The Uttal Tetralogy of Cognitive Neuroscience

Cover
Volume1
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Original Title Page
Original Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: An Orientation
I. Introduction
A. Psychology, Physiology, and Psychobiology
B. The Scope of "Sensory" Sciences
II. Varieties of Scientific Questions and Approaches
A. Some Thoughts on the Nature of Scientific Activity
B. A Hierarchy of Questions of Sensory Psychobiology
III. Plan of the Book
Section One—Fundamental Materials
Chapter 2: The Nature of Physical Stimuli
I. Introduction
A. What Is a Stimulus?
B. The Logical Necessity for Dealing with the Potential Stimulus as an Initial Reference
C. The Notion of the Adequate Stimulus
II. Mechanical Stimuli
A. The Nature of Mechanical Stimuli
B. Metrics of Kind
C. Quantity Measurements of Acoustic Stimuli
D. Sources of Acoustic Stimuli
E. The Nature of Vestibular Stimuli
F. Sources of Vestibular Stimuli
G. The Nature and Sources of Mechanical Cutaneous Stimuli
III. Thermal Stimuli
A. The Nature of Thermal Stimuli
B. Quantity Measurements of Thermal Stimuli
C. Sources of Thermal Stimuli
IV. Photic Stimuli
A. The Nature of Photic Stimuli
B. Metrics of Kind
C. Quantity Measurements of Photic Stimuli
D. Sources of Photic Stimuli
V. Chemical Stimuli
A. The Nature of Chemical Stimuli
B. Quantity Measurements of Chemical Stimuli
C. Sources of Chemical Stimuli
VI. Electricity—The Universal Stimulus
A. The Nature of Electricity
B. Sources of Electrical Stimuli
VII. The Specification of Pattern
Chapter 3: The Anatomy of Receptors and the Sensory Pathways
I. Introduction
II. The Electron Microscope
III. Some Basic Research Techniques in Neuroanatomy
A. Additional Optical Microanatomical Techniques
B. Evoked Potential Techniques
C. Degeneration Techniques
IV. The Gross Structure of the Central Nervous System
V. The Visual System
A. The Anatomy of the Visual Receptor
B. The Ascending Visual Pathway
VI. The Auditory System
A. The Anatomy of the Auditory Receptor
B. The Ascending Auditory Pathway
VII. The Vestibular System
A. The Anatomy of the Vestibular Receptors
B. The Ascending Vestibular Pathway
VIII. The Somesthetic System
A. The Anatomy of the Somesthetic Receptors
B. The Ascending Cutaneous and Proprioceptive Pathways
IX. The Olfactory System
A. The Anatomy of the Olfactory Receptor
B. The Ascending Olfactory Pathway
X. The Gustatory System
A. The Anatomy of the Gustatory Receptor
B. The Ascending Gustatory Pathway
XI. An Interim Summary
Chapter 4: Sensory Transduction
I. Introduction
II. Transducer Action in the Eye
A. Nonneural Stimulus Modifications
B. The Primary Sensory Action in Vision
C. The Production of the Visual Receptor Potential
III. Transducer Action in the Ear
A. Nonneural Stimulus Modifications
B. The Primary Sensory Action in Audition
C. The Production of the Auditory Receptor Potential
IV. Transducer Action in Somesthesis
A. Nonneural Stimulus Modifications
B. The Primary Sensory Action in Somatosensation
C. The Production of the Somesthetic Generator Potential
V. Transducer Action in Olfaction
A. Nonneural Stimulus Modifications
B. The Primary Sensory Action in Olfaction
C. The Production of the Olfactory Generator Potential
VI. Transducer Action in Gustation
A. Nonneural Stimulus Modification
B. The Primary Sensory Action in Gustation
C. The Production of the Gustatory Receptor Potential
Section Two—Sensory Coding
Chapter 5: An Introduction to the Basic Concepts of Sensory Coding
I. Introduction
II. Discriminable Dimensions of the Physical Stimulus (The Common Sensory Dimensions)
