfer
5.4.2 Calculation of Entropy Generation
5.4.3 Open Systems
5.5 Heating and Power Bounds
5.5.1 Constraints on Heat Transfer
5.5.2 Constraints on Work
5.5.3 The Carnot Cycle
5.5.4 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
5.5.5 Thermodynamic Efficiency
5.6 Exercises
6 Power and Refrigeration
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Vapor Power Cycles
6.2.1 The Newcomen Engine
6.2.2 Watt's Improvements
6.2.3 The Rankine Cycle
6.3 Air Standard Power Cycles
6.3.1 The Otto Cycle
6.3.2 The Diesel Cycle
6.3.3 The Brayton Cycle
6.4 Refrigeration
6.5 Vapor Refrigeration Cycle
6.5.1 The Ideal Vapor Compression Cycle
6.5.2 Subcooling and Superheating
6.5.3 Compressor Loss
6.6 Exercises
A Thermodynamic Properties: English Units
A.1 Linear Elastic Liquids
A.2 Air as an Ideal Gas
A.3 Water
A.4 Perfect Gases
A.5 R-12
A.6 Linear Elastic Solids
B Thermodynamic Properties: SI Units
B.1 Linear Elastic Liquids
B.2 Air as an Ideal Gas
B.3 Water
B.4 Perfect Gases
B.5 R-12
B.6 Linear Elastic Solids
Index
