The Seismic Cycle: From Observation to Modeling

Cover
Half-Title Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Introduction: A Kinematic Approach to the Seismic Cycle
Chapter 1. Determining the Main Characteristics of Earthquakes from Seismological Data
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Observation of the elastic waves generated by earthquakes
1.2.1. Observations on a global scale
1.2.2. Data recorded at the regional and local scales
1.3. Modeling elastic waves generated by an earthquake
1.3.1. Simplified representations of the seismic source
1.3.2. Modeling body waves in the far field and at large distances: application to seismic ruptures with horizontal propagation
1.3.3. Empirical Green’s function
1.3.4. Complete modeling of the elastic wave field
1.4. Approaches used to determine the global characteristics of the seismic source
1.4.1. Methods based on the analysis of long-period waves at far distances
1.4.2. Methods based on the broadband analysis of teleseismic body waves
1.4.3. Methods based on full wavefield modeling at local or regional distances
1.5. Conclusion
1.6. References
Chapter 2. Co-Seismic Phase: Imaging the Seismic Rupture
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Surface observations
2.2.1. Seismological data
2.2.2. GNSS data: from geodesy to seismo-geodesy
2.2.3. Satellite and aerial imaging
2.3. The forward problem
2.3.1. The static case: modeling geodetic data
2.3.2. The kinematic case: modeling seismological data and highfrequency GNSS data
2.3.3. Computing the Green’s functions
2.4. The inverse problem
2.4.1. Tikhonov regularization approach
2.4.2. Bayesian approach
2.4.3. Modeling data in the frequency domain or as wavelets
2.5. Characterization of the source and implications on the physics of earthquakes
2.6. Conclusion
2.7. References
Chapter 3. The Post-seismic Phase: Geodetic Observations and Mechanisms
3.1. The initial observations of the post-seismic deformation
3.2. Using spatial geodesy for imaging post-seismic deformation
3.2.1. Post-seismic phenomena of the Sanriku-Haruka-Oki earthquake
3.2.2. Post-seismic phenomena of the Landers earthquake
3.2.3. Post-seismic phenomena of the Hector Mine earthquake
3.2.4. Post-seismic phenomena of the Parkfield earthquake
3.3. Post-seismic deformation processes and the mechanical behavior of the lithosphere
3.3.1. Poroelastic deformation and fluid circulation
3.3.2. Afterslip and frictional properties of faults
3.3.3. Viscoelastic relaxation and upper mantle viscosity
3.4. Conclusions: the importance of post-seismic deformation in the seismic cycle balance
3.5. References
Chapter 4. Friction Laws and Numerical Modeling of the Seismic Cycle
4.1. Friction laws
4.1.1. Historical notions about friction
4.1.2. From static friction to dynamic friction
4.1.3. Slip weakening friction law
4.1.4. Rate weakening friction law
4.1.5. Rate-and-state type friction law
4.2. Modeling fault behavior: the “spring-block slider” model
4.2.1. Modeling the slip on a fault: creep or earthquake
4.2.2. Modeling the seismic cycle
4.3. A more complex physical reality
4.3.1. Spatial and temporal variability in the slip mode on faults
4.3.2. Additional mechanisms that can come into play during earthquakes
4.3.3. Going beyond the elastic Earth model
4.4. Transition toward a new generation of models
4.5. References
Chapter 5. The Seismic Cycle of the Chilean Subduction: Mega-earthquakes, Seismic Gap and Coupling
5.1. The seismo-tectonic context
5.2. The seismic gap theory applied to Chile
5.3. Coupling/seismicity correspondence
5.4. Evaluation of the current seismic hazard in Chile
5.4.1. From the hazards to the risk
5.4.2. “Standard” subduction earthquakes along the Chilean segments from North to South
5.4.3. “Deep” subduction earthquakes
5.4.4. Intra-plate earthquake
5.5. Giant earthquakes and the super-cycle
5.6. References
Chapter 6. The Mexican Subduction Seismic Cycle: Highlighting the Key Role Played by Transient Deformations
6.1. The geo-dynamic context of the region
6.1.1. Convergence of plates and geometry of the subduction
6.1.2. Seismicity
6.2. Observation of the seismic cycle: the evolution of networks and the history of discoveries
6.3. Characterization of major slow earthquakes and the relationship with coupling
6.3.1. Characteristics and location of SSEs
6.3.2. Connection to plate coupling
6.4. Seismic activity 6.4.1. The different signal types identified
6.4.2. Global characteristics of tremors in the subduction zone
6.4.4. Characterization of small SSEs: joint seismo-geodetic analyses
6.5. Interactions between seismic and aseismic slips in Mexico
6.5.1. Slow slip events preceding major earthquakes
6.5.2. SSE and post-seismic slip
6.5.3. Sensitivity of aseismic slips to seismic waves
6.6. Conclusion
6.7. References
Chapter 7. Forearc Topography: Mirror of Megathrust Rupture Properties
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Mechanical analysis: the critical taper theory
7.3. Application to subduction forearcs
7.3.1. Relations between seismic behavior and frictional properties
7.3.2. Relations between seismic behavior and critical state
7.3.3. Impact on the trench-coast distance
7.4. Splay faults: transition faults
7.5. Deformation of accretionary prisms: evidence for rupture propagating up to the trench
7.6. Conclusion
7.7. References
Chapter 8. The Diking Cycle at Divergent Plate Boundaries
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Boundaries of diverging plates
8.3. Magmato-tectonic interactions in rift zones
8.4. The diking cycle
8.4.1. The co-diking phase
8.4.2. The post-diking phase
8.4.3. The inter-diking phase
8.5. Conclusion
8.6. References
Chapter 9. Interactions Between Tectonic Deformation and Erosion During the Seismic Cycle in Mountain Ranges
9.1. Introduction
9.2. The paradigm of steady-state landscapes
9.3. Earthquakes and co-seismic landslides
9.4. Landslide size distributions
9.5. Post-seismic relaxation of landscapes
9.6. Discussions: topographic budget of earthquakes and the seismic cycle
9.7. Prospects: impact of erosion on fault and earthquake dynamics
9.8. References
Chapter 10. Cumulative Deformation, Long-term Slip-rate and Seismic Cycle of Intra-continental Strike-slip Faults
10.1. Introduction
10.2. From geomorphological offsets to fault slip-rate
10.2.1. Tectonic offset of rivers
10.2.2. Average slip-rate determination from alluvial terrace edges (risers)
10.3. Variation in space and time of the long-term fault slip-rate
10.4. Characteristic slip, earthquake size and seismic cycle
10.4.1. Earthquake and cumulative offset: the Kunlun fault and Koko
10.4.2. Characteristic repetition of ruptures and earthquakes
10.5. Conclusion
10.6. References
Chapter 11. Paleoseismology
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Paleoseismology for faults in a continental context
11.2.1. Paleoseismological trenches
11.2.2. Fault escarpments in the context of limestone
11.2.3. Paleoseismology and satellite imagery
11.3. Paleoseismology for faults in a marine context
11.3.1. Subduction and vertical movements
11.3.2. Turbidite record of earthquakes
11.4. Indirect effects of earthquakes and paleo-seismicity
11.5. References
Chapter 12. Analog Modeling of the Seismic Cycle and Earthquake Dynamics
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Principle and methodology
12.3. Experimental results
12.3.1. Modeling the different phases of the seismic cycle
12.3.2. Slip kinematics and the role of the boundary conditions
12.4. References
Conclusion: How Ideas Evolve from a Continual Confrontation Between Observations and Models
List of Authors
Index
EULA