A. Perceived Quantity
B. Perceived Quality
C. Temporal Discriminations
D. Spatial Discriminations
III. Possible Dimensions of the Neural Code (The Candidate Codes)
A. Place
B. Number of Activated Units
C. Neural Event Amplitude
D. Temporal Pattern
IV. Cautions in the Association of Sensory Dimensions and Candidate Codes
A. A Distinction Between Signs and Codes—The Merely Concomitant Versus the Truly Relevant
B. Dimension Alterations
C. Boundary Conditions Result
D. Multiple and Overlapping Coding in Two or More Dimensions
E. Species and Intraindividual Variability
F. Attentional Limits on Our Perspective
G. False Analogies
V. A Summary
Chapter 6: The Coding of Sensory Magnitude
I. Introduction
II. Thresholds and Signal Detection
A. The Theory of Signal Detection
B. Spontaneous Neural Activity
C. The Detection of Threshold Visual Stimuli
D. Adaptation of Visual Thresholds
III. The Range of the Intensity Dimension and the Response Dynamic
A. Introduction
B. Mathematical Descriptions of Response Dynamics
C. The Neurophysiology of Response Dynamics
D. What Is the Site of Response Compression?
IV. Is Interval Irregularity a Code for Sensory Intensity?—A Model Analysis
A. Demonstrations of the Natural Occurrence of Interval Irregularity
B. The Effect of Interval Irregularity on Synaptic Transmission
C. The Effect of Interval Irregularity on Psychophysical Judgments
V. An Interim Summary
Chapter 7: The Neural Coding of Space and Time
I. Introduction
A. Some Complexities
B. Time and Space
II. Spatial and Temporal Acuity
A. Convergence and Divergence in Neural Nets
B. Spatial Acuity and Receptive Fields
C. Temporal Acuity and the Psychological Moment
III. Spatial Interactions
A. Perceptual Phenomena Related to Spatial Interactions
B. The Neurophysiological Data
C. Theories of Lateral Interaction
IV. The Neural Coding of Time Patterns
A. A Comment
B. Mountcastle's Studies of the Physiological Basis of Flutter and Vibration Sensitivity
V. Spatial Localization—Representation by Temporal as Well as Spatial Codes
A. The Psychophysical Data of Spatial Localization
B. Neurophysiological Data of Relevance to Spatial Localization
Chapter 8: Feature Detection-Neurophysiology and Psychophysics
I. Introduction
II. A Germinal Study: "What the Frog's Eye Tells the Frog's Brain"
III. Another Germinal Study: Hubel and Wiesel's Moving Bar Detector
IV. Directional Sensitivity in the Subcortical Visual Centers of Mammals
V. Feature Detection in Audition
VI. Do Lateral Interaction and Feature Detection Mechanisms Adequately Model Human Perceptual Phenomena?
A. The Psychobiological Theories
B. Some Discrepancies
C. Conclusions
VII. An Interim Summary
Chapter 9: The Neural Coding of Sensory Quality-Vision
I. Introduction
II. The Key Psychophysical Data
A. The Duplex Retina and Its Psychophysical Correlates
B. Trichromatic Color Mixture
C. Stiles' and Wald's Increment Threshold Experiments
D. Hue Discrimination and Color Blindness
E. "Fundamental Yellow," Complementary and Paired Colors, and Neutral Loci
III. The Competitive Theories
A. The Trichromatic Theories
B. The Opponent Color Theory
IV. The Biological Data
A. The Photoreceptor
B. Color Coding Beyond the Photoreceptors
V. A Contemporary Model
Chapter 10: The Neural Coding of Sensory Quality—Audition
I. The Key Psychophysical Data
A. Frequency Analysis and Pitch Discrimination
B. The Pitch of Combined Stimulus Frequencies
C. Masking and the Notion of Critical Bands
II. The Competitive Theories
A. Place Theories
B. Pure Frequency, Periodicity, or Telephone Theories
