The Soils of Ethiopia

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
Abstract
1.1 Background
1.2 Land Resources
1.3 Soil Forming Factors
1.4 Soil Classification
1.5 Soil Diversity
1.6 Threats to Soils
1.7 Soils and Climate
1.8 Roadmap of Agriculture in Highland Soils
1.9 Land Ownership and Land Use Policy
1.9.1 Land Ownership
1.9.2 Land Use Policy
1.10 Land Evaluation
1.11 Land Use Planning
1.12 Conclusions
References
2 History of Soil Education and Research
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Soil Science Education
2.2.1 The Start of Agricultural Education and Its Expansion
2.2.2 The Launch of Graduate Programs in Soil Science
2.3 Establishment of Agricultural Research Systems
2.3.1 Institute of Agricultural Research and Research Centers
2.3.2 Establishment of Field Trials
2.3.3 Soil Conservation Research
2.3.4 Establishment of National Soil Laboratory
2.3.5 Recent Advances—Digital Soil Mapping
2.4 Conclusions
References
3 Climate
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Climate of Ethiopia
3.1.2 Climate, Soil Formation, and Development
3.1.3 Soil as a Climate Regulator
3.2 Climatic-Soil Variability
3.2.1 Spatial Rainfall Variability and Soil Moisture Regime
3.2.2 Spatial Air Temperature Variability and Soil Thermal Regime
3.3 Agroclimatic Zones and Soil
3.3.1 Agroclimatic Zones of Ethiopia
3.3.2 Agroclimatic Zone Versus Soil Type
3.3.3 Agroclimatic Zone Versus Soil Properties
3.4 Climate Impact on Soil
3.4.1 Physical Impact
3.4.2 Chemical Impact
3.4.3 Biological Impact
3.5 Soil for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation
3.5.1 Increasing Soil Health as Climate Change Adaptation
3.5.2 Soil Carbon Sequestration Potential as Climate Change Mitigation
3.5.3 Climate Change and Soil Resilience
3.6 Conclusions
References
4 Geology and Geomorphology
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Geological Distribution
4.2.1 Precambrian Rocks
4.2.2 Paleozic and Mesozoic Sedimentary Rocks
4.2.3 Cenozoic Volcanic Rocks
4.2.4 Quaternary Colluvial, Alluvial, and Lacustrine Deposits
4.3 Major Geologic Structures
4.4 Geology and Soil
4.5 Geomorphology
4.6 Geomorphology and Soil
4.7 Geopedology
4.8 Conclusions
References
5 Soil Classification
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 History of Soil Classification in Ethiopia
5.3 Soil Classification Systems
5.3.1 World Reference Base (WRB) for Soil Resources
5.3.2 Soil Taxonomy
5.3.3 Indigenous Soil Classification Systems
5.4 Correlation of Soil Classification Systems
5.5 Conclusion
References
6 Major Soil Types
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 History and Extent of Soil Survey
6.2.1 Pioneer Soil Survey Initiatives
6.2.2 Soil Survey in Major River Basins, Sub-Basins, and Development Corridors
6.2.3 The Present Soil Survey Missions: Ethiopian Soil Information System (EthioSIS) and Digital Soil Mapping (DSM) Efforts
6.3 The Soil Maps at Different Times
6.3.1 Pre-1975 Soil Maps
6.3.2 The Geomorphology Period
6.3.3 Recent National Soil Mapping Initiatives
6.3.4 Regional and Global Soil Maps Layering
6.4 State Factors
6.5 Soil Forming Processes
6.5.1 Pedogenetic Processes
6.5.2 Geogenetic Processes
6.6 Soil Types
6.7 Conclusions
References
7 Soil Properties
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Morphological Characteristics
7.3 Physical Properties
7.3.1 Principles
7.3.2 Soil Texture
7.3.3 Bulk Density
7.3.4 Particle Density
7.3.5 Porosity
7.3.6 Soil Hydraulic Properties
7.3.6.1 Soil–Water Characteristic/Retention Curve
7.4 Soil Chemical Properties
7.4.1 Principles
7.4.2 Soil Reaction (Acidity/Alkalinity)
7.4.3 Cation Exchange Capacity and Base Saturation
7.4.4 Soil Salinity and Sodicity
7.5 Soil Organic Carbon and Biological Properties
7.5.1 Principles
7.5.2 Soil Organic Carbon Status of Ethiopian Soil
7.5.3 Soil Biological Properties
7.5.4 Soil Microbiology Studies
7.5.4.1 Rhizobial Bacteria Symbiotic and Genetic Diversity
7.5.4.2 Soil Fungi
7.5.4.3 Soil Algae
7.6 Soil Mineralogy and Clay Minerals
7.7 Conclusions
References
8 Soil Fertility and Soil Health
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Soil Fertility
8.2.1 Principles
8.2.2 Soil Chemical Fertility Status Under Agroecologies
8.3 Soil Quality and Soil Health
8.3.1 Principles
