This book starts with a theoretical introduction of the rare earth materials, and it subsequently analyzes the essential characteristics of these materials from elements, compounds to physical chemistry and metal materials, etc. Under the supplementary explanation of experimental data and results, the research is gradually guided into the multi-domain application scene. Through extensive analyses, this book displays comprehensively the distinguished values of the rare earth materials and the theoretical, empirical, and practical significance of rare earth materials is unraveled. It also covers an exhaustive review of 17 rare earth elements, their characteristics, and more possibilities in physical chemistry, functional materials, metallurgy, composites and engineering, and their prospects in production and technical applications. In-depth account of the whole spectrum of rare earth material research makes this book a unique reference to academic researchers, students, and engineers.
Author(s): Changzhen Wang
Publisher: Springer-Science Press
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 368
City: Beijing
Contents
Abbreviations
List of Figures
1 Quantum Chemical Basis of Chemical Bonds
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Quantum Chemical Basis
1.3 Schrödinger Equation
1.4 Electron Configuration of Atoms
1.5 Size and Valence State of Rare Earth Atoms and Ions
1.6 Specific Properties of the Lanthanides
1.7 Valence Bond Theory
1.8 Structures of Multi-atomic Molecules
1.9 Hybrid Orbitals
1.10 Cluster Compounds
1.11 Molecular Spectroscopy
References
2 Occurrence State and Resources of Rare Earth Elements
2.1 Situation of Rare Earth Elements in the Periodic Table
2.2 Discovery of the Rare Earth Elements
2.3 Occurrence State of Rare Earth Minerals
2.4 Rare Earth Resources and Optimization Strategies
2.5 Geochemistry of Non-mineral Rare Earth Occurrence States
2.6 Distribution Characteristics in Beihai Peninsula
2.7 Distribution Characteristics in Xiamen West Sea
2.8 Tracing of Ancient Turquoise Origin Based on Rare Earth Elements
2.9 Rare Earth Content of Loess Plateau Surface Soil
2.10 Rare Earth Accumulation, Distribution, and Migration in Soil
References
3 Properties, Compounds, and Complexes of Rare Earth Elements
3.1 Physical Properties of Rare Earth Elements
3.2 Chemical Properties of Rare Earth Metals
3.3 Reactions of Rare Earth Metals with Non-metals
3.4 Complexes of Rare Earth Elements
References
4 Rare Earth Invar Alloys, Intermetallic Compounds, and Composite Oxides
4.1 Invar Alloys
4.2 Thermodynamics of Intermetallic Compounds
4.3 Use of the Gibbs–Duhem Equation to Calculate Activity
4.4 Thermodynamic Study of Rare Earth Compounds
4.5 Thermodynamic Study of Single Oxides
4.6 Thermodynamic Study of Composite Oxides
4.7 Thermodynamic Study of Non-stoichiometric Compounds
4.8 Thermodynamic Study of Non-oxide Systems
References
5 Rare Earth Nanomaterials
5.1 On Nanomaterials
5.2 Basic Features and Characteristics of Nanoparticles
5.3 Structure of Nanoparticles
5.4 Nano Block Materials
5.5 Nanocomposites
5.6 Preparation of Rare Earth Nano-Oxide Materials
5.7 Preparation of Multi-dimensional Rare Earth Materials
5.8 Composites and Assembly of Rare Earth Nanomaterials
5.9 CeO2 Nanofibers
5.10 Study of Low-Dimensional Nanostructured Gd2O3
5.11 Composites of Dendrimers and Inorganic Nanoparticles
5.12 Fluorescence-Based Immunoassay of Rare Earth Nanoprobes
5.13 Rare Earth Nanoparticle Memory
5.14 Effects of Rare Earth Coating
References
6 Solid Electrolytes Based on Rare Earth Oxides and Fluorides
6.1 Brief Description
6.2 ZrO2(+Y2O3) Stable Solid Electrolyte (YSZ)
6.3 Bi2O3-Y2O3 Solid Electrolyte
6.4 Rare Earth Fluoride-Ion Conductors
6.5 Rare Earth Solid Electrolytes at High Temperature
6.6 Interaction Between Element Atoms in Metal Melts
References
7 High-Temperature Proton Conductors Containing Rare Earths
7.1 Brief Introduction
7.2 Preparation of High-Temperature Proton Conductors
7.3 Causes of Proton Conduction in Perovskite Materials
7.4 Discussion on Some Perovskite Proton Conductors
7.5 Infrared Spectroscopy
7.6 Application of Perovskite Proton Conductors
References
8 Role and Application of Rare Earth Elements in Steel
8.1 Early Recognition
8.2 Rare Earth Oxides, Sulfide, Carbides and Nitrides
8.3 Deoxidation, Desulfurization Effect
8.4 Vahed and Kay’s Work
8.5 Thermodynamic Experiments in Liquid Iron
8.6 Thermodynamic Studies on the Nucleation of Rare Earth Compounds
8.7 Effects of Rare Earths and Sn, Pb, As, Tb, Bi, etc.
8.8 Solid-Soluble Rare Earths in Iron and Steel and Alloying Action
8.9 Role of Electroslag Containing Rare Earth Slag
8.10 Permeability of Slag for Electroslag Remelting
8.11 Rare Earth Applications in Some Steel Types
8.12 Surface Infiltration of Rare Earths in Steel
8.13 Production of Rare Earth-Containing Steel
References
9 Application of Rare Earths in Nodular and Vermicular Cast Iron
9.1 On Nodular and Vermicular Cast Iron
9.2 Double-Peak Effect of the Taylor Expansion Equation