C. Combined Place and Frequency Theories
III. The Biological Data
A. The Cochlea
B. The Response Area at Various Levels of the Ascending Auditory Pathway
C. Tonotopy—The Spatial Localization of Frequency Dependent Responses at Various Levels of the Auditory Pathways
D. Phase Locking at Various Levels of the Auditory Pathways
E. Neurophysiological Data Pertaining to the Problem of Combined Stimuli
IV. A Contempory Model
Chapter 11: The Neural Coding of Sensory Quality—The Other Senses and a Summary
I. Somatosensation
A. The Key Psychophysical Data
B. The Competitive Theories
C. The Biological Data
D. A Contemporary Model
II. Gustation
A. The Key Psychophysical Data
B. The Competitive Theories
C. The Neurophysiological Data
D. A Contemporary Model
III. Olfaction
A. The Key Psychophysical Data
B. The Competitive Theories
C. The Neurophysiological Data and a Contemporary Model
IV. An Interim Summary
Chapter 12: Epilogue—Emerging Principles of Sensory Coding
Suggestions for Further Reading
Bibliography
Index
Volume2
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Original Title Page
Original Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I: Basic Concepts
1: A Survey and Introduction
A. The Problem
B. Subissues in the Mind-Body Problem
C. Plan of the Book
2: History of the Mind-Body Problem
A. Introduction
B. The Great Philosophical Issues
C. Proposed Solutions to the Mind-Body Problem
D. A Final Summary and a Psychobiological Credo
3: Neuroanatomy
A. Introduction
B. Anatomical Research Procedures
C. The Embryological Development of the Nervous System
D. The Gross Anatomy of the Mature Central Nervous System
E. The Gross Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System
F. Organization of Selected Central Neural Networks
4: An Anatomy of the Mind
A. Introduction
B. Toward a Definition of Mind
C. The Subject Matter of Psychology as a Definition of Mind
D. Measures of Mind
E. Summary
Part II: Mind-Brain Associations and Correlations
5: Localization of Mental Functions: A Network Point of View
A. Introduction
B. On the Localization of Visual Functions in the Brain-Perceptual Psychobiology
C. On the Localization of Thought Processes in the Brain-The Psychobiology of Thinking and Speech
D. Arousal and Attention
E. The Limbic System and Emotion
F. Motivational Processes
G. Motor Control
H. An Interim Summary
6: Representation and Coding: The Background
A. The Issues
B. A Brief History of Electrophysiology
C. The Neurophysiology and Techniques of Single Neurons
D. The Neurophysiology and Techniques of Compound Action Potentials
E. Sensory Coding
F. An Interim Summary
7: Representation and Coding: Methods, Findings, and Theories
A. Introduction
B. Representation in the Visual System
C. Representation in Areas of the Cortex
D. The Representation of Perception-A Psychobiological Comparison
E. Conclusions
8: Neural Correlates of Learning: Basic Concepts and Findings
A. Introduction
B. On the Localization of Learning Mechanisms in the Brain
C. Compound Potentials as Indicators of Learning
D. Variability in Neuronal Responses and Learning
E. An Interim Summary
9: Neural Correlates of Learning: Possible Mechanisms and Summary Models
A. Possible Mechanisms of Neural Plasticity
B. Global Theories of the Neural Basis of Learning
10: Epilog: Emerging Principles of the Psychobiology of Mind
Bibliography
A. Suggested Readings
B. References
Author Index
Subject Index
Volume3
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Original Title Page
Original Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Part I: Basic Concepts