8.3.2 Soil Quality and Soil Functions
8.3.3 Soil Quality Indicators
8.3.4 Soil Quality and Soil Health Status in Ethiopia
8.4 Soil Sustainability and Soil Resilience
8.4.1 Principles
8.4.2 Soil Sustainability
8.4.3 Soil Resilience
8.4.4 Relationship Between Soil Resilience and Sustainability
8.4.5 Policy Implications of Soil Sustainability and Resilience
8.5 Conclusion
References
9 Soil Management
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Use and Management of Major Soils
9.2.1 Leptosols, Cambisols, and Regosols
9.2.2 Vertisols
9.2.3 Luvisols
9.2.4 Nitisols, Alisols, Acrisols, and Lixisols
9.2.5 Fluvisols
9.2.6 Calcisols, Gypsisols, and Solonchak
9.3 Soils with Special Management Requirement
9.3.1 Soils on Sloppy Lands
9.3.2 Acid Soils
9.3.3 Salt-Affected Soils
9.3.4 Sandy Soils
9.3.5 Volcanic Ash Soils
9.3.6 Soil and Water Management in Drylands
9.4 Integrated Soil Fertility Management
9.4.1 Principles and Practices
9.4.2 Components of ISFM and Their Integration
9.4.3 Application of ISFM Within the Ethiopian Context
9.4.4 The ISFM+ Project
9.4.5 Effects of Adopting ISFM in Ethiopia
9.5 Challenges and Opportunities for Managing Restoration of Soil Health
9.5.1 Challenges for Managing Restoration of Soil Health
9.5.2 Opportunities for Managing and Restoration of Soil Health
9.6 Conclusions
References
10 Land Evaluation and Land Use Planning
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Need for Land Evaluation
10.3 History of Land Evaluation
10.4 Basics of Land Evaluation
10.4.1 Spatial Entity for Land Evaluation
10.4.2 Major Kinds of Land Use and Land Utilization Types (LUTs)
10.4.3 Land Characteristics, Land Qualities, and Diagnostic Factors
10.4.4 Land Use Requirements and Limitations
10.4.5 Suitability Classification and Cartographic Spatialization
10.5 Principles, Scales, Data Sources, and Approaches of Land Evaluation
10.5.1 Principles of Land Evaluation
10.5.2 Scale of Land Evaluation
10.5.3 Sources and Datasets for Land Evaluation
10.5.4 Approaches to Land Evaluation
10.6 Land Evaluation Practices
10.6.1 Overview
10.6.2 Land Evaluation Practices at River Basin Level
10.6.3 Land Evaluation for Integrated Land Use Planning
10.7 Land-Use Planning
10.7.1 Concepts and Applications
10.7.2 Land Use System
10.7.3 Land-Use Planning Practices at National Level
10.7.4 Land Use Planning Practices at the Local Level
10.8 Challenges and Opportunities
10.8.1 Constraints of Land Evaluation
10.8.2 Opportunities to Promote and Realize Land Evaluation
10.9 Conclusions
References
11 Soils and Society
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Soil Resource and Human Interactions
11.2.1 Principles
11.2.2 Population Growth Nexus Soil Degradation
11.2.3 Health Cares
11.2.4 Impact of Land Use Types on Soil Fertility Degradation
11.2.5 Management-Induced Degradation of Soils
11.2.6 Rain-Fed Agriculture
11.2.7 Degradation of Soils in Irrigated Agriculture
11.2.8 Soil Pollution
11.3 Civilization, Soil Fertility and Wealth
11.3.1 Soils and Civilization
11.3.2 Fertile Soils and Wealth
11.4 Soils in Relation to Human Nutrition and Health
11.4.1 Principles
11.4.2 Soils and Human Nutrition
11.4.3 Soils and Human Health
11.5 Conclusion
References
12 Soil and Industry
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Multiple Soil Functions
12.3 Soil Stabilization with Pumice in Road Construction
12.4 Soil Based Products
12.4.1 Bricks and Tiles
12.4.2 Household Utensils and Earthenware
12.5 Industrial Use of Soils and Clays
12.5.1 Zeolite in Soils
12.5.2 Bentonite Clays
12.5.3 Kaolin
12.6 Nanoclay Technology
12.7 Impact of Industry on Soils
12.8 Conclusions
References
13 Future/Emerging Soil Issues
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Direction in Soil Science Education
13.3 Direction in Soil Science Research
13.3.1 Development of Soil and Agronomy Data Portals
13.3.2 Development of Data Standardization Guidelines
13.3.3 Standardization of Field Data Collection
13.3.4 Standardization of Laboratory Procedures
13.3.5 Advanced Approaches and Tools for Data Collection and Analysis
13.3.6 Recommendation from DST, Targeted and Area-Based Experiments
13.4 Challenges and Opportunities for Advances in Soils
13.4.1 Challenges
13.4.2 Opportunities
13.5 Conclusion
References
Appendix_1
Index