9.3 Process Conditions for Stable Production
9.4 Metallurgical Factors Affecting Production
9.5 Thermodynamic Study of the Effects of Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth
References
10 Role of Rare Earths in Non-ferrous Metals and Alloys
10.1 Role of Rare Earths in Ni, Cu, and Al Solutions
10.2 Role of Rare Earths in Mg Alloy Solutions
10.3 Properties of Rare Earth Alloys
10.4 Effect of Rare Earths on Non-ferrous Alloys
10.5 Application of Rare Earth-Magnesium Alloy Bone Grafting Materials
10.6 Application of High Pressure to Form New Alloys
References
11 Application of Rare Earths in Agriculture, Forestry, and Animal Husbandry
11.1 Brief Description
11.2 Rare Earths in Agriculture, Forestry, and Animal Husbandry
11.3 Study of Rare Earth Bio-inorganic Chemistry
11.4 Use of Rare Earth Compounds as Drugs
11.5 Glue-Powder-Modified Pavement Asphalt
11.6 Biological Effect of Rare Earths on Algae
11.7 Application of Rare Earths in Animal Breeding
11.8 Other Rare Earth Research in Different Fields
References
12 Rare Earth Catalysts and Catalytic Activity
12.1 Brief Description
12.2 Characteristics and Definitions of Catalytic Activity
12.3 Basic Features of Catalytic Activity
12.4 Composition and Functions of Catalysts
12.5 Adsorption and Multiphase Catalytic Reactions
12.6 Metal Oxide Catalysts and Their Catalytic Activity
12.7 Molecular Sieve Catalysts and Their Catalytic Activity
12.8 Preparation and Application of Industrial Catalysts
12.9 Research and Application of Rare Earth Catalysts
References
13 Rare Earth Hydrides and Hydrogen Storage Alloys
13.1 Brief Description
13.2 Hydride Types and Hydrogen Storage Alloy Components
13.3 Structures of Rare Earth Hydrides
13.4 Thermodynamic Properties of Rare Earth Hydrides
13.5 Magnetic Properties, Conductivity, and Structure of Rare Earth Hydrides
13.6 Principles of Metal Hydride Hydrogen Storage
13.7 Characteristics of Hydrogen Storage Materials
13.8 Rare Earth Hydrogen Storage Alloys and Their Optimization
13.9 Preparation of Rare Earth Hydrogen Storage Materials
13.10 Storage and Application of Hydrogen Storage Materials
13.11 Experimental Studies on Hydrogen Storage Materials
13.12 Yttrium Hydride as a Hydrogen Sensor Reference Electrode
References
14 Theory and Application of Superconducting Materials
14.1 Brief Description
14.2 The Main Properties of Superconductors
14.3 Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) Theory of Superconductivity
14.4 Types of Superconductors
14.5 Oxide Superconductors
14.6 Preparation of RE123 Oxide Superconductors
14.7 Second Generation (2G) High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) Wires
14.8 Application of Superconducting Materials
14.9 Research and Application of Rare Earth HTS
References
15 Rare Earth Magnetic Materials
15.1 Brief Description
15.2 Magnetic Properties of Substances
15.3 Strong Magnetism and Ferromagnetism
15.4 Magnetic Origin of Rare Earth Elements
15.5 Magnetic Properties of Rare Earth Metals and 3d Transition Metal Compounds
15.6 Types of Rare Earth Permanent Magnetic Materials
15.7 Phase Diagram of Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Materials
15.8 Application of Alloy Phase Transition
15.9 Preparation of Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Materials
15.10 Application of Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Materials
15.11 Rare Earth Super Magnetostrictive Materials
15.12 Magnetic Refrigeration and Magnetic Storage Materials
References
16 Rare Earth Luminescent Materials and Laser Materials
16.1 Brief Description
16.2 On Luminescent Materials
16.3 Spectral Properties of Rare Earth Ions
16.4 f-f and f-d Transitions of Rare Earth Ions
16.5 Eu2+ Spectrum
16.6 Charge-Transfer Band of Rare Earth Ions
16.7 Energy Transfer Between Rare Earth Ions in Crystals
16.8 Application of Rare Earth Luminescent Materials
16.9 Rare Earth Long-Afterglow Luminescent Materials
16.10 White Light-Emitting Diodes
16.11 Rare Earth Laser Materials
References
17 Rare Earth Functional Ceramics
17.1 Brief Description
17.2 Piezoelectric Ceramics
17.3 Rare Earth Transparent Electrooptical Ferroelectric Ceramics
17.4 Rare Earth Dielectric Ceramics
17.5 Rare Earth Semiconductor Ceramics
References
18 Gemstones, Jade, and Rare Earth Optical Glasses and Ceramics
18.1 Brief Description
18.2 Origin and Classification of Precious Gemstones/Jade
18.3 Rare Earth Optical Glasses
18.4 Rare Earth Polishing Materials
18.5 Rare Earth Ceramic Color Glazes
18.6 Rare Earth Heating Materials
References
19 Scandium and Its Materials Applications
19.1 Brief Description
19.2 Scandium Resources
19.3 Scandium Extraction and Purification
19.4 Methods of Oxidized Hydrate Extraction and Separation
19.5 Preparation of Scandium Metal
19.6 Scandium Properties
19.7 Application of Scandium and Its Materials
References
20 Rare Earth Research, Production, Policy, and Future Development
20.1 Current Situation
20.2 Research Areas
20.3 Production and Market
20.4 Policy and Management
20.5 Further Discussion
References