1: Introduction and Perspective
A. The Problem
B. The Issues
C. The Plan of the Book
2: Theories of Perception
A. Introduction
B. Dimensions of Perceptual Theories
C. Macrotheories of Perception
D. An Interim Summary
3: Foundations of Perceptual Science
A. An Introductory Comment
B. The Nature of Physical Reality–A Descent into the Microcosm
C. Photic Energy as a Stimulus
D. The Anatomy of the Visual System
E. Visual Optics
F. Transducer Action in the Photoreceptor
G. A Summary
Part II: A Taxonomic Level Theory of Visual Perception
4: Prolog
A. An Introductory Comment
B. Empirical, Logical, and Conceptual Obstacles to Macrotheory Development in Perceptual Science
C. Attributes of the Taxonomic Level Theory
D. A Comment
5: Level 0: Preneural and Prepsychological Processes Affecting Perception
A. Introduction
B. Perceptually Significant Environmental Distortions of the Stimulus
C. Perceptually Significant Optical Properties of the Eye
D. Perceptually Significant Properties of the Ocular Media–Entophthalmic Processes
E. An Interim Summary
6: Level 1: Receptor Processes Affecting Perception
A. Introduction
B. Perceptual Impact of the Quantum Catch
C. Perceptual Impact of Wavelength-Dependent Absorption
D. Perceptual Impact of Photochemical Availability
E. Perceptual Impact of Receptor and Photochemical Distribution
F. Perceptual Impact of Receptor Dynamics
G. An Interim Summary
7: Temporal Interactions: A Multilevel Digression
A. A Comment
B. Background
C. Latency Effects in Visual Perception
D. Are There Any Perceptual Effects of On and Off Transients?
E. The Duration of the Visual Experience
F. Afterimages
G. Visual Persistence and Short-Term Memory–Iconic Storage
H. Sequential Interactions of Visual Stimuli
I. Subjective Colors
J. An Interim Summary
8: Level 2: Neural Interaction Processes Affecting Perception
A. Introduction
B. The Perceptual Impact of Neural Convergence
C. The Perceptual Impact of Lateral Inhibitory Interaction: Masking of the Third Kind
D. The Perceptual Impact of More Complex Network Interactions
E. Miscellaneous Effects of Neural Interactions
F. An Interim Summary
9: Mezzolog: On the Limits of Neuroreductionism–A Heretical View
A. Introduction
B. Some Basic Vocabulary
C. Some Current Neuroreductionistic Theories of Perceptual Phenomena
D. A Critique of Neuroreductionistic Theories of Perceptual Phenomena
E. Counterindications to Contemporary Dogma in Perceptual Neuroreductionism
F. An Interim Summary–A Contemporary Viewpoint
10: Level 3: Unidimensional Processes Affecting Prequantitative Spatial and Figural Organization
A. Introduction
B. Processes Affecting the Initial Segregation of Objects and Fields
C. Figural Organization
D. An Interim Summary
11: Level 4: Interdimensional Interactions Leading to Quantitative Perceptual Experiences–Perceptual Relativism
A. Introduction
B. Spatial Context
C. Temporal Context
D. Binocular Interactions
E. Multidimensional Interactions
F. An Interim Summary
12: Epilog: Emerging Principles of Visual Processing
A. Introduction
B. Metaprinciples of Visual Perception
C. Some Disappointments
D. General Principles
References
Author Index
Subject Index
Volume4
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Original Title Page
Original Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
1: Introduction and Perspective
A. General Orientation
B. A Perceptual Credo
C. Some Definitions
D. The Issues
E. Plan of This Book
2: Theories of Form Perception
A. Introduction
B. The Empiricist or Direct Approach to Form-Perception Theory
C. The Rationalist or Indirect Approach to Form-Perception Theory
D. Rapprochement—A Contemporary View
3: The Detection of Visual Forms
A. Introduction
B. The Detection of Contrast Gratings
C. The Detection of Dotted Forms in Dotted Noise
D. The Detection of Symmetry
E. Masking—A Laboratory Model of Camouflage
4: The Discrimination of Visual Forms
A. Introduction
B. Some Definitions
C. The Nature of Similarity—Some Theoretical Approaches
D. The Discrimination of Textures
E. The Matching of Visual Forms
F. Form Matching With Transformations
5: The Recognition of Visual Forms
A. Introduction
B. Theories of Recognition
C. Special Topics
6: A Critique of Contemporary Approaches to Form-Perception Theory
A. Introduction
B. Some Sources of Difficulty
C. Some Theoretical Misjudgments
D. Do Laws of Perception Exist?
E. A Summary and a Prescription for the Future
References
Author Index
Subject Index