This scientific book is about the toxic effects of carbamates, which have a functional carbonyl group, and how these effects can be eliminated. It is aimed to provide knowledge to all scientists related to this field. Although carbamates are generally considered to be pesticides, significant amounts of carbamates are used as medicine. This book contains eight chapters that examine carbamates from a variety of perspectives, including the latest research in this field. Chapter One comprehensively studies the chemical structure of carbamates used as drugs and the poisoning of carbamates. Chapter Two discusses how to develop cheap and efficient modes of remediation from the environment. Chapter Three highlights the important role of microorganisms in the degradation of carbamates. Chapter Four focuses on especially biodeterioration of carbamates by fungi. Chapter Five examines the probiotic microorganisms as detoxification tools in the degradation and transformation of carbamates. Chapter Six reviews the genetic risk that may occur as a result of exposure to carbamate pesticides in living things. Chapter Seven explains the genetic biomarkers that help determine the management of chronic pesticide toxicity by determining different gene polymorphisms in agricultural workers as a result of long-term contact with carbamates. Chapter Eight thoroughly studies the clinical information about intoxication that may arise as a result of carbamate group exposure.
Author(s): Gll Kaymak
Series: Chemistry Research and Applications
Publisher: Nova Science Publishers
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 144
City: New York
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1
The Chemical and Toxicological Structure of Carbamates
Introduction
Carbamates
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2
Remediation of Carbamate Toxicity
Introduction
What Are Carbamates?
Carbamate Toxicity
Carbamate Toxicity Remediation Modes
Adsorption
Activated Carbon and Charcoal
Biosorbents
Nanomaterials
Disinfection
Chlorination and Ozonation
Ultraviolet (UV) Rays in Conjunction with Chlorination
Redox Methods
Reduction by Zerovalent Iron Powder (ZVIP)
Fenton Process
Photo-Fenton Process
Electrochemical Fenton Method
Anodic Fenton Method
Photo-Remediation
Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Ozonation
Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Degradation
Photo-Fenton
Photosensitized Degradation
Bioremediation
Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 3
Microbial Degradation of Carbamate Pesticides
Introduction
Microbial Technology in Carbamates
Carbofuran (2,3-Dihydro-2,2-Dimethyl-7-Benzofuranyl N-Methyl Carbamate)
Carbaryl (1-Naphthyl Methyl Carbamate)
Propoxur (2-Isopropoxyphenyl-N-Methylcarbamate)
Oxamyl (N,N-Dimethyl-2-Methylcaramolyoxyimino-2-(Methylthio) Acetamide)
Metomyl (S-Methyl-1-N[Methylcarba-Moyl-Oxy]-Thioacetimidate)
Aldicarb (2-Methyl-2(Methylthio) Propinaldehyde 0-(Methylcarbamoyl) Oxime)
Fungal Metabolism of Carbamates
The Genetics and Evolution of Carbamate Decay Processes
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4
Fungal Biodegradation of Carbamates
Introduction
Microbial Biodegradation of Pesticides
Fungal Biodegradation of Pesticides
Carbamate Degradation by Fungi
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5
The Role of Probiotics in the Detoxification of Carbamates
Introduction
Pesticides
Carbamates
Carbamate-Degradable Microorganisms
Probiotic Microorganisms as Detoxification Tools in the Degradation and Transformation of Carbamates
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6
Genotoxic Effects of Carbamate Insecticides
Introduction
Pesticides and Health
Carbamate Insecticides
Researches on the Genotoxic Effects of Carbamate Insecticides
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7
Use of Gene Polymorphisms as Biomarkers
in Long-Term Carbamate Use
Introduction
Different Gene Polymorphisms and Carbamate Relationship
Polymorphism of CYP2D6 Gene G1934A (rs 3892097)
GST M1 and GST T1 Polymorphisms
GSTP1 and XRCC1 Polymorphisms
NQO1 Polymorphism
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8
Carbamate Intoxication with Clinical Data
Introduction
Epidemiology
Targets of Carbamates
Toxicological Significance of Carbamates
Pharmacodynamic Mechanisms of Carbamates
Clinical Signs and Findings of Carbamate Poisoning
Treatment of Carbamate Poisoning
Non-Pharmacological Treatment Options
Medications for Future Use
Medical Prognosis
Conclusion
References
About the Editor
List of Contributors
Index
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